AIRPORTS

LECTURE SERIES 3 – ADVANCED LEVEL

Supplementary Lecture for Architectural Design 8
Prepared by: Ar. Luis Paulo B. Bibat, UAP

This document/presentation is for educational purposes only. It is exclusively for personal and academic use and not intended to be shared or posted
online.
 LECTURE SERIES
This lecture has 4 level series related to airport design and planning

Series 1 – Beginner Level

Series 2 – Intermediate Level
Series 3 – Advanced Level
Series 4 – Expert Level
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 1 lecture covers the following topics:

• Definition of terms
• Parts of an airport
• Identification of Landside & Airside Facilities
• Laws & guidelines pertaining to airport design and planning
• Government bodies and agencies that regulate airport planning & operations
• CAAP Airport classification
• Building code classification
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 2 lecture covers the following topics:

• Definition of terms
• Airport planning design considerations & constraints
• Airport planning concept (Landside & Airside)
• Aircraft types & classification
• Parts of an airport runway
• Runway planning & design considerations
• Aerodrome reference code
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 3 lecture covers the following topics:

• Definition of terms
• Site selection study
• Airport facility requirements
• Parameters & criteria
• Air traffic demand analysis and forecast
• Airport development master plan
• Airport passenger terminal building space planning
 SERIES LECTURE
Series 4 lecture covers the following
topics:
• Airside facilities planning
• Landside facilities planning
• Airport utilities
• Air Navigation technical terms
• Aerodrome reference code
• Runway strip & obstacle limitation
surfaces
• ICAO Doc 9157/AN901: Aerodrome
Design Manual
• ICAO Airport Planning Manual (Doc
9184)
• ICAO Airport Services Manual (Doc
9137)
• Other laws & guidelines pertaining to
airport planning & design
ABOUT THE LECTURER
 ABOUT THE LECTURER
Ar. Luis Paulo B. Bibat, UAP Architecture Licensure Examination
Registered & Licensed Architect June 2022
PRC Reg No. 53853 Board Passer

BS ARCHITECTURE M.C. Dacanay Architectural Design

Technological Institute of the Philippines – Quezon City 2019-2023
2013-2019 Senior Architect

Redevelopment of Laoag International Airport

Arkisign Studio
2019
2023 – present
Thesis
Project Architect
SITE SELECTION STUDY
REFERENCES:
ICAO DOC 9184 – AIRPORT PLANNING MANUAL PART 1 – 3
TIME SAVER STANDARDS FOR BUILDING TYPES
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
• The major steps involved in any site evaluation or selection process whether
for an existing airport or for an entirely new airport include:
• Broad determination of the land area required;
• Evaluation of factors affecting airport location;
• Preliminary office study of possible sites;
• Environmental study;
• Review of potential sites;
• Preparation of outline plans and estimates of costs and revenues;
• Final evaluation and selection;
• Report and recommendations
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Broad Determination of the Land Area Required
• It is necessary to make a broad assessment of the land area likely to be
required. This can be achieved by considering the space necessary for runway
development which generally forms the major proportion of land required for an
airport. This requires consideration of the following factors:

