Chemical Formula-The combination of symbols and numbers that represent a

compound.

What is a mixture?
✘ A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances.
✘ It is important to understand that a mixture is not chemically combined.
✘ Mixtures can be separated by physical means such as filtration, and distillation.
✘ Mixtures can be divided into two groups
✘ Homogenous mixtures
✘ Heterogeneous mixtures.

Heterogeneous Mixtures
These mixtures are made up of more
than one phase or of different parts and can be separated physically.
The different components are visibly distinguishable from one another and not
distributed uniformly.

Example: Fruit salad. The fruits are not distributed uniformly throughout the bowl.Each
scoop you toke will be different from the next. We also have solid fruit and liquid juice
clearly visible.

Homogeneous Mixtures
✘ These mixtures have only one phase.

✘ Components are distributed uniformly Any portion of a homogeneous mixture has

the same properties and composition.
✘ Often called as solutions.
Example: Tang powdered juice. The powder is dristributed throughout the glass and
one sip is the same as the next.
Types of Mixtures Based on Particle Size
1. Solution
✘ A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
✘ A solution is made up of two parts:
solute and the solvent
✘ A solute is the substance being
dissolved.
✘ A solvent is the substance the solute is being dissolved in.
(it is often a liquid)
2. Colloid
✘ A mixture containing small undissolved particles that do not settle out.
✘ A colloid contains medium size particles than a solution ( still not large enough to
see) but are able to scatter light.
3. Suspension
✘ A mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout and are heavy enough
to settle out.
✘ Scatter and block light
Dirty lake water
✘ Can be filtered
✘ - Examples:
• Salad dressing, medicines, paint.
Methods of Mixture Separation
1. Mechanical Separation (often by hand) takes advantage of physical properties such
as color and shape.
2.Magnetic Separation takes advantage of the physical property of
magnetism.
3.Filtration takes advantage of the physical property of the state of matter. A screen
lets the liquid particles through, but traps the solid particles.

4.Decantation to pour off a liquid, leaving another liquid or solid behind; take
advantage
of differences in density.

5.Distillation: The separation of a mixture of liquids based on the physical

property
of boiling point.

6. Evaporation: Vaporizing a liquid and leaving the dissolved solid(s) behind ; used to
separate salt solutions.

7. Density Separation: More dense components sink to the bottom and less
dense components float. The components cannot be soluble within each
other.

8. Centrifuge: Circular motion helps denser component sink to the bottom

faster.

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Atomic Theory of Matter

Democritus-460 BC

▸ Greek Philosopher

▸ Suggested world was made of two things – empty space and “atomos” Greek
word for uncuttable.

John Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1803

• All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a particular element are identical, but the atoms of one element differ
from any other element.
• In a chemical reaction, atoms are reaarranged to form a new compound: they are
 not created , nor changed into atoms of any other element.

Fundamental Laws
• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Law of Definite Proportion
• Law of Multiple Proportions
Dalton’s Model

▸ 1800’s

▸ John Dalton

▸ “Billiard Ball” Model

Thomson’s Model

▸ 1890’s

▸ Joseph John Thomson

▸ Electron

▸ Plum Pudding Model

Rutherford’s Model

▸ 1910’s

▸ Ernest Rutherford

▸ Gold-Foil Experiment
 ▸ The Nuclear Model

Bohr’s Model

▸ 1910’s

▸ Neils Bohr

▸ The Rutherford-Bohr Model or The Planetary Model

Schrödinger Model

▸ 1920’s

▸ Erwin Schrödinger

▸ Cloud Model

The Subatomic Particles

Electron
• 1969 William Crookes
• Crookes Tube
• JJ Thomson
• Cathode Ray
• Electrons
• Smallest
• charge of -1 and a mass of 9.110x10-28g

Proton
• 1886
• Eugen Goldstein
• JJ Thomson (nature of proton)
• charge of +1 and a mass of 1.673x10-24g

Neutron
• 1932
• James Chadwick
• charge of neither a positive or negative and a mass of 1.675 x10 -24g

Element Element Atomic Mass Protons Electronse- Neutron

Symbol Name Number Num p+ n0
ber
Fe 1.______ 26 56 2._______ 3._______ 4._______

5._______ Neon 6._______ 20 7._______ 8._______ 10

Atomic Number(Z)= Number of Protons = Number of Electrons

Atomic Number(Z)= Mass Number - Number of Neutrons
Mass Number(A)= Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons
Number of Neutrons= Mass Number - Atomic Number

Summary:

▪ The Greeks Leucippus and Democritus first made the proposal that matter is
composed of tiny particles called atomos (meaning "uncuttable" in Greek).

▪ Dalton and other scientists of his time established the three fundamental laws that
support the atomic theory: the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite
proportions, and the law of multiple proportions.

