English

Meeting 06
Today’s Lesson

• Structure: Reported Speech

• Speaking: Plenty and Enough
• Reading: Various
• Listening
• Writing: Avoiding Plagiarism
Reported Speech
Structure
Reported Speech

Reported speech is when we tell someone what another

person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or
indirect speech.
Example Situation

Tom : “I’m feeling ill.”

You want to tell someone else what Tom said.
There are two ways of doing this :
• You can repeat Tom’s words (direct speech)
Tom said ‘I’m feeling ill’.
• Or you can use reported speech :
Tom said (that) he was feeling ill.

Compare the two sentences :

Direct : Tom said ‘ I am feeling ill ’.
(You use (‘) ... (‘) to show it is direct speech)
Reported : Tom said (that) he was feeling ill.
Change of Verbs

When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the

past. So verbs usually change to the past in reported speech.
For example :
am/is → was are → were have/has → had will → would
can → could do/want/know etc. → did/wanted/knew etc.
Example

Study these examples. You met Tom. Here are some things he said to you :
• “My parents are very well.”
• “I’m going to give up my job.”
• “Ann has bought a new car.”
• “I can’t come to the party on Friday.”
• “I want to go on holiday, but I don’t know where to go.”
• “I’m going away for a few days. I’ll phone you when I get back.”
Now you tell someone else what Tom said (in reported speech) :
• Tom said (that) his parents were very well.
• Tom said (that) he was going to give up his job.
• Tom said (that) Ann had bought a new car.
• Tom said (that) he couldn’t come to the party on Friday.
• Tom said (that) he wanted to go on holiday but he didn’t know where to go.
• Tom said (that) he was going away for a few days and would phone me when he got back.
Past simple in reported speech

The past simple (I did) can usually stay the same in reported
speech, or you change it to the past perfect (I had done) :
did → did or had done
• Direct : Tom said ‘I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed’.
• Reported : Tom said (that) he woke (or had woken) up
feeling ill and so he stayed (or had stayed) in bed.
Practice

Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Charlie told you a

lot of things. Here are some of the things he said to you :
 Practice

1. ‘I’m thinking of going to live in Canada.’ 8. ‘I hardly ever go out these days.’
2. ‘My father is in hospital.’ 9. ‘I work 14 hours a day.’
3. ‘Nora and Jim are getting married next 10. ‘I’ll tell Jim I saw you.’
month.’
11. ‘You can come and stay with me if you
4. ‘I haven’t seen Bill for a while.’ are ever in London.’
5. ‘I’ve been playing tennis a lot recently.’ 12. ‘Tom had an accident last week but he
wasn’t injured.’
6. ‘Margaret has had a baby.’
13. ‘I saw Jack at a party a few months ago
7. ‘I don’t know what Fred is doing.’ and he seemed fine.’
Sample answer

Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use
reported speech.
1. Charlie said that he was thinking of going to live in Canada.
Plenty and Enough
Speaking

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

‘Plenty’ and ‘enough’

‘Plenty’ means ‘a large quantity, more than is needed’, while

‘enough’ means ‘as much as you need or is necessary’.
As well as being quantifiers, these words can also be pronouns.
The following examples show how they are used as pronouns.
A: How many chillies do we need?
B: Two is plenty.
A: How much fish sauce do we need?
B: A tablespoon is enough.
Task: Shopping List

• A: What dishes will we make?

• B: How about ________and _______?
• A: Ok. What do we need for ___ (recipe) ___?
• B: First, we need some _______________ and
_____________
• A: How much/many _______________ do we need?
• B: (We need) a kilogram/ a cup/ five is plenty.
• A: How much/many will we buy?
• B: A kilogram/small bottle is plenty/enough.
Task: Shopping List

• A: Do you need any _________________?

• B: Yes, we need _______________/ No, we don’t need any.
• A: What else do we need?
• B: We need some _________________
• A: How much/many do we need?
• B: (We need) five/ a cup/ a bunch/ a tablespoon.
• A: How much/many will we buy?
• B: A kilogram/small bottle/ a bunch/ a can is plenty/enough.
Various
Reading
Women in the Military

Women in the military can continue to work while they are

married. They can also have children and continue to work. For
example, Ensign Evans kept working at the hospital after she
married Lt Lee. Then they had two children. Lt Lee went on sea
duty for a few months, and his wife continued working at the
hospital. In the daytime, the children went to a school for very
young children while their mother was at work at the hospital.
In addition, the Army, Navy, and Air Force try to station
husbands and wives at the same base. There, they can have a
family and continue working together.
Women in the Military

1. Can women in the military continue to work while they are

married? _________
2. How many children did Ensign Evans have? ___________
3. Who took care of Ensign Evan’s children while she worked?
___________
4. Where did Ensign Evans work? __________
5. What does the military try to do for married people?
_________________________________________
UN peacekeeping: the first steps

