BIOENERGETIC

S
WHAT IS CELL?

Cell Theory
Before microscopes were invented, no one
knew that cells existed because nearly are all
invisible to the naked eye. By 1665, Antoni
Van Leeuwenhoek had constructed an early
microscopes that revealed tiny organisms in
rainwater, Insect, Fabric, sperm, Feces and
other samples.
Component of All Cell
Cells vary in shape and in what they
do, but all have a plasma membrane,
Cytoplasm, And DNA.

Plasma Membrane
A cell's plasma membrane is it
outermost, and this membrane
separates the cell's content
from the external
environment.
Cytoplasm

The plasma membrane encloses a jellylike

mixture of water, sugar, ions and proteins
called"CYTOPLASM."
A major parts of cell's metabolism occurs
in the cytoplasm, and the cells other
internal components, including organelles,
are suspended in it.
DNA
Every cell starts out line with DNA.
In nearly all bacteria and archaea,
that DNA is suspended directly In
cytoplasm.
Contraints on Cell Size
A cell exchanges substances with its environment at a
rate that keeps pace with its metabolism. These
exchanges occur across the plasma membrane, which
can handle only so many exchanges at a time.

THE NUCLEUS
The cell nucleus serves two important
functions First, it keeps the cell's genetic
material-DNA-safe from metabolic processes
that might damage it
Chromatin
As molecules go, DNA is gigantic. Unraveled and
stretched out, the DNA in the nucleus of a single
human cell would be about 2 meters (6-1/2 feet)
long.

The Nuclear Envelope

The special membrane that encloses the

nucleus is called the nuclear envelope. It
consists of two phospholipid bilayers, folded
around an intermembrane space 20-40 nm
wide (Fig. 10-6)
The Nucleolus
Depending on a cell's metabolic state, its nucleus contains one or more
nucleoli. A nucleolus (plural, nucleoli) is an irregularly shaped region,
dense with proteins and nucleic acids, where subunits of ribosomes are
being produced.

THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

The endomembrane system is a series of interacting
organelles between the nucleus and the plasma
membrane. Its main function is to make lipids,
enzymes, and proteins for insertion into the cell's
membranes or secretion to the external environment
MITOCHONDRIA
Biologists think of the nucleotide ATP as a type
of cellular currency because it carries energy
between reactions. Cells require a lot of ATP.
The mos efficient way they can produce it is by
aerobic respiration, a series of oxygen-
requiring reactioni that harvests the energy in
sugars by breaking their bonds.
CHLOROPLASTS AND OTHER
PLASTIDS

Plastids are double-

membraned organelles that
function in photosynthesis,
storage, or pigmentation in
plant and algal cells
CYTOSKELETO
N
Between the nucleus and plasma membrane of
all eukaryotic cells is a system of
interconnected proteis filaments collectively
called the cytoskeleton Elements of the
cytoskeleton reinforce, organize, and move cell
structures, and often the whole cell.
Thank you
for
listening!!