Lecture01 Introduction

Remote Sensing
Summer 2008
Björn-Martin Sinnhuber and Astrid Bracher

Room NW1 - U3215
Tel. 218 8958
bms@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de
bracher@uni-bremen.de
www.iup.uni-bremen.de/~bms/remote_sensing
Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Lecture 1 Introduction to Remote Sensing
• „Rules of the Game“

• Examples of Remote Sensing Applications

Outline
General Principles of Remote Sensing
Lecture 2 Electromagnetic Radiation
Lecture 3 Radiative Transfer
Lecture 4 Satellite Remote Sensing
Lecture 5 Retrieval Techniques / Inverse Methods
Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere:

Lecture 6 Microwave Tehniques
Lecture 7 Infra-Red Techniques
Lecture 8 Spectroscopy
Lecture 9 Optical (UV / Visible) Remote Sensing
Lecture 10 Active Techniques and Meteorological Applications
Remote Sensing of the Ocean Surface:

Lecture 11 Sea Ice Remote Sensing
Lecture 12 Remote Sensing of Ocean Currents and SST
Lecture 13 Ocean Colour & Summary

General Information: „The rules of the game“
Lecture
• 13 lectures, every Monday 13:15-14:45
• ECTS: 4
• One „rapporteur“ gives brief summary (5 min.) of previous lecture.
Mandatory for each student. Fix your date in the list (check on website)!
Exercises
• 10 exercises: turned out Mondays, given back next Monday, 10 points total
for each exercise
• Exercises are discussed every Thursdays 13:15-14:00 (not 1st and last
week, not holidays 1st and 15th May) with Gregor Kiesewetter (
gregor@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de, phone: 2188689)
Exam
• Written exam 14 July 2008; 9:30-11:30
• Prerequisite: >70 points in all exercises and one report

Literature
• Charles Elachi
Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of
Remote Sensing
• Graeme L. Stephens
Remote Sensing of the Lower Atmosphere
• Martin Seelye
An Introduction to Ocean Remote Sensing

• „Rules of the Game“

• Examples of Remote Sensing Applications

Photo taken
by crew of
Apollo 17
7 Dec 1972

from maps.google.com

A Note on Spatial Resolution
The maximum achievable resolution with an optical system

is given by
 (Rayleigh criterion)
sin  
D
with α: opening angle, D: diameter of the optical aperture,
λ: wavelength.
x α
Because sin  
h
h
with x: object size and h: sensor height we get
h
x x
D
Resolution: An example
h
x
D
Assume some typical values: h: 800 km, D: 4m (huge!),

λ: 500 nm:
800 103 m  500 10 9 m

 0.1 m  10 cm
4m

ENVISAT: Launched 1 March 2002

MERIS/ENVISAT

SeaWIFS, 26. Feb. 2000
MERIS/ENVISAT, Cloud Top Pressure
Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, 443 nm

Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, 560 nm

Ocean colour: MERIS/ENVISAT, Chlorophyll

Absorption windows of atmospheric constituents

Observing the Ozone Layer
http://www.iup.physik.uni-bremen.de/gomenrt/
Antarctic Ozone Hole
Global measurements of total ozone columns

Measurement type: Satellite-based passive remote sensing
Instrument: Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) /
ERS-2
Measured quantity: Total ozone columns
(from backscattered solar radiation)
The Arctic Ozone Layer
Ten years of GOME observtions

100 m 10 -4 cm-1
10 MHz
10 m 10 -3 cm-1 Radio
100 MHz
1m 10 -2 cm-1
1 GHz
The Electromagnetic 10 cm
10 GHz
0.1 cm-1
Spectrum 1 cm 1 cm-1
Microwave
100 GHz
1 mm 10 cm-1
1 THz
sub-mm – Far IR
0.1 mm 100 cm-1
10 THz
10 μm 1000 cm-1 Thermal IR
al IR
100 THz
Near IR
1 μm 10 4 cm-1
Visible 400-700 nm
1000 THz
Ultraviolet
100 nm 105 cm-1
Wavelength Frequency Wave number

Solar Spectrum and Terrestrial Spectrum
Sun Earth
Short Wave Long Wave

MODIS / Terra, Gulfstream Temperature
Microwave Remote Sensing
AMSU-B Data (183 ±1 GHz)
Dry areas in
the UT
(NOAA 16, Channel 18,

15.6.2004.
Figure: Oliver Lemke)
Satellite Limb Sounding
(Figure: Oliver Lemke)

Microwave Limb Sonder (MLS) onboard UARS

Airborne Microwave Remote Sensing

ASUR frequency range and primary species

A picture from the SOLVE campaign
in Kiruna, Sweden, January 2000
Validation of satellite data is important ...

Ground-based Radiometer for Atmospheric Measurements (RAM)

Measured Microwave Spectrum by the RAM

Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines
50km / 0.5 hPa
20km / 50 hPa
10km / 200 hPa

A Note on Profile Retrieval
Often we can describe the relation between the (unknown)

atmospheric profile x and the measured spectrum y by a
linear equation: y  Ax
The matrix A is also called as the weighting function matrix.

Finding x from measured y would require inversion of A:
x  A 1y
However, this is generally not possible (inverse of A does not exist).
Therefore one has to find some „generallized“ inverse of A:
g
xA y

Lidar In-space Technology Experiment (LITE)
on Discovery in September 1994

as part of the STS-64 mission
http://www-lite.larc.nasa.gov/index.html
Radar Image
ENVISAT ASAR
15 April 2005

Sea ice concentration from
AMSR-E 89 GHz
15 April 2007
www.seaice.de
courtesy of Lars Kaleschke

AMSR-E 89 GHz
15 April 2007
www.seaice.de
False colour image

AMSR-E 89 GHz
06 April 2008
www.seaice.de
False colour image

Example: SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2
pollution biomass burning

Courtesy of Andreas Richter

GOME NO2: Temporal Evolution
GOME annual changes in tropospheric NO2
1996 - 2002
• 7 years of GOME data • NO2 reductions in Europe and parts of the

US
• DOAS retrieval + CTM-stratospheric correction
• strong increase over China
• seasonal and local AMF based on 1997 MOART-2
run • consistent with significant NOx emission
• cloud screening changes
A. Richter et al., Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437 2005

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Remote Sensing

Björn-Martin Sinnhuber and Astrid Bracher

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

• „Rules of the Game“

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere:

Remote Sensing of the Ocean Surface:

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

• „Rules of the Game“

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

The maximum achievable resolution with an optical system

Assume some typical values: h: 800 km, D: 4m (huge!),

800 103 m  500 10 9 m

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Global measurements of total ozone columns

Ten years of GOME observtions

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

10 μm 1000 cm-1 Thermal IR

Wavelength Frequency Wave number

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

(NOAA 16, Channel 18,

(Figure: Oliver Lemke)

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

50km / 0.5 hPa

10km / 200 hPa

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

Often we can describe the relation between the (unknown)

The matrix A is also called as the weighting function matrix.

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

on Discovery in September 1994

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

courtesy of Lars Kaleschke

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

False colour image

courtesy of Lars Kaleschke

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

False colour image

courtesy of Lars Kaleschke

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

pollution biomass burning

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

• 7 years of GOME data • NO2 reductions in Europe and parts of the

Sinnhuber & Bracher, Remote Sensing, University of Bremen, Summer 2008

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