Traditionally, UN peacekeeping meant the deployment of military personnel. The blue berets were
normally deployed in international conflicts after a truce was signed. From 1989 there were two main
types of UN mission.
1. Observer mission with unarmed military observers. For example, the military observers deployed in
1988 to monitor the ceasefire between Iran and Iraq.
2. Peacekeeping forces deployed in an area of separation or buffer zone. For example, the UN soldiers
deployed in 1974 after Israeli and Syrian forces stopped fighting.
Peacekeeping today
In the 1990s this idea of UN peacekeeping changed. Today’s peacekeepers often deploy to stop civil
wars and missions are more complex and have more objectives. For example, UN troops disarm and
demobilize soldiers, help refugees return to their homes and clear mines.
In today’s peacekeeping missions there are many more civilians peacekeepers, including police officers,
engineers, medical personnel and drivers. These civilians build roads, schools and hospitals and they
supervise election. An example of this kind of mission was the UN mission to Cambodia 1992 -1993.
(Campaign English for military, Book 1 p. 105)
UN peacekeeping: the first steps

Traditional peacekeeping Peacekeeping today

When After a truce is signed
Before a truce is signed
Who Mostly military
Military and civilian
Where International conflicts
Civil wars
What Deploy in a buffer zone
Help refugees go home
Clear mines
Supervise elections
Monitor ceasefire agreements
Tickets and Museum
Listening
Listening
Listening
Comparison &
Definitions
Writing
Comparison Structures (1)

a) Some studies are based on a comparison:

The purpose of this study is to compare Chinese and American consumers on their propensity
to use self-service technology in a retail setting.
In other cases, a comparison provides useful context:
The first attempt to decode the human genome took 10 years; now it can be done in less than
a week.
b) The two basic comparative forms are:
a) France is larger than Switzerland.The students were happier after the exam.
(-er is added to one-syllable adjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, which changes
into an ‘i’)
b) Learning Chinese is more difficult than learning English.Washington is less crowded than New
York.
(more/less … are used with other adjectives of two or more syllables)
Comparison Structures (2)

c) These comparisons can be modified by the use of adverbs such as:

• slightly, marginally (for small amounts)
• considerably, significantly, substantially (for large amounts)France is substantially
larger than Switzerland.
• Switzerland is slightly smaller than Holland.
• Winters in Poland are significantly colder than in Portugal.
d) Similarity or near-similarity can be noted by the use of asas or the same as:
• The population of France is approximately the same as the population of Britain.
• Summers in Tokyo are as wet as in Singapore.
This form can be used for quantitative comparison:
• Britain is half as large as France.
• The journey by plane is five times as fast as by train.
Practice #1

a) Residential property in London is € per sq. m. City

twice as expensive ______ in
Rome. 28,000 London

b) Property in Moscow is _________

16,500 New York
cheaper than in New York.
c) Tokyo property is nearly as 16,200 Moscow
expensive as property in
__________ 16,000 Paris

d) Singapore has significantly 15,850 Tokyo

cheaper property _________ New
York. 13,500 Rome
e) London is ________ expensive of
the eight cities, while Sydney is 11,850 Singapore
the cheapest.
11,000 Sydney
Practice #2

Study the table, which shows the income of the

top ten clubs in European football. Then read the Club Revenue $m
comparisons. Each sentence contains one error. Manchester United 703
Find and correct it.
1. Manchester United had the highest income. Real Madrid 694

2. Bayern Munich’s income was almost twice FC Barcelona 675

much as Tottenham’s.
Bayern Munich 570
3. FC Barcelona earned marginally more than
Juventus. Manchester City 558
4. Juventus had less revenue Liverpool.
Arsenal 524
5. Arsenal’s income was substantially less than
Manchester City’s. Chelsea 505

6. Arsenal earned approximately same as Liverpool 471

Chelsea.
Juventus 415

Tottenham Hotspur 310

Definitions

• Definitions are usually found in introductions. They are not

needed in every paper, but if the title includes an
unfamiliar phrase, or if the writer wants to use a term in a
special way, it is important to make clear to the reader
exactly what is meant in this context. This part presents
ways of writing both simple and complex definitions.
Complex Definitions
(Which terms are being defined?)

a) The definition for a failed project ranges from abandoned projects to projects that
do not meet their full potential or simply have schedule overrun problems.
b) Development is a socio-economic-technological process having the main objective
of raising the standards of living of the people.
c) Bowlby (1982) suggested that attachment is an organised system whose goal is to
make individuals feel safe and secure.
d) … the non-linear effect called ‘self-brightening’ in which large-amplitude waves
decay more slowly than small-amplitude ones…
e) Globalisation, in an economic sense, describes the opening up of national
economies to global markets and global capital, the freer movement and diffusion
of goods, services, finance, people, knowledge and technology around the world.
 1. A barometer is a scientific _______________ designed to measure atmospheric
pressure.
2. Kidneys are _______________ that separate waste fluid from the blood.

Practice 3. A multinational company is a business _______________ that operates in many

countries.
4. Linen is a _______________ made from flax.
5. Bullying is a pattern of antisocial _______________ found in many schools.
6. Recycling is a _______________ in which materials are used again.
7. A recession is a _______________ of reduced economic activity.
8. Carrots are _______________ widely grown in temperate climates.
Task: Make definitions

1. Capital punishment has no place in the modern legal system

– discuss.
2. How can the management of an entrepreneurial business
retain its entrepreneurial culture as it matures?
3. E-books are likely to replace printed books in the next 20
years. Do you agree?
4. As urban areas continue to expand worldwide, will agriculture
be able to feed the growing population of cities?
5. Given the medical dangers of obesity, what is the best way of
reducing its incidence?