BASIC STATISTICS

BS-I (1ST SEMESTER 2024)

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

PRESENTATION OF DATA

 To put the collected data in such a way that one can get more
information in less time is known as presentation of data.
There are two methods which may be used for the
presentation of collected data.

 i) Frequency distribution

 ii) Graphical or Diagrammatic presentation

 Raw Data

 Initial collection of information. This information has not yet been

organized. After the very first step of data collection, you will get
raw data. For example, we go around and ask a group of five friends
their favorite color. The answers are Blue, Green, Blue, Red, and
Red. This collection of information is the raw data.

 10, 2, 5, 3, 20, 2, 17, 30

The Array Or Array Data
Example
 Grouped And Ungrouped Data
 Data which have not been arranged in a systematic order are
called ungrouped data or raw data.

 The data presented in the form of groups are called grouped data.
 Frequency and frequency distribution

 The frequency of any value is the number of times that value appears in a
data set.

 A frequency distribution is a statistical table which shows the

arrangement of data according to their magnitude or size , either
individually or groups with their corresponding number of values.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
(Discrete frequency distribution)
 Types of frequency series

 Frequency Series

 A series of data that is formed along with the frequencies of their

occurrences is called a frequency series. There are three types of
frequency series.

 Individual series 2. Discrete series, and 3. Continuous series.

1)Individual Series

 An individual series is one in which each value of the variable occurs for
only once. In other words, the frequency of occurrence of all the values
in such a series is only one. As such, essentially such series are displayed
without the frequency column. The following are the examples of
individual series.
1) Individual Series Example
 2)Discrete Series

A discrete series is one in which the different values of a variable are

shown in a discontinuous manner along with their respective
frequencies and at least one of the values has a frequency of more
than one. Such a series can also be arranged either in ascending, or in
descending order.
Discrete frequency distribution
CONTINUOUS FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION