MODAL VERBS

I Must... I needn’t...
I should... I would...
We must brush our
teeth twice a day to
MUST AND MUSTN’T
ensure proper oral
Must and Mustn’t are used to express
hygiene.
necessity or a strong obligation.
Generally: You must do something = (it is
necessary that you do it)
Don't tell anybody what I said. You must keep it a
secret.
We haven't got much time. We must hurry.

We mustn't make any noise.

We mustn't talk loudly in the library

You needn't bring a gift
to the party; your NEEDN’T OR DON’T NEED TO
presence is enough.
“Need” or “Don’t need to” is used to convey that
something is not necessary or obligatory.
Generally: You needn't do something = It's not
necessary to do it (but you can if you like):

We've got plenty of time. We needn't hurry.

You needn't worry about driving me to the airport

You don't need to bring your laptop to the meeting

We don't need to rush; the movie doesn't start for
another hour.
MUSTN’T VS NEEDN’T You need not bring
a dessert to the
"You must not use party; we already
your phone during the have enough.
exam."

• Must not: Implies a strict rule or prohibition, and

there can be consequences for not adhering to it. It's
about following a specific directive or restriction.
• Need not: Suggests a lack of requirement, giving
freedom or discretion. It's about the absence of
necessity, and the action is optional.
 NEEDN'T HAVE (DONE) AND DIDN'T
NEED TO (DO)
I cooked a fancy "Needn't have (done)" and "didn't need to (do)" are
You didn't need to, they
dinner for the both expressions that convey the idea that a
would have been happy
guests
with something simple. particular action or effort was not necessary.
Needn't have to work hard.
I needn't have worried about the traffic, the meeting
got delayed.
I needn't have called a tax, my friend offered me a
ride.
I didn't need to bring an umbrella, it didn't rain after
all.
They didn't need to fix the computer, it started
working on its own.
 Encouragement:
"You should practice
Suggestion:
playing the piano every
"I think you should call
day to improve."
your friend to clear up the
misunderstanding."

SHOULD Guidance: Recommendation:

"To avoid traffic, you "You should try the
should leave a bit new restaurant in town;
Advice: earlier for the the food is excellent."
"You should wear appointment."
a jacket; it's cold
 SHOULD / SHOULDN’T + (DO)
You should eat more
vegetables for a "Should + (do)" is employed to indicate what is
balanced diet. considered the best course of action or a suggested
behavior.
Generally: You should do something = it is a good
thing to do or the right thing to do.
NOTE:
I think the government should do more to improve
Should is not education.
as strong as You shouldn't believe everything you read in the
newspapers.
must or have
They shouldn't spend so much money.
to
 SHOULD / SHOULDN’T + BE
"The report should be
ready by now. “Should / Shouldn’t + be” is used when something
is not right or we expect something to happen.
Generally: where's Tina? She should be here by now.
(= she isn't here yet, and this is not normal)
He should be more respectful in meetings.
In a well-maintained car, there shouldn't be strange
noises
In a professional setting, there shouldn't be rude
behavior.
For a brand of this caliber, there shouldn't be defects
in the product.
 I should have
studied for the
SHOULD / SHOULDN’T + HAVE +
exam; now I'm not
well-prepared. DONE
"Should/Shouldn’t have done" expresses past regret
or missed opportunity.
Generally: You should have done something = (you
didn't do it, but it would have been the right thing.)
You should have listened to the weather forecast; now
you're caught in the rain."
He should have finished the project on time; now
there's a delay."
I shouldn't have eaten so much; now I feel too full.
She shouldn't have skipped breakfast; now she's
feeling lightheaded
SHOULD VS OUGHT TO
She ought to prioritize her
You should consider health by getting enough
joining the photography sleep and eating well.
club
"Should":
Usage: It is more common in everyday language.
Example: "You should apologize for the mistake."

“Ought to":
Usage: It is slightly more formal and may sound a bit old-
fashioned.
Example: "You ought to finish your homework before
going out."
 "I strongly insist
I recommend that you that you should
should review the complete your
proposal before the assignments before
meeting. the deadline."

VERB
BEFORE
I suggest you should
explore the scenic hiking
trails during your visit to

SHOULD the mountains.

I demand that you should

provide a detailed
explanation for your
actions.
 "I strongly insist
I recommend that you that you complete
review the proposal your assignments
before the meeting. before the deadline."

REPHRASING THE
STATEMENTS
WITHOUT USING
‘SHOULD’ GIVES THE
SAME MEANING, I suggest you explore the
SINCE PRIMARY VERB scenic hiking trails during

CONVEYS THE SAME your visit to the mountains.

MEANING

I demand that you provide

a detailed explanation for
your actions.
 Careful Attentive Grateful Considerate
You should be She should be "We should be He should be
careful when more attentive grateful for the more considerate
crossing the street. during class. opportunities we of others'
have. feelings.

SHOULD + ADJECTIVES
Efficient Patient Focused Proud
Employees should He should be Students should They should be
be efficient in patient when be focused during proud of their
completing their dealing with accomplishments.
the exam.
tasks. situations.
 HAD BETTER/HADN’T BETTER
I had better call the client
to confirm the meeting
"Had better" is a modal expression in English used to give
time.
advice or to warn about possible negative consequences
Generally: I had better do something = it is advisable to do
it.
You had better pack an umbrella; the weather
forecast predicts rain.
We had better double-check the directions before
we leave
I had better not procrastinate; the deadline is
approaching.
I had better not eat too much before the workout.
HAD BETTER VS SHOULD
You should exercise
regularly for good
You’d better study
Should health.
for the exam if you
Usage: It is a more general and widely used expression for
want to pass.
giving advice.
Tone: It is a neutral and common way of offering advice.
Had Better
Usage: It suggests a stronger sense of urgency or consequence.
Tone: It can carry a more serious or urgent tone compared to
"should."
 It's getting dark. It's
time we headed back
It's time we left
to camp
for the airport.

IT'S
It's time to go to
TIME ... bed; it's getting
late.
It's time somebody
fixed the outdated
software that the team
is using
 Would you mind
closing the door,
please?
I would be happy to
help you with your
project.

WOULD She said she would

come to the party, but
she couldn't make it.
If it continues, I
would stay at
home
 WOULD (DO)/WOULD HAVE (DONE)
I would attend the
workshop if I knew "would (do)" and "would have (done)" both deal
about it in advance. with unreal or hypothetical situations, but they refer
to different timelines—present/future and past,
respectively.
If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

I would have She would go to the concert if she had the

opportunity.
invited you, but the
I would have bought the car if it had been on sale.
information came
She would have taken the job offer if it had better
in too late. benefits
I will meet you I would buy a new
at the cafe at 3 car if I win the
PM. lottery.

WILL VS WOULD
Will:
Usage: "Will" is a modal verb used to express future actions,
predictions, promises, willingness, or habits.
Example: "I will help you with your homework." (Expressing
willingness)
Would
Usage: "Would" is a modal verb used to express unreal or
hypothetical situations, polite requests, or past habits.
Example: "If I had more time, I would read more books."
(Expressing a hypothetical situation)
THANK YOU
I hope you can get helpful knowledge from
this presentation. Good luck!