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TECHNOLOGY IN SPORTS ATHLETİCS

 With the continuous development of sports technology and computer performance, the intensity of athletics events is also
increasing. The accuracy of the athlete's starting movement during athletics competitions has become the focus of research in the
field of sports teaching, as it can enable the athlete to achieve the best speed in the shortest time, which directly affects the
competition performance.
 Nanoparticles have been used in the production of sports shoes for athletes and softer and more durable sports shoes have been
obtained. An example of these shoes is the nanotechnological running shoes produced for Jeremy Wariner at the 2008 World
Olympics. The athlete ran with this shoe in the 400 metre running competition and came in second place.
 It is stated that running shoes are extremely protective against impacts as well as lightness. More flexibility and better bending in
shoes produced with nanotechnology provide advantages to runners during running, while reducing energy loss and being safer
than other shoes are among the benefits mentioned.
 The automatic timing system for athletics competitions monitors the athlete's time spent in the competition and the distance to
the finish line in real time via wireless communication between the base station at the finish line and the smart terminal. At the
same time, coupled with data analysis algorithms, a more convenient and safer and more reliable automatic timing method is used
to determine the conditions for athletes to reach the finish point to achieve accurate range, cost reduction and achieve their goals.
TECHNOLOGY GYMNASTİCS İN SPORT

 Evaluation in artistic gymnastics imposes great responsibility on referees. Gymnastics refereeing is a very different and difficult
task from other sports refereeing. The rules change every 4 years and the emergence of new original movements requires the
referees to prepare more meticulously. The longest gymnastics series is 90 seconds and the shortest is approximately 40
seconds. In these times, the judges have to focus completely on the gymnast's performance and note the errors made in the
execution of the movement while noting each movement.
 Even if there are acceptable differences between the judges, most of the time the resulting mark is not the actual mark of the
gymnast. In 1990, at a seminar held in Paris, Japanese experts discussed for the first time the feasibility of evaluation with
artificial intelligence. The studies carried out in the meantime started to be trialled in 2019. STUTTGART, Germany - On the eve
of the 2019 World Gymnastics Championships, the 527 participating athletes were asked to allow a scan to be performed by
multiple laser sensors to create a precise, three-dimensional image of their bodies. These images were being trialled to
improve the accuracy of the "Judging support system" developed by Japanese IT giant Fujitsu, which was being tested here for
the first time at the competition.
 Ideally, technology will protect against the pitfalls of human assessment, whether intentional or subconscious, such as
assessment bias or the simple mental fatigue of umpires who, after the series, lose focus after reviewing the series.
SPORTS TECHNOLOGİES FOOTBALL

 The most followed sport branch in our country is undoubtedly football. It is thought that the development of
media and technology has increased the integration of football with technology. Both the needs in the football
field and the training models and analyses of football players are among the items affected by technology. The
reason for this is the adaptation of professional teams and football players, pitches, managers to the process and
technology.
 The integration of the hawk's eye technology used in tennis into football has been brought to the agenda due to
the fact that both the decisions made by referees in football are open to discussion and the need for technology
in the examination of objections to these decisions. The technology in question is used to monitor the movement
and manoeuvres of the ball by means of cameras placed on the roof areas of the stadiums, while sensors called
goalref can be used to determine whether the ball has crossed the line or not. While the technological
development in question was first experienced in the England - Belgium match before 2012, it was on the agenda
in the matches organised within the scope of the Euro 2016 - European Football Championship held in France in
2016
SOCCER

 Hawkeye system works with 7 cameras for each goal. This system tracks the ball in 3D by combining images from
different angles. If the software of this technology decides that the ball has crossed the line, the watch on the
referee's arm notifies the goal with vibration and image warnings. With this technological development, the
question "did the ball cross the line?", one of the biggest controversial issues in football, is answered.
 On the other hand, technological developments have also occurred for the football, one of the basic tools of
football. Adidas has developed balls called "Beau Jeu", which means "beautiful game", developed with the latest
technology and provides more grip.
SOCCER

 Again thanks to Adidas, the smart football ball named miCoach, which is also approved by FIFA, can detect the
speed, rotation, kick hardness and flight route of the ball with the receivers located inside. These data can also be
transferred to the phone with the phone application. Thanks to this technology, it is possible to determine where
and with what hardness the ball should be hit, and how the player's last kick should be, and the centre and free-
kick activities have also gained momentum.
 With the development of the miCoach system, Adidas developed a system similar to the one designed by Nike for
basketball for football. The system in question is compatible with the ball named miCoach and the performance
of the footballers is analysed with the cleat named f50 produced by Adidas, thanks to the speed and performance
sensors in the cleat. While this system captures the movements at a 360-degree angle, it can also calculate the
speed per second, maximum speed in 5-second periods, number of slaloms and sprint time, distance, short steps
and long steps of the footballers. This data can be transferred wirelessly to the Apple system.
TENNİS

