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THE ELEMENT
C
C _ R _ _ N
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THE ELEMENT
C
C A R B O N
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THE ELEMENT
H
_ Y _ R _ G _ N
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THE ELEMENT
H
H Y D R O G E N
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THE ELEMENT
N
N _ _ R _ _ E N
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THE ELEMENT
N
N I T R O G E N
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THE ELEMENT
O
O _ _ _ _ N
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THE ELEMENT
O
O X Y G E N
• Around 300 to 400 BC, the Greek
philosopher Aristotle proposed
that everything was made up of
five elements.
• These were earth, water, wind,
fire, and aether.
• These were the ones that make up
everything around us, in nature
and complexity of the
composition of matter.
ARISTOTLE
THE FIVE
ELEMENTS
• Air, Fire, Water, and Earth are the “simple
bodies” human experience.
• Their qualities are either hot or cold and
wet or dry.
• The fifth element, Aether, is considered
the perfect element
The chart on the next slide tell us the relative amounts of the
distribution of these elements in living things, in the Earth's crust,
and its distribution in the universe.
ABUNDANCE OF THE ELEMENTS:
It was in a year 1828 when Friedrich
Wohler, a German chemist, desribed a
chemical reaction of the conversion of
ammonium cyanate to urea. It was a
revolutionary idea at that time that proved
that biological compounds, those that are
produced by living things, are not different
from chemical reactions produced in the
laboratory.
FRIEDRICH
WOHLER
They are simply remembered as CHON
CARBON
• Carbon is present in all biological compounds.
• In fact, an entire branch of chemistry is dedicated to
the study of compounds that make up carbon. That
branch is called organic chemistry.
• “Organic” is the term used to denote compound that
are taken from or produced by living things.
• A carbon atom is made up of 6 protons, 6 neutrons,
and, 6 electrons.
• This makes it capable of forming long chains
carbon atoms that make up the skeleton or
backbone of most biological compounds.
• Antoine Lavoisier proposed
carbon as an element in 1789.
• During the first half of the 18th
century, Lavoisier proved that
carbon exists in different forms,
• including amorphous carbon,
diamond, and granite.
ANTON LAVOISIER
DIFFERENT FORMS
HYDROGEN
• Hydrogen is the simplest and most abundant
element in the entire universe.
• With only 1 proton and 1 electron, it is capable of
forming 1 covalent bond with almost any element
which is willing to share an electron with it.
• Together with carbon, the skeletal chain of
biological compounds is basically made of
compounds called hydrocarbons.
• Hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only the
elements carbon and hydrogen.
• Hydrocarbons mix poorly with water
OXYGEN
Polarity is important in biological substances since it drives and dictates chemical reactions
and interactions with each other.
DETERMINING BOND POLARITIES
• Biomolecules are made up of different combinations of bonds
between different elements.
• Most of these bonds are covalent bonds which means that the
electrons are shared with both atoms that form the bond.
• A property called bond polarity helps in predicting the overall
polarity of a biomolecule.
• The bond polarity is determined by the difference in
electronegativities of the atoms in the bond.
The list below classifies the bond polarity based
on the electronegativity difference
WHY ARE THESE ELEMENTS
ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE?
QUIZ TIME
ESSAY! (5PTS EACH)