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iGCSE Chemistry Section 4 Lesson 2
iGCSE Chemistry Section 4 Lesson 2
SECTION 4 LESSON 2
Content
The iGCSE
Section 1 Principles of Chemistry
Chemistry
course Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements
Section 4
a) Acids, alkalis and salts
b) Energetics
Physical c) Rates of reaction
Chemistry d) Equilibria
Lesson 2 b) Energetics
4.10 understand that chemical reactions in which heat
energy is given out are described as exothermic and those
in which heat energy is taken in are endothermic
b) Energetics 4.11 describe simple calorimetry experiments for
reactions such as combustion, displacement, dissolving
and neutralisation in which heat energy changes can be
calculated from measured temperature changes
4.12 calculate molar enthalpy change from heat energy
change
4.13 understand the use of ΔH to represent enthalpy
change for exothermic and endothermic reactions
4.14 represent exothermic and endothermic reactions on
a simple energy level diagram
4.15 understand that the breaking of bonds is
endothermic and that the making of bonds is exothermic
4.16 use average bond energies to calculate the enthalpy
change during a simple chemical reaction.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
In an EXOTHERMIC
reaction, the
temperature goes
UP. Heat energy is
given OUT.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
In an EXOTHERMIC In an ENDOTHERMIC
reaction, the reaction, the
temperature goes temperature goes
UP. Heat energy is DOWN. Heat energy
given OUT. is taken IN.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
energy
reactants
For an EXOTHERMIC
reaction, ∆H is negative.
This means that heat has
been lost from the
reaction.
products
Time
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
For an ENDOTHERMIC
reaction, ∆H is positive.
This means that heat has
been gained in the
reaction.
reactants
Time
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Let’s just
recap
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Let’s just
recap
EXOTHERMIC
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Let’s just
recap
EXOTHERMIC
Let’s just
recap
EXOTHERMIC
∆H is negative
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Let’s just
recap
ENDOTHERMIC
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Let’s just
recap
ENDOTHERMIC
Heat is taken in
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Let’s just
recap
ENDOTHERMIC
Heat is taken in
∆H is positive
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Another word
for the heat
energy content
of a compound is
ENTHALPY
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Spirit burner
Calculating enthalpy changes
rod J/kg/ C
(joules) (grams) ( C)
o
y p o
rg l?
n e 32.6
n o x 4.2
heat energy = 100
t ex
a
produced
a
e f et h
(joules)
h
t h e le o
is = mo13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)
t er
heat energy
a
h (joules)
produced
p
o w
S
Calculating enthalpy changes
Rememberheat thatenergy = mass of x rise in
e d
x specific heat
Another wordproduced water
uc
temperature capacity of water
a mole of a
for the heat rod J/kg/ C
substance is the
(joules) (grams) ( C)
o
y p o
energy content r g l?
relative
of a compound is n e 32.6n o x 4.2
heat energy
molecular mass
= 100
t e x
a
ENTHALPY
produced
e a t h
in grams
(joules)
h f e
h e e o
s t o13692
l
t i m
heat energy = (for 0.46g of ethanol)
a r
wh pe
produced
(joules)
So
Calculating enthalpy changes
heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)
produced
(joules)
Ethanol C2H5OH = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46
Calculating enthalpy changes
heat energy = 13692 (for 0.46g of ethanol)
produced
(joules)
Ethanol C2H5OH = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46
Ethanol C2H5OH = 24 + 5 + 16 + 1 = 46
= 1369.2 kJ
Calculating enthalpy changes
= -1369.2 kJ/mol
Calculating enthalpy changes
thermometer
Insulating lid
Heat released in
producing 0.1M = 100 x 13.7 x 4.2 = 5754J
of water
Calculating enthalpy changes
Heat released in
producing 0.1M = 100 x 13.7 x 4.2 = 5754J
of water
= - 57.54 kJ/mol
H
H C H
H
Making and breaking bonds
H
Breaking chemical
bonds during a
reaction
H C H
H
Making and breaking bonds
When breaking a chemical bond, energy is put IN
Making and breaking bonds
When breaking a chemical bond, energy is put IN
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
More energy has to be put IN to break the old
bonds than is released when the new bonds are
formed.
Making and breaking bonds
So what happens in an
exothermic reaction?
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
More energy is given OUT when new bonds are
formed than is taken in when the old bonds are
broken.
Making and breaking bonds
Each type of bond (eg. C-C) has a specific bond
energy – it is the same whether the bond is being
made or broken.
Making and breaking bonds
Each type of bond (eg. C-C) has a specific bond
energy – it is the same whether the bond is being
made or broken.
Progress of reaction
Making and breaking bonds
We can show the energy changes in the form of
an energy level diagram.
Energy (kJ/mol)
2734 kJ/mol
Progress of reaction
Making and breaking bonds
We can show the energy changes in the form of
an energy level diagram.
Energy (kJ/mol)
Progress of reaction
Making and breaking bonds
We can show the energy changes in the form of
an energy level diagram.
Energy (kJ/mol)
-728 kJ/mol
Progress of reaction
End of Section 4 Lesson 2