Waves and Oscillations

Course Code – PHY 230

Class: Bachelor of Science in Physics
Semester: 3rd -SP22, Secession (A)

Week: 7th (16-20) Oct

Lecture: 1st
Instructor: Dr. Muhammad Ajmal khan
Email: ajmalkhan@cuilahore.edu.pk

Department of Physics
COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI),
Lahore Campus
Free Damped Oscillations
 Case-II Small Damping
When , the damping is small and this gives the most important kind of behavior,
namely “oscillator damped harmonic motion” for then, the expression in the
exponential in eq (3.5) is an imaginary quantity.

( )
2 1 /2 2 2 1 /2
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾
=√ −1 𝜔 𝑜 −
2 2 ∗ ∗ 2
( − 𝜔 𝑜) =𝑖 𝜔 𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜔 =(𝜔 𝑜 − ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 +𝑣𝑒
4 4 4
𝑇h𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞 ( 3.5 ) 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 −𝛾 𝑡 /2
𝜓 =𝑒 {¿

To compare the behavior of a damped oscillator with the ideal case in which damping is
ignored, we will recast eq(3.15) into a more familiar form.
We can do this by using the identities
𝜓 =𝑒 −𝛾 𝑡 /2 {( 𝐴1 + 𝐴 2 ) 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔 ∗ 𝑡 ) + 𝑖 ( 𝐴1 − 𝐴 2 ) 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 (𝜔 ∗ 𝑡 ) }
if we choose
𝑤h𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑤h𝑖𝑐h 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛 𝑡h𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑤𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑡 ,
{ 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 . 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔 𝑡 ) +𝑖𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 𝑠𝑖 𝑛(𝜔 𝑡 ) }
−𝛾 𝑡 /2 ∗ ∗
𝜓 =𝑒
𝜓 = 𝐴 𝑒− 𝛾 𝑡 / 2 {𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 . 𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔 ∗ 𝑡 ) +𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 𝑠𝑖 𝑛( 𝜔∗ 𝑡 )}

𝜓 = 𝐴 𝑒− 𝛾 𝑡 / 2 {𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔∗ 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) } [3.16 ]

( )
1 /2
∗ 𝛾2
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 1− [ 3.17 ]
4 𝜔2𝑜
 ( )
2 1 /2
− 𝛾𝑡/2
𝜓= 𝐴 𝑒 {𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔 ∗
𝑡 − 𝛿 ) } [3.16 ] ∗ 𝛾
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 1− 2
[ 3.17 ]
4 𝜔𝑜
 𝑉𝑜
𝜓= 𝐴 𝑒
− 𝛾𝑡/2
{𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔∗ 𝑡 − 𝛿) } [ 3.16 ] h𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴= ∗
𝜔

𝐴 𝑜 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡h𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑤h𝑒𝑛 𝛾 =0

𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑𝜓
𝑑𝑡
=𝑉 𝑒
𝑜
−𝛾 𝑡 /2
( ∗
cos 𝜔 𝑡 −
𝛾
2𝜔
∗
∗
)
sin 𝜔 𝑡 [ 3.20]
𝑑𝜓
𝑑𝑡
=𝑉 𝑒
𝑜
− 𝛾𝑡/2
( ∗
cos 𝜔 𝑡 −
𝛾
2𝜔
∗
∗
)
sin 𝜔 𝑡 [3.20 ]

∗ 𝛾 ∗
∗
sin ( 𝜔 𝑡 )
2𝜔
∗
cos 𝜔 𝑡= ∗
sin 𝜔 𝑡 2𝜔
∗ ∗
tan ⁡( 𝜔 𝑡 )=
2𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜔¿¿ ∗ 𝑡 )= ¿
𝛾
𝛾

𝑇 h𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 t 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡h𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤h𝑖𝑐h 𝜓 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑖𝑡h𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 .
∗
2𝜔 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
𝐼𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝑤h𝑒𝑛 𝛾 ≪ 2 𝜔𝑜 , → ∞ , 𝑠𝑜 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 ,( 𝜔¿¿ ∗ 𝑡 )→ , , , ,…………….¿
𝛾 2 2 2 2
∗
𝜋 𝑇 ∗
𝑇h𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝜓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡 =𝑡 1 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝜔 𝑡 1 = 𝜋 / 2 ,𝑡 1= ∗
=
2𝜔 4
 Energy of a weakly Damped Oscillator [weak damping (<2
We shall now to develop an expression for the average energy of weakly damped oscillator at any instant of time, in the case
of weak damping (). The displacement and velocity of oscillator are givens as
𝑑 𝜓
𝜓= 𝐴 𝑒
− 𝛾𝑡/2
{𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔∗ 𝑡 − 𝛿) } [3.16 ] = 𝐴 𝑒
− 𝛾 𝑡 / 2
¿
𝑑𝑡

