HCM Transport University

ANTENNA THEORY ANALY-

SIS AND DESIGN
Chapter.2

Sungjoon YOON
2015.07.09

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Contents
2. Fundamental Parameters Of Antennas
2.13 Input Impedance
2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency
2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length And Equivalent Areas
2.16 Maximum Directivity And Maximum Effective Area
2.17 Friss Transmission Equation And Radar Range Equation
2.18 Antenna Temperature

2 Antennas & RF Devices Lab.

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2.13 Input Impedance

Trở kháng đàu vào là tỷ lệ của điện áp với dòng điện tại một cặp đầu cuối hoặc
Định nghĩa :
tỷ số của điện với từ trường tại một điểm.

Loss resistance

Radiation resistance

Figure 2.27 Transmitting antenna and its equivalent circuits .

Z A  RA  jX A Z g  Rg  jX g
ZA Z g = Generator impedance (ohms)
= antenna impedance at terminal a-b (ohms)
RA = antenna resistance at terminal a-b (ohms) Rg = Resistance of generator impedance (ohms)
XA = antenna reactance at terminal a-b (ohms) Xg = Reactance of generator impedance (ohms)

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2.13 Input Impedance

Rr RL

Vg Vg
Ig  
Zt ( Rr  RL  Rg )  j ( X A  X g )
Vg
I g  1
( Rr  RL  Rg )  j ( X A  X g ) 
2 2 2

• Công suất cung cấp tới anten để bức xạ.

2
1 2 Vg  Rr 
Pr  I g Rr   
2 2  ( Rr  RL  Rg )2  j ( X A  X g )2  
  • Conjugate matching
• Công suất tiêu tán (nhiệt).
2
Rr  RL  Rg
1 2 Vg  RL 
PL  I g RL   
2 2  ( Rr  RL  Rg ) 2  j ( X A  X g )2  
 
X A  Xg

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2.13 Input Impedance

2 2
Vg  Rr  Vg  Rr  Power that dissipated as heat in the internal resistance of the generator
Pr   2 
  2 
2  4( Rr  RL )  8  ( Rr  RL )  = power for radiation + power that dissipated as heat in the antenna

2 2
Vg 
2
RL  Vg  Rg  Vg  Rr  RL 
PL   
Pg  Pr  PL     
8  ( Rr  RL ) 2  8  ( Rr  RL ) 2  8  ( Rr  RL )2 

2 2 2
Vg  Rg  Vg  1  Vg
Pg     
8  ( Rr  RL )2  8  Rr  RL  8Rg

2
1  1  Vg  Vg  1 
Ps  Vg I g  Vg     (W )
2 2  2( Rr  RL )  4  Rr  RL 

If the antenna is lossless and matched to the transmission line half of the total power supplied by the generator
is radiated by the antenna during conjugate matching, and the other half is dissipated as heat in the generator.

 Rr 
ecd     1 ( RL  0)
 Rr  RL 

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2.13 Input Impedance

Receiving mode
• Conjugate matching ( to remove imaginary components)

Rr  RL  RT X A  XT

• Power delivered to the load RT

2 2 2
V  RT  VT  1  VT
PT  T  2
  
8  ( Rr  RL )  8  Rr  RL  8RT
• Power that scattered of ( reradiated)
2 2
V  Rr  VT  Rr 
Pr  T     
2  4( Rr  RL ) 2  8  ( Rr  RL ) 2 
• Power that dissipated as heat throughRL

2
V  RL 
PL  T  
8  ( Rr  RL ) 2  2
1 1  VT  VT  1 
Pc  VT IT  VT     (W )
2 2  2( Rr  RL )  4  Rr  RL 

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2.14 Antenna Radiation Efficiency

Definition : The antenna efficiency takes into account the reflection,

conduction, and dielectric losses

The conduction-dielectric efficiency is the ratio of the power delivered to the radiation
resistance Rr to the power delivered to RL and Rr

 Rr 
ecd   
 Rr  RL 
If the skin depth    2 /     of the metal is very small compared to the smallest diagonal of the
0

cross section of the rod, the current is confined to a thin layer near the conductor surface. Therefore
the high-frequency resistance can be written, based on a uniform current distribution, as

l l 0
Rhf  Rs  (ohms )
P P 2
P : the perimeter of the cross section of the rod
Rs : the conductor surface resistance
 : the angular frequency
0 : the permeability of free-space
 : the conductivity of the metal.

