ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION (EC)

(EC 452 A ) LECTURE 3

PROF O P VYAS
TOPIC

• Transducers: Construction, characteristics and circuits for common types of resistive,

capacitive, inductive, magneto-structive; piezo-electric. Photo-electric and thermo-
electric transducers for measurement of process physical variables. Various sensing
elements and transducers for measurement of Force, Pressure, Humidity, Moisture, strain,
Velocity, Acceleration and pH. Inductive and Capacitive proximity switches. Physical and
electrical loading of and by the transducer Systems.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVE TRANSDUCERS

• Third B.E. Examination, 2018

•Ques 2.
(a) Discuss the classification of electrical transducer with example. List at least five advantages of
electrical transducer. (10)
RESISTIVE TRANSDUCERS

• Methods which involve the

measurement of change in resistance are
preferred to those employing other
principles. This is because both
alternating as well as direct currents and
voltages are suitable for resistance
measurements.
• The resistance of a metal conductor is:
ELECTRIC TRANSDUCER

• The art of electrical measurements in making measurements of nonelectrical quantities is

rapidly growing. In order to measure non-electrical quantities a detector is used which
usually converts the physical quantity into a displacement. This displacement actuates an
electric transducer, which acting as a secondary transducer, gives an output that is
electrical in nature. The electrical quantity so produced is measured by standard methods
used for electrical measurements. The result (electrical output) gives the magnitude of the
physical quantity or condition being measured. The electrical signal may be a current or a
voltage or a frequency and production of these signals is based upon electrical effects
which may be resistive, capacitive, inductive etc. in nature.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS

• Electrical amplification and attenuation can be done easily

• The mass-inertia effects are minimized
• The effects of friction are minimized
• The electrical or electronic systems can be controlled with a very small power level
• The electrical output can be easily used, transmitted and processed for the purpose of
measurement
• Telemetry is used in almost all sophisticated measurement systems
• Miniaturization on account of use of ICs
FROM Q. PAPER (2018)

•Ques 4.

• Discuss the basic principle of electrical resistive Transducer (5)

• A resistance wire strain gauge with a gauge factor of 2 is bounded to a steel structural
member subjected to a stress of 100 MN/m2. The modulus of elasticity of steel is 200
GN/m2. Calculate the percentage change in the value of the gauge resistance due to the
applied stress comment upon the result. (5)
FROM Q. PAPER (2018)

• Ques 2. (b)
• Define gauge factor. Derive expression for gauge factor of bounded resistance wire strain
gauge.(10)
•Ques 7.
•Write short notes on any three:
(a) Inductive method of measurement of pressure.(7)
(b) Non-linear errors of potentiometer (6)
(c) Classification of photo-electric transducer.(7)
(d) Active and passive transducer.(6)
POTENTIOMETERS

• A resistance potentiometer, or simply a POT, (a resistive potentiometer used for the

purposes of voltage division is called a POT) consists of a resistive element provided with
a sliding contact. This sliding contact is called a wiper. The motion of the sliding contact
may be translatory (Linear POT) or rotational (Rotary POT).
POTS
HELIPOTS

• Some POTS use the combination of

the two motions, i.e., translational as
well as rotational. These POTS have
their resistive element in the form of
a helix and therefore, they are called
helipots.
CONSTRUCTION

• The resistive body of potentiometer may be wire wound. A very thin, 0.01 mm diameter of
platinum or nickel alloy is carefully wound on an insulated former. The resistance elements are also
made up from cermet, hot moulded carbon, carbon film and thin metal.
• In order to get high values of resistance in small space wire wound potentiometers are used
extensively.
WIRE WOUND POTENTIOMETERS
 Characteristics of
potentiometers
FURTHER
READING Sensitivity

Loading effect
THANKS

PROF O P VYAS