If is the mass of the oscillator, its instantaneous kinetic energy is

With the help of eq 3.18, the K.E becomes

( )
2
1 𝑑𝜓 1
𝐾 . 𝐸= 𝑚 = 𝑚¿ ¿
2 𝑑𝑡 2
1 2 −𝛾 𝑡
𝐾 . 𝐸= 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒 ¿
2
1 2 −𝛾 𝑡
𝐾 . 𝐸= 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒 ¿
2
But, its potential energy is With the help of eq 3.16{ } the K

1 1 2 1
2 2
P . E= 𝐾 𝜓 = 𝑚 𝜔 𝑜 ( 𝐴 𝑒
2 2
− 𝛾𝑡/2
{𝑐𝑜 𝑠 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) })
∗
P . E= 𝑚 𝜔𝑜 𝐴 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 )
2
2 2 −𝛾 𝑡 2 ∗

So, its total energy is given as

1 2 −𝛾 𝑡
𝐸 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒 ¿
2

{ ( ) }
2 ∗
1 𝛾 𝛾 𝜔
𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿) + + 𝜔𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) + sin 2 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) [ 3.21]
2 −𝛾 𝑡 2∗ 2 ∗ 2 2 ∗ ∗
𝐸 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒
2 4 2
 1
¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )≥ 𝑚 𝐴2 𝑒 − 𝛾 𝑡
¿
2
The notation < > implies averaging over one time-period . A function averaged over , is by definition, given by
∗
𝑇
𝑇

( )
2 To integrate, let us use the
∫ 1 2 2𝜋 𝑡
𝑓 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
¿ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) > ¿ ∗ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑇
2 ∗
¿ 𝑓 ( 𝑡 ) >¿
0
𝑇
=
1
𝑇
∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
∗
− 𝛿 𝑑𝑡 transformation
∫ 𝑑𝑡 𝑇 0 𝑇
0

0
∗
𝑇
𝑑𝑡= 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋

( )
2 1 /2 2
𝛾
∗
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 1 − 2
[ 3.17 ] , 𝜔 2 ∗ =𝜔 2𝑜 − 𝛾
4 𝜔𝑜 4

Putting all these values in eq 3.22, so we get

{ ( ) } { ( ) }
2 ∗ 2
1 1 𝛾 1 𝛾𝜔 1 1 𝛾 1
¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )≥ 𝑚 𝐴 2 𝑒 −𝛾 𝑡 𝜔 2∗ + + 𝜔2𝑜 + ( 0) ¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )≥ 𝑚 𝐴 2 𝑒 −𝛾 𝑡 𝜔 2∗ + + 𝜔2𝑜
2 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 2

{ ( 4 + 𝜔 )} { ( )} { }
2 2
1 𝛾 1 𝛾
2
1 2 −𝛾 𝑡 2∗ 𝛾 2
¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )≥ 𝑚 𝐴 2 𝑒−𝛾 𝑡 𝜔 + 2∗ 2
𝑜 ¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )≥ 𝑚 𝐴 2 𝑒−𝛾 𝑡 𝜔 2∗ + + 𝜔 2𝑜 ¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )≥ 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒 𝜔 + +𝜔 𝑜
4 4 4 4 4

{ }
2 2 1 1
1 𝛾 𝛾 ¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 ) ≥ 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒 { 2 𝜔𝑜 }
2 −𝛾 𝑡 2 2 −𝛾 𝑡
¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 ) >¿ 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒 𝜔𝑜 ¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 ) >¿ 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝛾 𝑡 [ 3.23]
2 −𝛾 𝑡 2 2 2
¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )≥ 𝑚 𝐴 𝑒 𝜔 𝑜 − + +𝜔 𝑜 4 2
4 4 4
Hence the energy of a weakly damped oscillator
diminishes exponentially with time. The decay of the
total energy is illustrated in figure 3.5.

