PHYSIC S

MA C H I N E S ER IES
TR A S
B R AHM A S
BrahmAS RA

MACHI
NESwe
A machine can be defined as a device by which
can either overcome a large resistive force (or load)
at some point by applying a small force (or effort) at
a convenient point and in a desired direction or by
which we can obtain a gain in speed.

CLARIFY
 3 WAYS
JIS SE MACHINE KAAM ATI HAI !

• Force Multiplier
• Speed Multiplier
• Changing Direction of
Effort
BrahmAS RA

TERMS RELATED TO
• The resistive or opposing force to
MACHINES
be overcome by a machine is
called load (L).
• The force applied on the machine
to overcome the load is called
effort (E).
CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

MECHANICAL
The ratio of the load to the effort is called theADVANTAGE
mechanical advantage
of the machine.
• MA greater than one: In a machine used to overcome a certain
load, the effort needed is less than the load.
• MA less than one: In a machine used to overcome a certain load,
the effort needed is greater than the load.
• MA equal to one: The effort needed is equal to the load.
• A machine with MA greater than one works as a force multiplier,
while the machine with MA less than one gives the gain in speed.
• The machine with MA equal to one is generally used to change
the direction of effort as there is no gain in force or speed.
Unit: Because MA is the ratio of two similar quantities, it has no unit.
CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

VELOCITY
The ratio of the velocity of effort to the velocity of load is
RATIO (VR)
called the velocity ratio of a machine. If dL and dE are the
distances moved in the same time t by the load and effort,
respectively, then

VR = vE / vL

Velocity of Load = dL/t

Velocity of Effort = dE/t
Velocity Ratio = dE/dL
CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

Thus, VR is also defined as the ratio of the displacement of

effort to the displacement of load.
A machine works as a force multiplier if its VR is more than
one.
VR of a machine is equal to one if the displacement of load is
equal to the displacement of effort. Such a machine changes
the direction of effort.
Unit: Because VR is also the ratio of two similar quantities, it
has no unit.

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

SOME
• The work done on the machine by the effortTERMS
is called
the work input (Winput). Work input = Work done by
the effort
• The work done by the machine on the load is called the
work output (Woutput). Work output = Work done by
theEfficiency
load = Work Output / Work Input

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

EFFICIE
The efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the work done on
NCY
the load by the machine to the work done on the machine by
the effort. Thus, it is the ratio of useful work done by the
machine output to the work done by the machine input. It is
represented by the Greek symbol η

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

RELATION BETWEEN
Thus, MA of a machineEFFICIENCY ANDof MA,
is equal to the product its VRVR
and
efficiency.

CLARIFY
IDEAL MACHINE
An ideal machine is one in which there is no
loss of energy in any manner. The work
output is equal to the work input, i.e. the
efficiency of an ideal machine is 100%.
 BUT IDEAL
MACHINE TOH
HOTI HI NAHI !
 Actual Machine !
In an actual machine, the output energy is always less than the input energy
as there is some loss of energy during its operation.
The loss in energy can be due to the following reasons:
• The moving parts in it are neither weightless nor smooth (or
frictionless).
• The string in it (if any) is not perfectly elastic.
• Its different parts are not perfectly rigid.
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BrahmAS RA

LEVE
RS
It is a rod which moves freely about a fixed point called the
fulcrum.

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

PARTS OF A
LEVER
It is a rod which moves freely about a fixed point called the
fulcrum.

Load × Load arm = Effort × Effort arm

M.A = Effort Arm / Load

CLARIFY
 LAW OF LEVERS !
MA of a lever is the ratio of length of its effort arm to the
length of its load arm. This is known as the law of levers.
I. If effort arm = load arm, then MA = 1.
II. If effort arm < load arm, then MA < 1.
III. If effort arm > load arm, then MA > 1.

TRICK = MA is Related to Effort Arm !

BrahmAS RA

TYPES OF
Levers are of three types depending on the positionLEVER
of the
fulcrum, load and effort.
Lever of first order: Fulcrum is situated between the load
and the effort. E.g., see-saw, crowbar, beam balance
Lever of second order: Load is situated between the fulcrum
and the effort. E.g., mango-cutter, wheel barrow, nut cracker
Lever of third order: Effort is situated between load and the
fulcrum. E.g, pair of tongs, fishing rod

CLARIFY
F L E
BrahmAS RA

ORDER OF LEVERS FOUND IN

(1) First order lever: Nodding of head HUMAN BODY
(2) Second order lever: Raising the weight of the body on
toes
(3) Third order lever: Raising a load by forearm

CLARIFY
PULLEY !
PULLEY !
PULLEY !
PULLEY !
PULLEY !
PULLEY !
PULLEY !
PULLEY !
BrahmAS RA

PULL
A single pulley or a combination of two or more pulleys EY
fixed in a frame is called a block, while a string (rope or
chain) which winds around the pulleys in different blocks is
known as tackle.

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

Single Fixed Pulley

A pulley which has its axis of rotation fixed in position is
called a fixed pulley. It is used for lifting a small load.

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
Single Movable Pulley
A pulley whose axis of rotation is not
fixed in position is called a movable
pulley. A single movable pulley acts as a
force multiplier.

CLARIFY
WAY TO CHANGE THE
DIRECTION OF EFFORT
USING A MOVABLE PULLEY

With a single movable pulley, the effort has to

be applied in the upward direction.
However, it is inconvenient to apply effort in
an upward direction; therefore, a movable
pulley is used along with a single fixed pulley
to change the direction of effort.
USING ONE FIXED PULLEY
AND OTHER MOVABLE
PULLEYS
• In general, if n movable pulleys are
connected with one fixed pulley, then M.A
= 2^n
• If n movable pulleys are connected, then
VR is 2^n
SEVERAL FIXED PULLEYS
IN TWO BLOCKS (THE
BLOCK AND TACKLE
SYSTEM)
• If the total number of pulleys used in both the
blocks is n and the effort is being applied in the
downward direction, then the tension in n
segments of the string supports the load;
therefore, we have M.A = n
• The effort required to balance the load is E =
L/n
• V.R = nd/d = n
• Thus, VR is always equal to the number of
strands of tackle (or sections of the string)
supporting the load.
 MAI TOH THAK
GYA BHAI !
Effect of weight of pulleys on MA , VR and  Efficiency
• Consider a system of n pulleys. Let w be the total weight of the lower block
along with the pulleys.
• In the balanced position,

• Thus, MA is less than the ideal value n. VR does not change.

• Therefore, efficiency is reduced due to the weight of the lower block of
pulleys.
BrahmAS RA

PYQ's
CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A pulley system of velocity ratio 5 is used to lift a load of
100 kgf through 10 m vertical height using an effort 50 kgf.
Calculate the distance moved by effort and the mechanical
advantage.
• 50m
• 2m
• 2
• 50
• 0.5
• o.5m

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
With reference to the term mechanical advantage, velocity
ratio and efficiency of a machine, name and define term that
will not change for a machine of a given design.

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
What is the relationship between the mechanical advantage
and the velocity ratio for.
• Ideal Machine
• Practical Machine

CLARIFY
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BrahmAS RA
A woman draws water from a well using a fixed pulley. The
mass of the bucket and the water together is 10 kg. The
force applied by the woman is 200 N. The mechanical
advantage is (g = 10 m/s2):
• 2
• 20
• 0.05
• 0.5

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A single fixed pulley is used because:
• it changes the direction of applied effort conveniently
• it multiplies speed
• it multiplies effort
• its efficiency is 100%

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
Ina block and tackle pulley systum, number of pulleys in the
tackle should be :
• Greater than the number of pulleys in the block
• equal to the number of pulleys in the block
• One less than the number of pulleys in the block
• Equal to or less one than the number of pulleys in the
block

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A pulley system has three pulleys. A load of 120 N is
overcome by applying an effort of 50 N. Calculate the
mechanical advantage and efficiency of the system.

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A type of single pulley is very often used as a machine even
though it does not give any gain in mechanical advantage.
• Name the type of pulley used.
• For what perpose is such a pulley used?

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
For M.A. = 5 system, there should be _____ pulleys in the
block and ______ pulleys in the tackle.
• 1, 4
• 2, 3
• 3, 2
• 4,1

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
For M.A. = 6 system, there should be _____ pulleys in the
block and _____ pulleys in the tackle.
• 1, 5
• 5, 1
• 2, 4
• 3, 3

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
Write a relation expressing the mechanical advantage of a
lever.

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A baseball bat would be an example of a:
• First order lever
• Second order lever
• Third order lever
• Inclined plane

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A cook uses a “fire tong” of length 35cm to lift a piece of
burning coal of mass 200gm. If he applies his effort at a
distance of 7cm from the fulcrum, then the efforts in S.I
units is:
• 10N
• 20N
• 40N
• 60N

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A force applied to a machine to do mechanical work is
called
• Effort
• Load
• Efficiency
• Output

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A _ _ _ _ _ system is a device to transfer the rotator motion
from one point to the other
• Pulley
• Lever
• Gear
• Inclined plane

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA
A single string system has 5 pulleys. If an effort of 50 Kgf is
required to raise a load of 150 Kgf, then find the efficiency
of the system.
• 60%
• 80%
• 10%
• NOT

CLARIFY
BrahmAS RA

THANK
YOU!
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