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l l 0
Rhf  Rs  (ohms )
P P 2

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2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length And Equivalent Areas

• An antenna in the receiving mode is used to capture (collect) electro-

magnetic waves and to extract power from them.
• Equivalent quantities are used to describe the receiving characteristics of
an antenna

Figure 2.29 (a)Dipole antenna in receiving mode Figure 2.29 (b) Aperture antenna in receiving mode

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2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length And Equivalent Areas

2.15 .1 Vector Effective Length

The vector effective length le (effective height) is used to determine the voltage
induced on the open-circuit terminals of the antenna when a wave impinges upon it

le ( ,  )  a l ( ,  )  a l ( ,  )

It is a far-field quantity and it is related to the far-zone field Ea radiated by the

antenna, with current I in in its terminals

kI in  jkr
Ea  a E  a E   j le e
4 r
It is particularly useful in relating the open-circuit voltageVoc of receiving
antennas
Voc  E i le “the ratio of the magnitude of the open-circuit voltage de-
veloped at the terminals of the antenna to the magnitude of
le =vector effective length the electric-field strength in the direction of the antenna po-
larization.
E i =incident electric field
Voc =open-circuit voltage at antenna terminals

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kI in  jkr
Ea  a E  a E   j le e
4 r

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2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length And Equivalent Areas

2.15 .2 Antenna Equivalent Areas

With each antenna, we can associate a number of equivalent areas. These are used
to describe the power capturing characteristics of the antenna when a wave impinges on it .

effective area (aperture)

the ratio of the available power at the terminals of a receiving antenna to the power flux density of
Definition : a plane wave incident on the antenna from that direction, the wave being polarization-matched to
the antenna.

2
P I R /2
Ae  T  T T
Wi Wi
Ae = effective area (effective aperture)

PT = power delivered to the load

Wi = power density of incident wave

Figure 2.29 (b) Aperture antenna in receiving mode

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2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length And Equivalent Areas

2.15.2 Antenna Equivalent Areas

2
V  RT 
Ae  T  
2Wi  ( Rr  RL  RT ) 2  ( X A  X T ) 2 

(conjugate matching)
Rr  RL  RT X A  XT
2 2
V  RT  VT  1  V 
2
RT 
Aem  T  2
   PT  T  2
8Wi (
 r R  RL )  8W R
i  r  RL 
8  ( Rr  RL ) 

2 Scattering area is defined as the equivalent area when mul-

VT  Rr  tiplied by the incident power density is equal to the scattered
As   
8Wi  ( Rr  RL ) 2  or reradiated power

2 Loss area is defined as the equivalent area, which when

VT  RL  multiplied by the incident power density leads to the power
AL    dissipated as heat throughRL
8Wi  ( Rr  RL ) 2 

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2.15 Antenna Vector Effective Length And Equivalent Areas

2.15.2 Antenna Equivalent Areas

Capture area is defined as the equivalent area, which when multiplied by the
incident power density leads to the total power captured, collected, or
intercepted by antenna
2
Capture area V  R  Rr  RL 
Ac  T  T 
= Effective area + Scattering area + Loss area 8Wi  ( Rr  RL ) 2 

Aperture efficiency  ap of an antenna, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum ef-
fective area Apof the antenna to its physical area Ap

Aem max imum effective area

 ap  
Ap physical area
For a lossless antenna ( RL  0 ) the maximum value of the scattering area is
also equal to the physical area.