Fig 3.5 Exponential decay of total energy during

damping of harmonic oscillations

𝑑𝜓 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐹 . 𝛿𝜓 𝑑𝜓
𝐹 =− 𝑃 , 𝑡h𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃 ( 𝑡 ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑃 ( 𝑡 )= = =𝐹
𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝛿𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Where,

𝑑 𝜓 − 𝛾 𝑡 / 2
= 𝐴 𝑒 ¿
𝑑𝑡

( )
2
𝑑 𝜓 2 − 𝛾 𝑡
= 𝐴 𝑒 ¿
𝑑𝑡
 ( )
2
𝑑 𝜓 2 −𝛾 𝑡
𝑃 ( 𝑡 )= 𝑚 𝛾 =𝑚 𝛾 𝐴 𝑒 ¿
𝑑𝑡

( )
2 ∗
𝛾 𝛾 𝜔
𝜔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) + sin 2 ( 𝜔 𝑡 − 𝛿 )
2 −𝛾𝑡 2∗ 2 ∗ 2 ∗ ∗
𝑃 ( 𝑡 )=𝑚𝛾 𝐴 𝑒
4 2
Hence, the power dissipation during one time period of oscillation is given be

2 −𝛾𝑡
¿ 𝑃 ( 𝑡 ) >¿ 𝑚 𝛾 𝐴 𝑒 ¿
( )
2 1 /2 2
𝛾
∗
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑜 1 − 2
[ 3.17 ] , 𝜔 2 ∗ =𝜔 2𝑜 − 𝛾
4 𝜔𝑜 4

( ) ( )
2 2
1 2∗ 𝛾 1 2 −𝛾 𝑡 𝛾 𝛾2 1
= 𝑚 𝛾 𝐴 𝑒 ( 𝜔 𝑜 ) =𝛾< 𝐸 ( 𝑡 ) >[3.25]
2 −𝛾𝑡 2 2 −𝛾 𝑡 2
¿ 𝑃 ( 𝑡 ) >¿ 𝑚 𝛾 𝐴 𝑒 𝜔 + = 𝑚𝛾 𝐴 𝑒 + 𝜔𝑜 −
2 4 2 4 4 2
 Methods of Describing the Damping of an Oscillator

For conveniences in applying our results to diverse kinds of

physical systems, three different methods of describing
damping have been used. Each method is based on a
parameter defined in terms of and that characterize a
damped system.

1- Logarithmic Decrement
2- Relaxation Time
3- Quality Factor or Q-value
1- Logarithmic Decrement
This method measures the rate at which the amplitude
decreases with time. Consider a weakly damped
oscillator initially at rest at its equilibrium position,
when it is given an impulse.
The motion of the oscillator is described by eq [3.19]
2- Relaxation Time

𝛾𝜏 2
=1 →𝜏 =
2 𝛾
The relaxation time is a measure of how rapidly the motion is damped out by friction. The
higher value of , the shorter the relaxation time.
In many problems in physics involving decay of energy, the magnitude of the dissipative
process is estimated by measuring the relaxation time.
The relaxation time and logarithmic decrement of the motion are obviously related to each
other . They are related as
3- Quality Factor or Q-value

𝑇h𝑎𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑄 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 , 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑠
¿ 𝐸 ( 𝑡 ) >¿ 𝐸𝑜 𝑒
−𝛾 𝑡
[ 3.23 ] 𝑡h𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑞 𝑠h𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
1 2 −𝛾 𝑡
¿ 𝑃 𝑡 >¿ 𝑚 𝛾 𝜔𝑜 𝐴 𝑒 =𝛾 < 𝐸 ( 𝑡 )> [ 3.25 ] , 𝑡h𝑖𝑠 𝑠h𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡h𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
2
( )
2
𝑑
< 𝐸 ( 𝑡 ) >¿ < 𝑃 (𝑡 ) >¿ 𝛾 < 𝐸 ( 𝑡 ) >¿
𝑑𝑡
 𝝎
∗
≅ 𝝎𝒐 𝑇h𝑢𝑠 , 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑤𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑸=𝝎 𝒐 / 𝜸

𝜓 = Α 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝜔𝑜𝑡
2𝑄 ( ) cos ( 𝜔 𝑜 𝑡 − 𝛿 ) [ 3.26 ]

𝑇h𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑦 [ 𝑒𝑞 ( 3.23 ) ]< 𝐸 (𝑡 ) >¿ 𝐸 𝑜 exp ( − 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 / 𝑄 ) ¿

 Γ
Γ
 Relation between the Logarithmic Decrement, Relaxation Time and Quality Factor
𝛾𝑇𝑜 2 𝜔𝑜
𝐼𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝛾 ≪ 2 𝜔 𝑜 , 𝑡h𝑒 𝑡h𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝜆= , 𝜏= , 𝑄=
4 𝛾 𝛾

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑄 , 𝑡h𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝜋

𝜆= , 𝜏 = 2𝑄 / 𝜔 𝑜
2𝑄