Thales

Matter:
water earth air

Leucippus (450 B.C.)

There must ultimately be tiny
particles of water that could not
be subdivided
Democritus 470 – 370 B.C.
- expanded Leucippus’ idea
- world made up of empty space and tiny
particles
“atomos” “indivisible”
- All forms of matter were divisible into invisible
particles called “atoms”

Empedocles (440 B.C.)

All matter was composed of four
elements:
Earth, air, water and fire
Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)
Endorsed and advanced the Empedoclean
theory.
Believed that matter was continuous and
was not made up of smaller particles
“hyle”
Heat, cold, moisture and dryness
ex: fire = hot and dry
water = cold and moist
air = hot and moist
earth = cold and dry
JOHN DALTON

He offered logical hypothesis about the

existence of atoms by studying certain
experimental observations made by
other scientists concerning chemical
reactions
 •Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
When a chemical change occurred
in a closed system, the mass of the
products after a chemical change
equals the mass of the reactants
before the change. In all tests, the
mass remained constant.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS OR MATTER

“In ordinary chemical reactions, matter is neither
created nor destroyed.”
 Joseph Proust
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS
“Specific substances always contain elements
in the same ratio by mass”
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS
The ratio of masses of one element that combine
with a constant mass of another element can be
expressed in the ratio of small whole numbers

Amadeo Avogadro (1811)

AVOGADRO’S LAW OF MOLAR VOLUMES
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1823)
LAW OF COMBINING VOLUMES
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY MODERN MODIFICATIONS OF
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY
1. All matter is composed of
extremely small particles called 1. Discovery of the sub-atomic
atoms. particles of atoms.
2. Atoms of a given element are alike
in size, mass and other properties; 2. Discovery of radio-isotopes.
atoms of different elements differ 3. Nuclear reactions.
in size, mass and other properties. 4. Unmodified.
3. Atoms cannot be subdivided,
5. Unmodified for simple
created, or destroyed.
4. Chemical compounds are formed chemical reactions.
when atoms of different elements
combine in simple, whole number
ratios.
5. In chemical reactions, atoms are
combined, separated or
rearranged.
 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can
exist either alone or in combination with other atoms.

“Plum Pudding” Model

“Raisin Bread” Model
Sir J.J. Thompson
Composed of a positively charged
cloud with the electrons distributed /
suspended
 Ernest Rutherford – British
physicist
Miniature Solar System with
electrons moving around like
planets around the nucleus

Neils Bohr – Danish physicist

Postulated further that electrons

could only move in certain orbits
and has certain energies
Erwin Schrodinger – Austrian physicist

Electrons are described not by the paths

they take but by the regions of space where
they are most likely to be found
Negative electrical charge (-1)
Mass 9.110 x 10-24 g ; Mass in amu =
5.486 x 10 -4 amu
Discovered by Sir Joseph John Thompson
in 1897

Positive electrical charge (+1)

Mass 1.673 x 10-24 g ; Mass in amu = 1.0073
amu
Discovered by Eugene Goldstein (German
physicist) in 1886
Bears no electrical charge; neutral no
Mass 1.675 x 10-24 g ; Mass in amu =
1.0087 amu
Existence was first predicted by
Rutherford; First evidence of the particle
was obtained by Walter Bothe in 1930
and was finally discovered by James
Chadwick