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 The Beginning of Artificial Intelligence and its progress along the way
The Birth of Artificial Intelligence
In 1956, The history begins: It’s considered by many that this was the
year when the term AI (Artificial Intelligence) was first coined. In the
summer of 1956, the first ever artificial Intelligence program was
presented at Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial
Intelligence (DSRPAI) hosted by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky (The
History of Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017).
The Progress Along the Way (A Brief Description)
Artificial Intelligence has had enormous growth over the years but at the
same time it has also faced many setbacks. The time period between
1957 to 1974 is when Artificial Intelligence flourished (The History of
Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017). From 1974 to 1980
there was no big progress in Artificial Intelligence but in 1980 AI was
reignited, and between 1980’s and 1990 AI thrived (The History of
Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017). The time period
between 1990’s and 2000’s was when many of the landmark goals of
Artificial Intelligence were achieved (The History of Artificial Intelligence,
Harvard University Blog, 2017).
The Progress between 1957 and 1974 (In Detail)
During this period computers advanced greatly, they could now store more information,
became faster, more affordable and more accessible (The History of Artificial Intelligence,
Harvard University Blog, 2017). Machine Learning Algorithms and people’s knowledge of
which algorithm to apple to their problems also improved greatly (The History of Artificial
Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017). Early demonstrations of these algorithms
caught attention government agencies such as Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
(DARPA) and convinced them to fund AI research at several institutions (The History of
Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017). During this time optimism was high
and expectations were even higher but breaching the initial fog of AI revealed a mountain
of obstacles the most substantial of which were the lack of computational power to do
anything substantial (The History of Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017).
After these obstacles were revealed, no substantial developments were made until the
dawn of 1980’s.
The Progress between 1980’s and 2000’s (In Detail)
In 1980’s AI was reborn due to expansion of the algorithmic toolkit and extra funding,
during this time John Hopfield and David Rumelhart spread the idea of deep learning
which means AI learns through experience (The History of Artificial Intelligence, Harvard
University Blog, 2017). During this time Japanese government heavily funded AI research
which amounted to nothing and so AI dropped out of limelight but that’s when AI thrived,
in 1997 one AI defeated world chess champion and after some time AI was implemented in
Windows computers, then it was thought that there was nothing that couldn’t be done by
AI even emotions as one Chinese robot could identify human emotions as well as display
emotions (The History of Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017).
 The Beginning of The End, where Artificial Intelligence is and where it might go.
The State of AI over past 5 years

One of the biggest accomplishments in recent times in AI has been how well AI now are able to handle large amounts of data (The Present and Future of AI, Harvard
News and Events, 2021). We have seen many AI’s such as AlphaZero become the best in their field such as in this case becoming the best Go player entirely through
self-learning by playing repeatedly (The Present and Future of AI, Harvard News and Events, 2021).

5 Years
Later

The Uses of AI in Everyday Life

AI has become overly necessary in our daily lives, anytime we write an e-mail or any electronic document the grammar checks and autocomplete are provided using AI
(The Present and Future of AI, Harvard News and Events, 2021). Speech to Text, speech recognition, and personal photo organizer as given in (The Present and Future
of AI, Harvard News and Events, 2021) are all examples of how AI has changed our everyday lives for the better.

In 100
Years

The Potential of AI

The potential of AI spans wide into every aspect of human lives. AI can help researchers with drug discovery, doctors with deciding which medication should be
assigned to the patients, drivers with lane keep assist to prevent accidents, and visually impaired by providing text to speech services (The Present and Future of AI,
Harvard News and Events, 2021). These are just some of the examples in which AI can complement human strengths and unlock the potential of AI and Humans
working together (The Present and Future of AI, Harvard News and Events, 2021).
 The Ethics behind Artificial Intelligence, and can we consider it to be alive?

What Are AI Ethics?

Establishing Principles for AI.
How To Establish AI Ethics?
Primary Concerns of AI Today. (AI
Ethi
cs,
Technological Singularity and Accountability: When AI surpasses human intelligence it will be ref erred to as superintelligence, one such IBM
example is self driving cars but when a self driving car gets into an accident who will be liable the machine or the human? Such Issues Clou
are currently being discussed and more of such ethical debates will arise as new, innovative technology develops (AI Ethics, IBM Cloud d
Education, 18 March 2021). Edu
Effect on Jobs: Job market will shift as many jobs become obsolete such as taxi drivers and customer service representatives other jobs cati
on,
like data managers and complex problem solver in computing will increase exponentially (AI Ethics, IBM Cloud Education, 18 March
18
2021). Mar
Biases and Discrimination: Bias and Discrimination has become a huge risk as data collected by humans tend to have cognitive and ch
confirmation biases therefore it is important to carefully analyse data before feeding it to AI database (AI Ethics, IBM Cloud Education, 202
18 March 2021). 1)

Governance: companies can leverage existing structures and methods of quality assurance of data and expand into AI in accordance to company values and ethics.
Explainability: ML models are usually complex to understand and so if the models can be made simpler for human understanding we can control the biases infused.

1. Respect for Persons: AI should be aware about the biological deterioration of human anatomy and must respect it in aspect such that if a person wants to back out of an experiment due to
health reasons his consent must be respected. 2. Beneficence: “To Do No Harm” irrespective of gender, race or other factors. 3. Justice: The benefits and burdens of ML and experimentation
should be distributed on basis of (Equal Share, Individual Need, Individual Effort, Social Contribution, and Merit) (AI Ethics, IBM Cloud Education, 18 March 2021).

Ethics is a set of moral principles which help us distinguish right from wrong. AI ethics help us design AI in such a way that the outcome of any problems given to it will be ethically moral. Since
humans have many cognitive biases and confirmation biases which can reflect and amplify in the data provided to AI it is very important that the data provided for training be thoroughly
assessed and free of bias (AI Ethics, IBM Cloud Education, 18 March 2021).
 References

The History of Artificial Intelligence, Harvard University Blog, 2017.

The History of Artificial Intelligence - Science in the News (harvard.edu)

The Present and Future of AI, Harvard News and Events, 2021. The present and future of AI (harvard.edu)

AI Ethics, IBM Cloud Education, 18 March 2021. AI Ethics | IBM