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2 2
VT  RT  VT  1 
Aem   2 
  
8Wi  ( Rr  RL )  8Wi  Rr  RL 

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2.16 Maximum Directivity And Maximum Effective Area

The relationship between directivity and maximum effective area

Pt Pt Dt
W0  Wt  W0 Dt 
4 R 2 4 R 2
directive properties

Pt Dt Ar Pr
Pr  Wt Ar  D A  (4 R 2
)
4 R 2 or
Figure 2.30 Two antennas separated by a distance R t r
Pt
The power transferred to the load
If antenna 2 is used as a transmitter, 1 as a receiver

Pr Dt D D0t D
Dr At  (4 R 2 )  r  0r maximum effective areas (directivities)
Pt At Ar Atm Arm
If antenna 1 is isotropic, then D0t = 1
Arm 2
Atm  Arm  D0 r Atm Aem  D0 ( )
D0 r 4
the maximum effective area of an isotropic source is equal to the ratio of the
maximum effective area to the maximum directivity of any other source

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2.16 Maximum Directivity And Maximum Effective Area

Include losses

If conduction-dielectric ,reflection and polarization losses

are also included, then the maximum effective area

Figure 2.30 Two antennas separated by a distance R

2 2  
2 2  2
 
2
Aem  e0 ( ) D0  w  a   ecd (1   )( ) D0  w  a 
2

4 4

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The Friis Transmission Equation

The Friis transmission equation describes how well the energy is

exchanged between transmitter and receiver. Consider a pair of horn
antennas with the same polarization and aligned each other.
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2.17 Friss Transmission Equation And Radar Equation

The analysis and design of radar and communications systems often re-
quire
the use of the Friis Transmission Equation and the Radar Range Equation.
2.17 .1 Friss Transmission Equation

Figure 2.31 Geometrical orientation of transmitting and receiving an-

tennas for Friis transmission equation
.
Pt t t ( t ,t )
PG Pt Dt (t ,t )
W0  et Wt   et
4 R 2 4 R 2 4 R 2
(Power density of Isotropic radiator for distance R) (Power density of non Isotropic radiator for distance R)

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2.17 .1 Friss Transmission Equation

Receiving effective area

t t ( t ,t )
PG Pt Dt (t ,t )
2 Wt   et
Ar  er Dr ( r ,r )( ) 4 R 2 4 R 2
4 (Power density of non Isotropic radiator for distance R)

the amount of power Pr collected by the receiving antenna can be written

2  2 Dt (t ,t ) Dr (r ,r ) Pt

Pr  er Dr (t ,t )( )Wt  er et
4 (4 R )2
or
Pr  2 Dt (t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r )t (the ratio of the received to the input power)
 er et
Pt (4 R ) 2
If reflection loss and polarization loss are included

2  Dt ( t ,t ) Dr ( r ,r )t 
2
Pr 2  
2
 ecdr ecdt (1  t )(1   r )  
(4 R) 2
w a
Pt
For reflection and polarization-matched antenna aligned for maximum
directional radiation and reception
Pr  2G0t G0 r

Pt (4 R ) 2

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This result is known as Friis transmission equation, which ad-

dresses on how much power is received by an antenna.
Practically, it can be interpreted as the max possible received
power, whereby with lot of factors to reduce the received power
in actual radio system:
• impedance mismatch at either antenna
• polarization mismatch between the antennas
• propagation effects  leads to attenuation or depolarization
• mutlipath effects  partial cancellation of the received field.

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Important Notes!!
The received power decreases as 1/R2 as the separation between trans-
mitter and receiver increases.
It seems large for large distance, but it is much better than the expo-
nential decrease in power due to losses in a wired communication
link (coax lines, waveguides, even fiber
optic lines)  the attenuation power on Tline varies as e-2αz ,
with α is attenuation constant of the line  at large distance, the exp
function decreases faster than an algebraic dependence like 1/R 2 .

For long distance communication, radio links perform better

than wired links.

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Thank you for your attention

26 Antennas & RF Devices Lab.