Structure and Function of

Plants
Four Functions found in plant cells but NOT
in animal cells:
1. Cellulose cell wall
2. Chloroplasts
3. Plastids - such as amyloplast
4. Permanent Vacuole

2 Organelles found in animal cell but not in plants:

1. Centrioles
2. Lysosomes
SAP

TONOPLAST
 • The Cell Wall
• Cells walls are responsible for a plant cell’s
strength.
• Plant cells are connected to each other
by the middle lamella, which is made of pectin.
• The cell wall is made up of
: cellulose fibres and matrix.
• The matrix is
:made of hemicellulose and pectin. It helps hold
the cellulose fibres together.
Cellulose microfibres contain around : 60-70 microfibriles.
• For the transfer of materials between cells, regions called pits contain plasmodesmata. This
region has no cell wall allowing exchange of substances between cells.
In dead cells, like the xylem, a secondary cell wall is present that covers the plasmodesmata. It
provides support and rigidity.
• Secondary cell wall contains cellulose at angles and lignin. It is waterproof which causes the
cell to die.
Located in chloroplasts
• Cellulose:
• It is a polysaccharide made up of
β-glucose molecules
• Hydrogen bonds formed
between molecules
• They form long straight chains
• Every other molecules flips,
allowing glycosidic bonds to
form
• Tonoplast: A membrane that surrounds
the vacuole. The vacuole contributes to
water regulations via osmosis.

• Chloroplast: It is responsible for producing

food in a plant cell, it contains many parts:

• Thylakoid
• Granum
• Stroma
• Starch Grain
• Ribosomes

• Amyloplast: Responsible for startch

storage
• Plant Stems
• The main function of stem cells is to provide support and a means
of transportation.

• Parenchyma is a packing tissue that is scattered throught out the

stem. It is unspecialized but can be modified to different cell
types.

• Sclerenchyma is a modified parenchyma that contains lignin. They

contain pits allowing sideways water flow through out the stem.
They also have tampered ends.

• Xylem: Carry water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Contain pits to allow movement of water between vesicles. Cell
walls thickened with lignin. Water can move sideways through
pits. The don’t have tampered ends. Xylem is crucial in providing
support to the plant.

• Hollow tubes allowing easy flow of water and minerals

• Thick lining walls withstand high pressure
• Cell contents are removed, increasing flow
• Phloem:
• They are made out of structures called sieve
tubes. Unlike Xylem cells, phloem cells are
living.
They transport cell sap & sugars from source to
sink
• This means that sieve cell walls are made of
cellulose. They also contain cell organelles like
mitochondrion.
• A sieve plate forms when 2 sieve cells meet.
• Companion cells are present with each sieve
cell. They have normal plant cell organelles.

• Translocation is the process of transport of

sucrose from a source to a sink.
Which of the following organelles belongs
specifically to a plant?
A. Lysosome
B. Centrioles
C. Cell Membrane
D. Cell Wall
Which of the following organelles belongs
specifically to an Animal?
A. Chloroplasts
B. Nucleus
C. Centrioles
D. Cell Wall
What is the primary function of a cell wall?
A. For transport of substance
B. For structure and support
C. Site of photosynthesis
D. Energy Storage
What are the three layers of a cell wall
from inner to outer?
A. Middle Lamella>Secondary Cell Wall
>Primary Cell Wall
B. Secondary Cell Wall >Primary Cell
Wall>Middle Lamella
C. Secondary Cell Wall >Middle Lamella>
Primary Cell Wall
Which layer of the cell wall connects two
adjacent plant cell walls together and is
amde of pectin?
A. Secondary Cell Wall
B. Primary Cell Wall
C. Middle Lamella
Which layer of the cell wall only begins to
grow when the plant cell has stopped
growing?
A. Secondary Cell Wall
B. Primary Cell Wall
C. Middle Lamella
Which describes the structure of cellulose?
A. Made of amylose & amylopectin, coiled &
branched
B. Straight chains of beta-glucose whose
chains are packed into microfibrils which
themselves pack into macrofibrils
C. Made of alpha glucose units joined by
hydrogen bonds
Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?
A. Amyloplast
B. Chlorophyll
C. Chloroplast
D. Starch granules
Where can the majority of starch in a plant
be found?
A. Chlorophyll
B. Amyloplast
C. Ribosomes
D. Tonoplast
Which organelle contains a sap and is
responsible for the turgidity of a plant?
A. Vacuole
B. Xylem
C. Schlerenchyma
D. Cell Wall
The vacuole is bounded by a membrane
called?
A. Vaculoplast
B. Tonoplast
C. Vacuole membrane
D. Cell Wall
Which structure allows communication and
transport between two plant cells?
A. Stroma
B. Plasmodesmata
C. Outer membrane
D. Cell Wall
A stack of thylakoids is called what?
A. Granules
B. Stroma Lamellae
C. Granum
D. Thylum
What are the fiber and vessels that form the
vascular bundle?
A. Parenchyma, Schlerenchyma,and
Xylem
B. Phloem, Xylem, Collenchyma
C. Schlerenchyma, Xylem and Phloem
D. Stroma, Schlerenchyma, and Xylem
In a vascular bundle, what can be found on
the outermost part?
A. Schlerenchyma
B. Phloem
C. Xylem
D. Vessel
In a vascular bundle, what can be found on
the innermost part/ near the ground tissue?
A. Schlerenchyma
B. Phloem
C. Xylem
D. Vessel
Which of the following structures are made
up of living cells?
A. Phloem and Xylem
B. Xylem only
C. Schlerenchyma and Phloem
D. Phloem only
Which of the following structures are made
up of dead cells?
A. Schelerenchyma and Xylem
B. Xylem only
C. Schlerenchyma only
D. Xylem and Collenchyma
Which of the following is transported by
the Xylem vessels?
A. Amino Acids and Sucrose
B. Minerals & Water
C. Glucose and Water
Which of the following is transported by
the Phloem vessels?
A. Amino Acids and Sucrose
B. Minerals & Water
C. Amino Acids and Glucose
Which of the following is a modified
parenchyma with lignins?
A. Mesenchyma
B. Collenchyma
C. Schlerenchyma
D. Paronchyma