• Runway Length;
• Runway Orientation;
• Number of Runways;
• Combination of length, number and orientation of runways to form an outline runway
scheme for rough assessment of the order of magnitude of land required.
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Evaluation of Factors Affecting Airport Location
• This information can be equally useful in evaluating an existing airport site or a potential site
for a new airport. Factors on which information should be collected and evaluated include:
• Aviation activity
• Development of surrounding area
• Atmospheric conditions
• Accessibility to ground transport
• Availability of land for future expansion
• Topography
• Environment
• Presence of other airports
• Availability of utilities
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Site Inspection
• A thorough field and aerial inspection is required to provide a basis for assessment of the
advantages and disadvantages of each site.
• Airports should be sited so that aircraft operations can be carried out efficiently and safely,
so that the cost development is kept at optimum level, taking all factors into account.
• The factors of major importance may be grouped under operational, social and cost
considerations
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Operational Considerations Cost Considerations
• Airspace • Topography
• Obstacles • Soil and construction materials
• Hazards • Services
• Weather • Land Values
• Approach and landing aids
Social Considerations
• Proximity to demand centers
• Ground access
• Noise
• Land Use
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Environmental Study
• Environmental factors should be carefully considered in the development of a new airport
or the expansion of an existing one. Studies of the impact of construction and operation of
a new airport or the expansion of an existing one upon acceptable levels of air and water
quality, noise levels ecological processes and demographic development of the area must
be conducted to determine how the airport requirements can best be accommodated.
• Aircraft Noise is the most severe environmental problem to be considered in the
development of airport facilities. Another effective means for reducing noise is thru proper
planning of land use for areas adjacent to the airport.
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Environmental Study
• Other important environmental factors include air and water pollution, industrial wastes and
domestic sewage originating at the airport and the disturbance of major natural
environmental values.
• The construction of a new airport or the expansion of an existing one may have a major
impact on the natural environment. This is particularly true for large developments where
streams and major drainage courses may be changed, the habitats of wildlife disrupted,
and wilderness and recreational areas reshaped.
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Review of Potential Sites
• At this stage, sufficient information should be available to reduce the number of sites to
those meriting detailed considerations. At this point, the planner should review the results
of the office study and field investigation. Based on this review, sites which are unsuitable
and which do not warrant further examination should be omitted.
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
Preparation of Outline Plans and Estimates of Costs and Revenue
• Consideration of the relative merits of the remaining sites requires:
• Detailed site surveys, including obstacle surveys;
• Preparation of outline airport layouts for each site;
• Preparation of broad cost estimates covering the total capital and operating
expenditure required including all associated off-airport items such as access roads,
communications systems, planning control of surrounding areas and estimates of
annual percentage changes in land values for the probable life of an airport;
• When expansion or abandonment of existing sites is in question, the determination of
the depreciated and current values of any existing installations together with the value
of all other off-airport associated assets including easements, public utilities, noise
zones, etc.
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
FINAL EVALUATION
• At this stage when a number of alternative sites are under consideration, the question of cost plays
a large part in the final choice. Of all potential sites were of equal merit, logical decisions would be
possible on the basis of least cost. Economic factors are of great importance because the rate and
pattern of growth of an economy are influenced not only by the level of capital investment but by
the manner in which capital is used.
• The authority responsible for financing airport development may face at any time requests to
increase expenditure for many other purposes. Cost-benefit studies endeavor to compare benefits
from projects with their costs in a way which overcomes the difficulties associated with the time
phasing of the project.
• By analyzing the estimated stream of benefits and costs over the anticipated useful life of the
airport it is possible to determine cost-benefit ratios which serve as a guide to the value of the
project and the choice of the best site.
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• A comprehensive report supported by drawings, etc. should be prepared containing:
• The results of the site inspection and evaluation;
• Ranking of sites in order of merit, supported by reasons for selection; and
• Recommendation for further action.
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
SAMPLE REPORT MULTI-CRITERIA CANDIDATE SITES
 SITE SELECTION STUDY
SAMPLE REPORT OBSTACLE LIMITATION SURFACE
AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
This document/presentation is for educational purposes only. It is exclusively for personal and
academic use and not intended to be shared or posted online.
 AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING (PTB)
• The Passenger Terminal Building (PTB) is the principal facility in the airport having main
functions such as passenger/baggage handling, amenity services and airline supports
activities.
• In the airports where international flights are operating, there are additional government
services such as customs/immigration/quarantine inspections.
• In the planning, the major concern should be the shortening of passenger walking
distances, and intelligibility of the baggage transfer circulation must also be secured.
Another important consideration would be the expansions to cope with the future demands
and new type of aircraft.
 AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
PASSENGER TERMINAL BUILDING (PTB) PLANNING PRINCIPLES