 Tennis was originally a sport played by picking up the ball and running, but in the 10th century it was played on
the court in France. The name tennis derives from the French word 'Tenez' and tenez means "pick up and run".
meaning "elite sport".
 Tennis has been considered as an elite sport throughout its history. While it was a sport played only by selected
people in private clubs in the early days, champions such as Billie Jean King started tennis on public courts. The
most important technology used in tennis is the video analysis method. According to this analysis method, the
match is recorded by video and then the necessary analyses are made by watching the video (Kandaz, 2000). In
time, it was understood that video analysis was not sufficient and "video computer analysis" was introduced. In
order to analyse the match, apart from examining the video recording, it is necessary to slow down and re-watch
more than one video at the same time.
TENNİS

 Again, we can talk about smart courts developed for tennis players. We see that smart court technologies are used in
tournaments such as Paris Roland Garros. The technology in question is the multi-camera system developed by PlaySight
company especially for tennis matches. This system is the system used by the US Tennis Association, which has a system in
more than 400 courts around the world. The system consists of a sensor and six cameras. The system enables the coaches to
watch every shot easily with graphics and video and aims to put an end to the controversies in terms of line technology.
 When we consider the racket and tennis ball, which are indispensable for tennis sports, the French company Babolat, which
makes rackets with nano-technology for tennis rackets, has made the rackets 5 times harder than before and made them
more durable and robust with crystals obtained from silicon oxide used around the racket. Wilson, on the other hand, started
to produce new tennis rackets by developing the nano-technology used in 2004. These developments have reduced the cost
of nano-technological racket. While the rackets have become lighter and more durable, racket vibration has decreased and
racket control has become easier. When we take the tennis ball as a basis, Wilson brand has obtained a gas barrier by mixing
rubber and nanoclay particles in the nano-composite coating of tennis balls, which it calls double core technology.
 In this way, the pressure inside the ball remains stable, the life of the ball is long and the bounce is doubled.
AMERİCAN FOOTBALL

 American football, which stands out with its protective equipment, has taken its place on the agenda with its
developments in sports technology. The American football helmet consists of a face mask made of one or more
plastic-coated metal bars with thick padding in a hard plastic shell and a chin strap. A different type of facemask is
available to balance protection and visibility at each position, and some players add polycarbonate visors to their
helmets to protect their eyes from glare and impact.
 With the demand for safe helmets, Schutt Sports has announced the advent of the ION 4D, a new generation of
helmet that includes an integrated face protector. This new face shield design consists of shock absorbers that
reduce the force of impacts to the face shield featuring "Energy Wedges". College teams wearing the helmet include
Air Force, Penn State and Virginia. Schutt's collegiate helmets are made of polycarbonate, a very strong polymer
designed to take bigger hits, while the junior helmets are made of ABS, a lighter material and used for athletes who
do not take powerful hits.
 Helmet types with a softer outer layer, the layer has become a strong and effective helmet with a foam-like material
that absorbs more energy from impacts, increasing comfort
ARCHERY

 Archery is among the complex branches in terms of equipment. The mechanical properties and technological
materials of the products used in sports make the sports industry visible. Various target cushion surfaces
developed by the Eleven brand contain many calculations, from the way the arrows are shot to the way they are
not damaged. Shooting accuracies proportional to the flight distance and kilometre speeds of the arrows are
important factors that bring success. In this context, the precision of production is a requirement at unit level.
 Due to the hand-wrist contact of the fingerrest and triggers, leathers suitable for the athlete appear as products
that balance the performance. Tracking of the shooting times on the screen with audible signal second
stimulators has enabled the transition from the audible warnings of the referees to the time control of the
athletes. At the same time, thanks to the device that replaces the score sheets, score tracking has reached digital
speed. Serious progress has been made in issuing and publishing rankings with instant score notifications.
SWİMMİNG

 One of the active usage areas of wearable technologies is swimming. Smart watches are used to measure the
pulse of professionals, to measure the effort and calories they spend, and for the physical control of athletes in
swimming. The performance and motivation of the swimmer is very important in swimming.
 Apart from this, the temperature of the pool water and the chemicals in the water are also important for
swimmers. In addition to all these, the most important supporting and developing elements of swimming sports
athletes are sports equipment. In today's technology, nanotechnology has enabled a lot of innovation and
development in the field of sports. We can take swimming trunks as an example.
 Speedo marko swimming trunks used worldwide can be given as an example of innovation in sports with nano
technology. The swimsuits in question are LZR Racer swimsuits consisting of polyurethane material covered with
nanoparticles that are water repellent, water repellent, increase the buoyancy of the water, reduce friction by
tightening the body.
SWİMMİNG

 According to the article by Emma Dore from The Guardian, the swimsuit named LZR Racer, which was produced
thanks to nanotechnology, contributed a lot to the 168 world records and achievements of the famous swimmer
Michael Pelhps at the Beijing World Olympics in 2008. It was also shared that space technology was also helped
for this swimsuit and NASA helped this swimsuit.
 Hundreds of trials have been made for this swimsuit, which was inspired by the skin of the Shark, and although it
is obtained from an extremely thin fabric, its seams are attached with a laser. Laser seams were tested by NASA in
wind tunnels to ensure friction control.
 With this technology, in addition to benefits such as pushing water and increasing buoyancy, it is aimed to reduce
muscle tremors of the athlete and decrease in hydrodynamic attraction.
 With the claim that this change in swimwear causes unfair competition, the International Swimming Federation
has banned the use of LZR and similar swimwear in competitions by calling it "swimming doping".