Subject: Thermal Engineering

Chapter Name: 1. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

Presented By:
Mr. Mangesh S. Bidkar
Lecturer, Mechanical Department.
 Law of Conservation of Energy

It states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed

through it can be transformed from one form to another form.
Thermodynamic Equilibrium:

• Thermal Equilibrium
• Mechanical Equilibrium
• Chemical Equilibrium
All types of Equilibriums includes in Thermodynamic Equilibrium.
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Thermal Equilibrium:

• When two bodies having different temperature are brought in

contact with each other then after some time we observe that
both bodies are at same temperature. When this states equal
temperature attained then two bodies are said Thermal
equilibrium.
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
According to Zeroth’s law if two systems are each in thermal
equilibrium with third system then the two systems are also said to be
in thermal equilibrium with each other.
For Example:
Where system A is in Thermal equilibrium with system C
at the same time system B is also thermal equilibrium with
system C. According Zeroth’s law of thermodynamic
systems A and B are also in Thermal equilibrium with each
other and with system C. Thus, all three systems are in
thermal equilibrium.
 First Law of Thermodynamics

Statements of first Law:

1) Heat And work are mutually convertible that is when closed system undergoes a change
then the net heat transfer is equal to the net work transfer.

2) Energy can Neither be created nor be destroyed through it can be converted from one form
to another form.

3) It is possible to construct a perpetual motion machine of I st kind (PMM-I)

 First Law of Thermodynamics

4) For closed system heat transfer is equal to sum of work transfer and change in stored
energy,
dQ = dW + dE
Where, stored Energy (E) =K.E.+P.E.+I.E.
By mathematically, Q = W + d(K.E.+P.E.+I.E.)
Q = W + d(K.E.) + d(P.E.)+ d(I.E.)
If changes in K.E. and P.E. are Neglected and change in Internal Energy is written as
Q=W+U
For analysis we consider the small Element the equation are modified as
dQ = dW + dU
 Perpetual Motion Machine of First kind
(PMM-I)
• PMM-I is Defined as a Machine which produces work energy without consuming an equivalent
amount of another energy from any source.

• It is Impossible to construct machine because no machine can produce energy of its own.

• PMM-I violates the Law of conservation of Energy.

• For Example:
 Limitations of First law of
Thermodynamics

1) First law does not specify the direction of flow of heat and energy.

2) This law could not specify the grade of Energy.

3) First law does not give the idea about reversible and irreversible
processes.
 Second law of Thermodynamics

Second law of Thermodynamics is defined in two ways

1) Kelvin Plank Statement:

It state that It is impossible to construct heat engine working on a cyclic process whose
sole aim is convert the heat energy supplied into an equivalent amount of work.

2) Clausius Statement:
It states that it is impossible for a machine to transfer heat from a body at low
temperature to a body at high temp without supply of external work .
Perpetual Motion Machine of second kind
(PMM-II)
PMM-II can be defined by two ways

1) PMM-II is defined as a device which converts total amount of heat supplied into equivalent amount
of work. Since output is exactly equal to input. Efficiency of PMM-II is 100%. However this is
impossible in actual practice. Therefore PMM-II violates Kelvin Plank statement.
 Perpetual Motion Machine of kind II
(PMM-II)

PMM-II is defined as a device

which can transfer heat from
cold body to hot body without
supply of external work.
PMM-II violates the Clausius
statement.
 Classification of Thermodynamic
Processes
All Thermodynamic Processes are classified as in two types

1) Flow Processes: The process occurring in open system which permit the
flow of mass of working substance across the boundaries to and from the
system are known as flow processes.
It is classified in two types
a) Steady flow
b) Unsteady flow
2) Non flow Processes: -A process is said to be non flow in which a fixed
mass undergoes a change of state within the defined boundary of system.
 Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)
Following are the assumption made for deriving SFEE

1) The mass flow rate throughout the system remains constant.

2) The heat transfer rate and work transfer rate also remain constant throughout system.

3) The chemical composition of fluid remains same.

4) Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy, Internal Energy and flow work energies are
considered. Other forms like electrical, chemical energies neglected.

5) Only heat and work interaction between system and surrounding.

Flow Energy

Flow Energy = Force ×

Displacement

Flow Energy = P. A × L

Flow Energy = P × V
 Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)

Consider an open system through which the working substance flow at a steady rate.

Where,
P1 = Pressure substance entering the system
C1 = velocity of substance entering the
system
Z1 = Height above the datum level for level
VS1= specific volume substance entry system
u1 = Specific internal energy
Q = Heat Supplied
W = Work done
P2 C2 Z2 VS2 u2 are the respective condition of
substance at outlet.
 Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)
Total Energy = Stored energy + transient Energy
Total Energy entering into the system (E1) = Total Energy Leaving the system. (E2)

(Kinetic energy+ potential energy + Internal Energy + flow energy + heat

transferred) = (Kinetic energy+ potential energy + Internal Energy + flow energy +
Work done)

K.E.1+P.E.1+U1+P1v1+Q= K.E.2+P.E.2+U2+P2v2+W

mC12+mgz1+U1+P1v1+Q=mC22+mgz2+U2+P2v2+W

But We know that Enthalpy is H1= U1 +P1v1 & H2= U2 +P2v2

mC12+mgz1+H1+=mC22+mgz2+H2+
For 1 kg of working substance
mC12+mgz1+H1+=mC22+mgz2+H2+

C12+gz1+h1+Q=C22+gz2+h2+W
This is a steady state flow energy equation.
 Application of Steady Flow Energy
Equation (SFEE)
Application of Steady Flow Energy Equation to Engineering Systems

1) Non-work Developing Systems and Non work absorbing systems

• Boiler
• Condenser
• Evaporator
2) Work Developing Systems
• Turbines
• Engine
3) Work absorbing system
• Compressor
• Nozzle
• Diffuser
APPLICATION OF STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION TO
SYSTEMS
NOZZLE:
 Applications of Second law of
Thermodynamics
1) Heat Engine:

Heat Engine is device which converts the heat

supplied into useful mechanical work. Heat is
supplied to heat engine from a heat source or hot
body or high temperature reservoir.
Efficiency of Heat engine is given by,

OR
 Applications of Second law of
Thermodynamics

2) Heat Pump:

Heat Pump is a device which transfers heat from low

temperature body and gives out the same to high temperature
body.
Coefficient of performance of heat pump is given by

OR
 Applications of Second law of
Thermodynamics

3) Refrigerator:

Refrigerator is device which absorbs heat from low

temperature body and transfers it to high
temperature body.

Coefficient of performance of Refrigerator is given

By,
OR
THANK YOU