Symmetrical Components

In a balanced system, all the power is transferred through the

Positive Sequence A1 positive sequence components. Positive sequence components
are not affected by the presence of unbalanced conditions.

Negative sequence components are generated during unbalanced

Negative Sequence A2 conditions such as line faults. They contribute to the flow of
negative sequence power, which can cause motor overheating and
other undesirable effects.

A0
Zero sequence components are important in analyzing the behavior
Zero Sequence of transformers and ground faults. They can cause circulating
currents in transformer windings and affect the operation of
protective relays during ground faults.
Phase Voltages

Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical
Faults Presented by:
Delfin
Cañamo
Limpangog
Paca
Rubio
Arivado
What is a Power
System Fault?

Any failure that interferes with

normal system operation
 Shunt Faults
• Single Line-to-Ground Fault: Most frequent occurence.
• Line-to-Line Fault: Occurs when two conductors are short circuited.
• Double-Line-to-Ground Fault: Breakdowns of insulation two phases and earth
occurs.
• Symmetrical Fault: all phases are affected.
Fault Illustrations:
 Series Faults
When fuses are used in a three phase circuits, the fuses of one or two phases may
blow off due to overload. This fault is known as Open-Conductor Fault.
 Symmetrical Faults
Symmetrical fault involves all the three phases, and these phases carry the identical
fault current.
PURPOSE OF FAULT
CURRENT
CALCULATION • determine the duty rating of protective
devices and buses
• determine the proper size of the cables
• determine the settings of the relays
• properly coordinate the protective
devices
• determine whether the short-circuit MVA
is sufficient to start large motors without
excessive voltage dip
SOURCES OF FAULT CURRENT
• Utility supply
• Local generators
• Synchronous machines
• Induction motors
• Frequency changers
Fault Duration Periods

I’’ - sub-transient
I’ - transient
I - steady state
 Fault Analysis Process

01 02 03 04
One-line Select a power Reactance Circuit Analysis.
representation base. Diagram with new Thevenin’s
power bases theorem is
recommended for
easier calculations.
A generator is connected to a step-up transformer for
transmission. A step-down transformer is connected at the end of
the transmission line and its low-voltage side is connected to a
motor load. The ratings of the system components are shown:

Generator: 20 MVA, 12.66 kV, X^ prime prime = 15%

Transformers: 20 MVA, 12.66/66 kV, X^ prime prime = 10%
Transmission line: X = 8% Motor: 20 MVA, 12.66 kV, X^ prime
prime = 15%
Find the fault current at the motor, if the motor draws 10MVA,
11kV 0.8 power factor leading when a symmetrical fault occurs