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ULTRASOUND

GROUP MEMBERS
Abbas Ali
Aimal khan
Asad Ali
Babar Ali Khan
Ayesha Zahir
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 CONTENTS

• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORY
• INDICATIONS AND
CONTRAINDICATIONS
• COMPONENTS
• PROCEDURE
• PRINCIPLES
• COMPLICATIONS
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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 ULTRASOUND
• Ultrasound imaging, also called sonography, involves exposing
part of the body to high- frequency sound waves to produce
pictures of the inside of the body.
• Ultrasound examinations do not use ionizing radiation (as used
in x-rays).
• Because ultrasound images are captured in real- time, they can
show the structure and movement of the body's internal organs,
as well as blood flowing through blood vessels.

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 COMMON USES OF ULTRASOUND
• 1 : Ultrasound examination can help to diagnose a variety of
conditions and to assess organ damage following illness.
• 2 : Ultrasound is used to help physicians evaluate symptoms such
as :
• pain
• swelling
• infection
• hematuria [blood in urine]

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 HISTORY
• 1877 : Lord Raleigh - theory of sound .
• 1880 : pierre and jacques curie - piezoelectric effect .
• 1914 : langevin - First ultrasound generator using
piezoelectric effect .
• 1928 : solokov - ultrasound for material testing .
• 1942 : dussik - First application of ultrasound in medical
diagnostics .
• Shortly after WWII , researches in japan began to eplore
medical diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound .
• End of 1960”s : boom of ultrasound in medical diagnostic .
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 CONTIN...
• Early 1970s - gray scale static
images of internal organs .
• Mid 1970s - Real - time
imaging
• Early 1980s - Spectral Doppler
• - color Doppler
• Also produced was a hand -
held “ contact “ scanner for
clinical use .

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 ULTRASOUND OF PHYSICS
• ULTRASOUND is
Characterized by sound
waves of high frequency –
Higher than the range of
human hearing
• Sound waves are measured
in Hertz (Hz) – Diagnostic U/S
= 1-20 MHz
• Sound waves are produced
by a transducer
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 SOUND
• Longitudinal mechinal
waves
• Needs elastic medium
• - Transducer needs to be
in contact with skin

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 INDICATIONS:

• Pleural and peritoneal effusions

• Prostatic disease
• Pregnancy examination and evaluation of the female
genital tract
• Urinary tract disease and cystocentesis
• Mass lesions
• Cardiac diseases
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Ultrasound-guided aspiration and biopsy 12
• Contraindications
• Over cancerous tumors
• Over the eyes
• Over the uterus during early pregnancy
• Over the areas of active infection or inflammation
• Over the electronic emedical edevices
• Over the thrombophlebitis
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 COMPONENTS
• Transducer probe
• Central processing unit
• Display
• Keyboard / cursor
• Disk storage device
• Printer

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 CONTIN..
• CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT [CPU] : Computer that does all
of the calculations and contains the electrical power supplies for
itself and the transducer probe .
• TANSDUCER PULSE CONTROLS: Changes the amplitude ,
frequency and duration of the pulse emitted from the tranducer
probe .
• KEYBOARD /CURSOR : input data and takes measurements
from the display .
• DISK STORAGE DEVICE : [hard , floppy, CD] -stores the
acquired images
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PRINTER: prints the images from the displayed data. 23
 PRINCIPLE

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 PATIENT POSITIONING AND PREPARATION
• Dorsal recumbency
• Lateral recumbency
• Standing
• Clip hair – Be sure to
check with owners
• Apply ultrasound gel
• Alcohol can be used –
esp. in horses
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 IMAGE ORIENTATION AND LABELING

• Must be consistent
• Symbol on screen ~ dot on transducer
• “dot” to head and “dot” to patients right
• “dot” lateral for transverse and proximal for
longitudinal image
• Label images carefully – Organ – Patient’s name –
Date of examination
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 PROCEDURE
• For most ultrasound exams, the patient is positioned lying face-
up on an examination table that can be tilted or moved.
• A clear water-based gel is applied to the area of the body being
studied to help the transducer make secure contact with the body
and eliminate air pockets between the transducer and the skin
that can block the sound waves from passing into your body.
• The sonographer (ultrasound technologist) or radiologist then
presses the transducer firmly against the skin in various
locations, sweeping over the area of interest or angling the sound
beam from a farther location to better see an area of concern.

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 CONTIN..
• Doppler sonography is performed using the same
transducer.
• When the examination is complete, the patient may be
asked to dress and wait while the ultrasound images are
reviewed.
• In some ultrasound studies, the transducer is attached to
a probe and inserted into a natural opening in the body.
These exams include:
• Transesophageal echocardiogram.
The transducer is inserted into the esophagus to obtain
images of the heart.
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 CONTIN..

• .Transrectal ultrasound
The transducer is inserted into a man's
rectum to view the prostate.
• Transvaginal ultrasound. The
transducer is inserted into a woman's
vagina to view the uterus and ovaries.
• Most ultrasound examinations are
completed within 30 minutes to an hour.
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