⮚Expansibility
⮚Safety
⮚Security
⮚Separation of Functions
⮚Size of passenger buildings
⮚Movement Rate
⮚Capacity to be provided
 AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
• Major Spaces • Amenities
• Public Concourse • Food and Beverage
• Departure Concourse • Airline Lounge
• Arrival Concourse • Commercial spaces
• Check-in Hall • Car rental
• Aircraft operator’s ticket sales, stand-by registration • Taxi/Bus Stand
and information • Lost and Found Baggage
• Airline Offices • Hotel and sleeping lounge
• Currency Exchange
• Airport tax or passenger service charge • Utilities and Services
• Check-in counters • Toilets
• Flight Information Display System (FIDS) • Airport management offices
• Security check of baggage • Airport security and police
• Baggage check-in • Clinic
• Customs and immigration • Maintenance and storage
• Baggage Handling • Airconditioning system
PTB BUBBLE DIAGRAM
AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
AIRPORT FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
 RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING
• The basic role of the Crash Fire Rescue Building at the airport is to save the lives of the
people in the event of an accident. Services are also required for extinguishing fires in
buildings and other non – aircraft related fires. However, these should not affect the basic
role of the Crash Fire Rescue Building.
• The level of protection for rescue and fire fighting is determined based on the objective
aircraft for the airport. The table below shows the minimum useable amounts of
extinguishing agents and fire fighting vehicles required for some categories.
• The airport category for RFF should be based on the over-all length of the longest
airplanes normally using the airport and their maximum fuselage width.
RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING
 RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING
The water supply for the firefighting shall be fed from the site common water storage tank for
general water usage and firefighting, which has one hour firefighting water storage
permanently, located at the water tank and pump house.
The system shall be provided with its own fire pumps set consisting of;
• One (1) motor driven duty pump
• One (1) stand – by pump, driven by a diesel engine
• Two (2) motor driven jockey pumps, stand-by and duty
The independent firefighting water reserve capacity shall be capable of supplying water for
the sprinklers, wet standpipes, and hose requirements. The design capacity of the fire
reserve tank shall be dependent on the required flow – rate of the pump and must be able to
feed the system for not less than one hour duration.
RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING
RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING
RESCUE AND FIRE FIGHTING
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
• The effective provision of airport services requires
a clear and unobstructed view of the entire
movement area of an airport and air traffic in the
vicinity of the airport. The airport control tower
should therefore be so located and be of such a
height that apron, taxiway, runway and the
airspace surrounding the airport, particularly the
approach and departure areas are clearly visible
from the control room and that future development
of the maneuvering area or future construction of
buildings shall not restrict this view.
• Control tower is required to be built with a height
so that aprons, taxiways, runways, and the air
space surrounding the airport are clearly visible
from the VFR room.
 CARGO TERMINAL BUILDING
• General cargo facilities are required for the movement of bulk cargo. Currently, most of the
cargo is moved via passenger aircraft with the balance moved by dedicated freighter
aircraft.
• The construction of the cargo terminal building will not be shouldered by the government
and the cost is excluded from the project estimate. Construction and operation of the
facility will be done by the private sector. A conceptual design of the CTB is presented and
which may be used as reference for the developer/operator of the facility.
• The cargo terminal mainly consists of inbound and outbound cargo storage ( domestic and
international), bulk build -up and bulk break-down areas, strong room and vaults together
with airlines and cargo forwarding offices.
CARGO TERMINAL BUILDING
 POWERHOUSE
• The powerhouse shall supply all the power requirement needed by the
building and other support facilities for the purpose of achieving good
maintenance and serviceability to all mechanical and electrical system.
• From the powerhouse, a series of underground cable ducts will be installed to
serve all the buildings and other electro-mechanical facilities inside the airport
complex including the navigation aids facilities.
POWERHOUSE
 WATER PUMP HOUSE
• The receiving reservoir should be able to contain the operational storage
requirement as well as the fire reserve of the airport. The receiving reservoir
shall be housed inside the pump house.
• Water level controls must be placed corresponding to the operational water
requirements of the airport. The lowest water level must be maintained having
the fire reserve intact at all times.
• To account for all the water usage, all service connections to the airport water
distribution system are proposed to be metered. Losses can be easily
computed by comparing the individual meter readings with that of the main
water meter.
WATER PUMP HOUSE
 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
• Detail design study is prepared to provide a suitable sewerage system within the airport facility, designed to
treat and dispose the sewage generated from domestic, commercial activities and airplane lavatory within
acceptable environmental standards. The sewerage facility other than providing adequate sanitary conditions
for the users and occupants of the airport would also prevent water pollution in the surrounding environs.
• The STP’s location was determined guided by the following conditions:
✔ Land availability for possible expansion of the plant.
✔ Most appropriate site where sewage can be collected by gravity flow as well as its proximity to discharge
area
✔ (soaking yard) of the treated effluent.
✔ Minimum effect on the surrounding area in terms of odor nuisance
✔ Will not disrupt aircraft activities
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
 FUEL FARM/DEPOT
• Fuel depot receives, stores and delivers the fuel and has facilities such as
storage tanks, pumps, loading and unloading yards, refueling tanker parking,
fire extinguishing facility and administrative offices. There are two refueling
systems as the hydrant system which supply fuel through the under ground
pipes to the apron and the transport system by refuel trucks.
• In planning, the facilities, considerations must be given to the related laws and
regulations, safe clearance distances and spaces around and the greenery as
buffer zones.
 HVAC SYSTEM
• VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) Outdoor Unit VRF outdoor units shall be located on the roof level
and will consist of compressor, fan, condenser and other accessory. VRF system shall facilitate
more efficient, energy-saving, easy operation and maintenance.
• VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) Indoor unit (FCU) Conditioned air shall be distributed through air
ducts or direct airflow (cassette type) and shall be in locations to suite airflow patterns. Architectural
aesthetics shall be also considered in the design of exposed air duct and air outlets, etc. The indoor
units (FCU) shall also be used for electrical rooms such as computer room etc.; in this case the
FCUs shall be carefully located to avoid the possibility of damage due to possible water leakage.
• Ceiling cassette indoor units can be considered for effective supply air distribution, better aesthetic
quality and convenient temperature control.
• Fresh Air Handling Unit (FAHU) The fresh air handling unit (FAHU) shall be consists of fan, pre-
filter, bag-filter and other accessories. FAHU shall operate with 100% of fresh air and fresh air shall
be supplied to no air-conditioned area and air-conditioned area (VRF indoor units).
 REFERENCES
• ICAO Doc 9137 Part 1 Rescue & Firefighting
• ICAO Doc 9137 Part 8 Airport Operational Services
• ICAO Doc 9137 Part 9 Airport Maintenance Practices
• ICAO Doc 9184 Part 1 Master Planning
• ICAO Doc 9184 Part 2 Land Use & Environmental Control
• Time Saver Standards for All Building Types
• IATA Airport Development Reference Manual 4th ed. 2016
END OF LECTURE SERIES 3
This document/presentation is for educational purposes only. It is exclusively for personal and
academic use and not intended to be shared or posted online.