▪ Joseph John Thomson is credited with the discovery of the electron while
experimenting with cathode rays. He concluded that cathode rays are negatively
charged particles. He proposed the plum pudding model of the atom.
 ▪ Ernest Rutherford concluded that an atom is made up of a very dense, positively
charged nucleus surrounded primarily by empty space, in which the electrons
could be found. He proposed the nuclear model of the atom.

▪ Niels Bohr visualized the electrons as rotating in orbits around the nucleus, like
planets rotating around the sun. He theorized that the energy of the electron was
quantized.J

▪ Atoms are made up of three types of subatomic particles--electrons, protons, and

neutrons.

▪ Eugen Goldstein was credited for the discovery of the proton, James Chadwick
with the discovery of the neutron, and JJ Thomson for the discovery of an
electron.

IONS AND ISOTOPES

IONS

▸ Greek word “ienai” which means to go.

▸ Cations are positively charged ion.

▸ Anions are negatively charged ion.

▸ Monotomic Ion

▸ Polyatomic Ion

ISOTOPES
Food Preservation
Carbon Dating
Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

 ▸ ENERGY LEVEL OF ELECTRONS

▸ Bohr’s Theory and Quantum Mechanics

▸ Energy Levels or Eectron Shells

▸ Infinite

▸ No. of Electrons= 2n2

Note: (Aufbau’s Principle)

Electrons must first occupy the orbitals with lower energies than those with
higher energies.
Electron Configuration
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Lesson 2
Atomic Structure
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory 1803
All matter is composed of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms
All atoms of a particular element are identical, but the atoms of one element differ from any other
element.
Atoms of different element combine with each other in certain whole number proportion to form
compounds.
In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged to form a new compound: they are not created , nor
changed into atoms of any other element.
Fundamental Laws
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Definite Proportion
Law of Multiple Proportions
Dalton’s Model
1800’s
John Dalton
“Billiard Ball” Model
Thomson’s Model
1890’s
Joseph John Thomson
Electron
Plum Pudding Model
Rutherford’s Model
1910’s
Ernest Rutherford
Gold-Foil Experiment
The Nuclear Model

Bohr’s Model
1910’s
Neils Bohr
The Rutherford-Bohr Model or The Planetary Model
Schrödinger Model
1920’s
Erwin Schrödinger
Cloud Model
The Subatomic Particles
Electron
1969 William Crookes
Crookes Tube
JJ Thomson
Cathode Ray
Electrons
Smallest
charge of -1 and a mass of 9.110x10-28g

Proton
1886
Eugen Goldstein
JJ Thomson (nature of proton)
charge of +1 and a mass of 1.673x10-24g
Nuetron
1932
James Chadwick
charge of neither a positive or negative and a mass of 1.675 x10-24g

Ions and Isotopes

Greek word “ienai” which means to go.
Cations are positively charged ion.
Anions are negatively charged ion.
Monotomic Ion
Polyatomic Ion
ISOTOPES
Food Preservation
Carbon Dating
Disease Diagnosis and Treatment

Lesson 3
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

PERIODIC TABLE
Dobereiners Triads
Newlands’ Law of Octaves
Mendeleeve’s Periodic Table
Moseley’s Periodic Table

Johann Wolgang Dobereiner

1817
Dobereiner Triad
According to Dobereiner, when elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses, the
arithmetic mean of the atomic masses of the first and third element in a triad is approximately
equal to the atomic mass of the second element in that triad.
Dmitri Mendeleev
Mendeleeve used the elements chemical properties to establish the patterns.
These periodic or regular trends led Mendeleev to organize the elements into a table according to
their atomic masses, with the elements that exibit similar properties appearing next to one another

Henry G. J. Moseley
X-ray spectra of several elements.
Moseley's experiments in X-ray spectroscopy showed directly from their physics that cobalt and
nickel have the different atomic numbers, 27 and 28, and that they are placed in the Periodic
Table correctly by Moseley's objective measurements of their atomic numbers. Using atomic
number instead of atomic mass as the organizing principle was first proposed by the British
chemist Henry Moseley in 1913.

What is the Periodic Table?

It represents our understanding of the structure and usefulness of the atoms that have been identified
in our environment
Elements are organized on the Periodic Table based on similar properties.
Atomic Number
Elements are organized on the table according to their atomic number, usually found near the top of
the square.
The atomic number refers to how many protons an atom of that element has.
For instance, hydrogen has 1 proton, so it’s atomic number is 1.
The atomic number is unique to that element. No two elements have the same atomic number.
Atomic Mass
Atomic Mass refers to the “weight” of the atom.
It is derived at by adding the number of protons with the number of neutrons.
Valence Electron
Atomic Mass refers to the “weight” of the atom.
It is derived at by adding the number of protons with the number of neutrons.