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Chapter V
Construction and specifications

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Sub-grade

 According to Standard Specification of Road and Bridge works

in Nepal, up to 300 mm below formation level is designated as
sub grade.
 It is clearly desirable to locate the pavement on the stronger
soils.
 The strength of road sub -grades is commonly assessed in terms
of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and this is dependent on
the type of soil, its density, and it’s moisture content.
 When the Sub-grade is a particularly expansive soil, it may be
necessary to replace the expansive material with non- expansive
impermeable soil to the depth affected by seasonal moisture
changes
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
 Selection of materials
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 CBR not less than 5% measured after a

4-day soak on a laboratory mix
 Expansion less than I %

 Plasticity index less than 40%

 Organic matter content less than 3%.

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Desirable properties of sub-grade soil
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 Stability
 Incompressibility

 Permanency in strength

 Minimum variation in expansion

 Good drainage

 Ease in compaction

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Desirable properties of road aggregates:

 Strength: Resistance of crushing

 Hardness: Resistance of abrasion (wear & tear)
 Toughness: Resistance of impact
 Durability: Resistance to weather action-for long
periods
 Proper shape & size: Shapes determining
interlocking, compaction, strength
 Good adhesion
 hydrophobic aggregates: - Dislike of water
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
 Base and sub-base types

 Graded crushed stone aggregates

 Natural gravel

 Soil stabilized (mechanically,Cement, lime

and bitumen)

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Surface Dressing

 Surface dressing is one of the most common and cost

effective techniques used as wearing course.
Main function of the surface dressing is:
 To provide a dust free surface over a base course

 To provide a water proof layer to prevent infiltration of

surface water and

 To protect the base course

 There are three types of surface dressing works that are

Single Bituminous Surface Dressing (SBSD), Double

Bituminous Surface Dressing (DBSD) and Triple
Bituminous Surface Dressing (TBSD).
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
 Equipment Requirement

 Storage Tank with Bitumen Heating Device

 Mechanical Broom or Hand Brushes
 Air Compressor
 Bitumen Distributor
 Aggregate or Stone Chip Spreader
 Pneumatic Roller

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Construction Steps

 Preparation and cleaning of the existing surface by

mechanical broom or hand brushes and air compressor
 Spreading of binder as per specified rate of application
 Spreading of stone chipping as per specified rate of
application
 Rolling with the help of pneumatic roller of first or final
coat at least four passes (SBSD)
 Opening to traffic with controlled lower speed (< 10
Kmph) for one or two weeks

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Construction Steps…

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 Broom and clean the loose chips

 Application of binder and stone chipping as per

specified rate of application for second coat

 Rolling with the help of pneumatic roller of second

or final coat at least four passes (DBSD)

 Opening to traffic with controlled lower speed

(< 10 Kmph) for one or two weeks

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Construction Steps…

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 Broom and clean the loose chips

 Application of binder and stone chipping as per
specified rate of application for third coat
 Rolling with the help of pneumatic roller of third or
final coat at least four passes (TBSD)
 Opening to traffic with controlled lower speed
(< 10 Kmph) for one or two weeks

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Quality Control

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 Checking of the conditions of the equipment

 Checking of temperature of binder
 Checking of dust content in stone chipping
 Tests conduction on binder, at least penetration, viscosity
and ductility or availability of laboratory facility at site
 Conduction of tests on stone chipping at least Gradation,
LAA, AIV FI, Stripping Value or availability of
laboratory facilities
 Checking of rate of application of binder and stone
chipping.
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
 Otta Seal

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 Otta seal is the bituminous surfacing consisting of graded

aggregates ranging from natural gravel to crushed rock in
combination with relatively soft (low viscosity) binders,
with or without a sand cover seal.
 There are various types of Otta seal in terms of number of
layers, type of aggregate grading and with or without sand
cover seal those are Single Otta Seal with or without sand
cover seal with aggregate grading “open”, “medium” or
“dense” and Double Otta Seal with or without sand cover
seal with aggregate grading “open”, “medium” and
“dense”.
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
 Material:-

