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Thermodynamics Radiation Correction

Aim: To estimate radiation correction.

Apparatus:
A calorimeter, heater coil, a DC power supply (20 volt, 1 amp.), rheostat,
ammeter, voltmeter, a timer, a glass beaker, an equal arm balance with weights.

Theory:
A) Joule Heat: An electric current I passing through an Ohmic resistor R releases
electric power P given by P = I 2R . If I is in amperes and R is in ohms then P is
in watts. In a time interval Δt (in seconds), an amount of energy ΔE = PΔt (in
joules) will be released in the form of Joule Heat.
B) Joule's Constant: The released heat is absorbed by the core of the calorimeter.
The amount of absorbed heat ΔQ (within a time Δt) is given by the relation,
ΔQ = (MwCw + McalCcal) (θf - θi)

Where,
MW= mass of the water
CW = specific heat of water.
Mcal= mass of the inner cup and stirrer of the calorimeter
Ccal = specific heat of the inner cup and stirrer
ΔT = change in temperature during the time interval Δt

Traditionally, ΔQ is expressed in calories. This applies if MW and Mcal are in

grams, ΔT is in Degrees Celsius, and CW and Ccal are in cal gram/deg celsius.
𝐽=
𝑉𝐼
…………………………………………..[2]
(𝑀w𝐶w + McalCcal) (θf − θi)/ΔT

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To relate ΔQ in calories to the supplied energy in joules, a conversion factor J is

needed. We write, ΔE = JΔQ, as well as ΔE = PΔT and this to formula [2].

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Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
A] Plot θ(temperature) vs t (time) graph and find the radiation correction as
explained below.
1. From the θ vs t graph find the slope of cooling curve for two different
temperatures. Slope gives the value of dθ/dt which gives loss of temperature per
minute at θ (while heating) due to radiation.

2. Plot the graph of dθ/dt vs θ using the two readings from the step (1). As dθ/dt
at room temperature, θr, is zero. The graph should pass through (θr, 0).

3.Divide the heating curve in equal intervals of five minutes each (do not
actually show these intervals on the graph). Obtain θ n , Temperature at the end
of the interval, and θm ,Temperature at the midpoint of each interval i.e. at 2.5,
7.5 ...... minutes from the heating curve.

4.Find dθm/dt for every θm, by interpolation, from the second graph (dθ/dt vs θ)

5.Hence, correction in the end temperature of each interval, Cn, is calculated as

Cn = 5(dθm /dt)

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6.The corrected end temperature for each interval is then calculated as,
θnc = θn + (sigma Ci)i=1to n

B] Plot the curve for the corrected temperatures on the first graph.

C] Calculate the total radiation correction.

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Observations:

1. For Heating

Time(t) in minutes θ in oC
0 31.9
1 32.4
2 32.4
3 33.0
4 33.0
5 33.6
6 33.6
7 34.1
8 34.1
9 34.7
10 34.7
11 34.7
12 34.7
13 35.3
14 35.3
15 35.8
16 35.8
17 35.8
18 36.4
19 36.4
20 36.4
21 37.0
22 37.0
23 37.5
24 37.5
25 37.5
26 37.5
27 38.1
28 38.1
29 38.7
30 39.2

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2. For Cooling

Time(t) in minutes θ in oC
31 38.7
32 38.1
33 37.5
34 37.5
35 37.5
36 37.5
37 37.0
38 37.0
39 37.0
40 37.0
41 36.4
42 36.4
43 36.4
44 36.4
45 36.4

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Graphs:

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Calculations:
Interval End Temperature dθ/dt Temperature Corrected
in min temperature at midpoint at θm fall in 5 min, temperature at
(θn) in oC of the in Cn the end of
o
interval (θm) C/min =5(dθm/dt) interval,
in oC in oC θnc = θn
+ (sigma
Ci)i=1 to n

0-5 θ1 = 33.6 32.7 0.78 3.90 37.5

5-10 θ2 = 34.7 34.1 0.62 3.10 41.7
10-15 θ3 = 35.8 35.0 0.46 2.30 45.1
15-20 θ4 = 36.4 36.2 0.30 1.50 47.2
20-25 θ5 = 37.5 37.2 0.14 0.70 49.0
25-30 θ6 = 39.2 38.1 0.02 0.10 50.8

Result:
1. From the first graph,
Radiation correction = ( 50.8 - 39.2 ) oC
= 11.6 oC
2. From the second graph,
Room temperature = 26.95 oC

Sarthak Jain

221/192123

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