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RL Transient
RL Transient
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete solution consists of two parts:
• the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
• the particular solution (forced solution)
dx N (t ) dx N (t ) x N (t ) dx N (t ) dt
x N (t ) 0 or ,
dt dt x N (t )
dx N (t ) dt
, x N (t ) e t /
x N (t )
Figure 5.1
Figu
re
5.2,
5.3
Figure 5.9,
5.10
The capacitor acts as open circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).
The inductor acts as short circuit for the steady state condition
(a long time after the switch is closed).
BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Department of Electronic Engineering
Why there is a transient response?
• The voltage across a capacitor cannot be changed
instantaneously.
VC (0 ) VC (0 )
Figure 5.12,
5.13
5-6
Transients Analysis
1. Solve first-order RC or RL circuits.
ic iR
i 0, iC iR 0
dvC t vC t
C 0
dt R
Solving the above equation
with the initial condition
Vc(0) = Vi
dvC t vC t 1
C 0 s
dt R RC
vC t Ke t RC
dvC t
RC vC t 0
vC (0 ) Vi
dt
0 / RC
Ke
vC t Ke st
K
RCKse Ke 0
st st
vC t Vi e t RC
vC t Vi (1 e t RC )
Exponential rising waveform
RC is called the time constant.
At time constant, the voltage is
63.2% of the initial voltage.
R + R +
+ +
V VC Vu(t) VC
_ C _ C
- -
Vu(t)
for t = 0 , i(t) = 0
-
Complete response
= natural response + forced response
• Natural response (source free response) is due to the
initial condition
• Forced response is the due to the external excitation.
5-8
Circuit Analysis for RC Circuit
iR + VR - Apply KCL
R
+
iC
iR iC
Vs C Vc
vs v R dvC
-
iR , iC C
R dt
dvC 1 1
vR vs
dt RC RC
dx(t )
x(t ) K s f (t )
dt
The complete solution consits of two parts:
• the homogeneous solution (natural solution)
• the particular solution (forced solution)
e t / K S F
[ x(0) x()] e t / called transient response
e t / x ( )
x() called steady state response
100V
ohms +
Vc iR iC
0.01 -
microF vs vC dvC
iR , iC C
R dt
dvC
RC vC vs
dt
5 6 dvC
10 0.0110 vC 100
dt
3 dvC
10 vC 100
dt
and
As vc (0) 0, 0 100 A
x x N (t ) xF (t ) A 100
t / t
e KS F
vc 100 100e 10 3
t /
e x ( )
1
C v(t )2 v(to )2
2
If the zero-energy reference is selected at to, implying that the
capacitor voltage is also zero at that instant, then
1 2
wc (t ) Cv
2
BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Department of Electronic Engineering
RC CIRCUIT
Power dissipation in the resistor is:
pR = V2/R = (Vo2 /R) e -2 t /RC
R C
Total energy turned into heat in the resistor
2 2t / RC
Vo 0 e dt
WR 0 p R dt
R
1
Vo2 R( )e 2t / RC |
0
2 RC
1 2
CVo
2
BASIC ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Department of Electronic Engineering
RL CIRCUITS
Initial condition
i(t = 0) = Io
i(t)
di
vR vL 0 Ri L
dt
- +
L di
VR R L VL
i 0
+ - R dt
Solving the differenti al equation
- +
i
dt ,
L Io i
o
dt
L
VR R L VL i R t
ln i |I o t |o
+ -
L
R
ln i ln I o t
Initial condition L
i(t = 0) = Io Rt / L
i (t ) I o e