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 Aggregate: - Clean, strong, hard and durable with the

following properties
 Los Angeles Abrasion value (LAA) - 40% (Max)
 Aggregate Impact Value (AIV)- 30% (Max)
 Flakiness Index (FI) - 30% (Max)
 Plasticity Index - < 5 preferable
 Gradation as per the specification design either open, medium
or dense.
 Coarse sand:- Clean, hard and durable with the following
properties
 Gradation all passes from 6.7 mm
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
 Grouted or penetration Macadam

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 Depending upon the quantity of bitumen spread

penetration macadam is classified as full grout when the
bitumen penetrates to the full depth and semi grout when
bitumen penetrates up to about half the depth.
 Full grout is adopted in regions of heavy rain fall whereas
semi grout on average rain fall and traffic.
 Usual thickness of the layer is 7.5 cm for full grout and 5
cm for semi grout.
 The quantity of bitumen required for this purpose is 50
and 68 kg per 10 m2 for 50 and 75mm compacted
thickness respectively
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
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 Gradation of aggregates is chosen depending upon thickness

of layer.
 Maximum size of coarse aggregate and key aggregate for 7.5
cm thick is 63 mm down and 25 mm down respectively and
for 5 cm thick 50 mm down and 20 mm down respectively.
 The coarse aggregates required for 50mm compacted
thickness is 0.06 m2 per 10 m2 area and for 75 mm compacted
thickness is 0.90 m3 per 10m3
 The quantity of key aggregates required for 50mm and 75
mm compacted thickness are 0.15 and 0.18 m3 per 10m2 area.

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Bituminous Bound Macadam

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 The bituminous bound macadam is the premix which

is laid in the finished thickness of 5 or 7.5 cm and the
size of aggregate depends on thickness of layer and the
maximum size is limited to 37 mm in 7.5 mm thick
premix.
 The layer of this type of the pavement is open graded
premix and used as base course.
 If laid as surface course at least seal coat is necessary.
 The bitumen content required is 3 to 4.5 percent by
weight of mix.
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
 Bituminous Carpet

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 The bituminous carpet is a premix prepared from

stone chipping of 10 mm to 12 mm sizes, sand
above 6 mm size and the bitumen binder.
 The thickness of such carpets varies from 2 or 2.5
cm.
 For this, 313 kg per 100m2 for 40mm thick and 176
kg per 100m2 for 20mm thick

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Bituminous Concrete (Asphalt concrete)
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 It is the dense graded premixed bituminous mixture

consisting of carefully proportioned mixture of dry
coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and bitumen.
 When properly designed with appropriate
proportion of ingredients, it will provide a
surfacing of exceptional durable and capable in
carrying the heaviest traffic.
 It is the highest quality of construction among the
group of black top pavements

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 Sheet Asphalt
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 It is a carpet of sand – bitumen mix without coarse

aggregate. Materials used are sand and bitumen. This
mix is durable, stable, dense and impervious
Mastic asphalt:-
 It is the mixture of bitumen, fine aggregates, and

filler in suitable proportion, it is voidless and

impermeable mass.
 The mastic asphalt when cooled results in hard,

stable and durable layer which is suitable to

withstand heavy traffic.
Er. Sabin Pokhrel
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 It is mostly used on bridge deck slab.

 It is prepared by heating aggregate, filler and
bitumen to 2000C to 2250C for 5 hours.
 At 2000C mastic asphalt has a consistensy of flow
but on cooling to Atmospheric temperature it
hardens to semi solid or solid state.
 It can be laid and spread without compaction and
usually constructed with 2.5 to 5 cm thick.

Er. Sabin Pokhrel

 Cement concrete pavement
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 Construction of cement concrete pavement consists of

construction of pavement itself and design/placement of
joints
Semi-rigid pavement
 Asphalt pavement has top layers made of asphalt

mixtures (surface and binder).

 The bottom layer, base and sub-base may be of mineral

aggregates of hydraulically bound mineral aggregates

(with cement, lime, fly-ash, etc.).
 This type of pavement is called semi-rigid pavement

Er. Sabin Pokhrel