Cellular

The cell is the smallest Structure

functional unit of life.
Unit 3

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Unit 3: Key learning’s

1. The parts of a cell work in unison to maintain
homeostasis within the cell.

2. Eukaryotic cells differ from Prokaryotic cells due to

the presence of highly evolved organelles,
designed to carry out advanced functions.
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Unit 3: Essential question

How do the parts of a cell work
together to address the needs of a cell?
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Unit 3: Concepts
1. The cell theory (I)
2. Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes (E)
3. Eukaryotic organelles (E)
4. Cell Diversity (C)
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Essential question 1.2:

How is a microscope used to examine

microscopic objects?
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Activation strategy:
Modern microscopes allow scientists to investigate
very different characteristics of very small objects.
Click the image to
watch the video
demonstrating the
intricacies of every
cell. Images and
videos like this are
only available through
the use of modern
microscopes and
computer modeling.
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Essential question 2.1:

How did the cell theory enhance our
understanding of living things?
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Our understanding of cells can be summed up by

the Cell Theory.

1. All living things are composed of one or

more cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and

function.

3. All cells arise from existing cells.

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1. All living things are composed

of one or more cells.
a) Some creatures are single celled
–unicellular.

b) Some creatures exist in colonies

with other unicellular creatures –
colonial.

c) Some creatures exist with many

cells that communicate, and
share the responsibilities
required for life – multicellular.
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2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.

a) Cells extracted from an organism can be

caused to grow and function normally.

b) Parts of cells only function when they are

combined with the other parts of a cell.

c) Cells are the smallest “living” structure.

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3. All cell arise from existing cells.

1. In 1668, Francisco Redi used a rotting meat “model”
to disprove spontaneous generation.

2. In 1855, Rudolph Virchow, a physician studying

disease, reasoned that cells arise only from other
cells. Sick people make other people sick!

3. Around 1861, Louis Pasteur proved beyond a doubt

that biogenesis occurs. His research led to the
process of Pasteurization used to can food and
bottle milk.
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Essential question 3.1:

How are each of the 5 essential cell
parts used by cells?
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ALL CELLS have 5 important features in common

1. A cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

2. Within the cell membrane, a thick gooey material known as

cytoplasm suspends the organelles and contains the
necessary building blocks for chemical reactions..

3. A network of microtubules and microfilaments called the

cytoskeleton provides for support and shape changing
ability.

4. Nucleic acids store genetic information and regulate a cells

activities.

5. Ribosomes read the nucleic acids to order amino acids into

the necessary proteins.
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Microfilaments (Actin filaments) are composed of

two protein chains made of subunit proteins called
actin. Actin filaments are responsible for cellular
movements such as contraction, crawling, “pinching”
during division, and formation of cellular extensions.

The
cytoskeleton
of a
eukaryotic
cell.
Microtubules are composed of tubulin protein subunits
arranged side by side to form a tube. Microtubules organize
metabolism and intracellular transport in the non-dividing cell
and stabilize cell structure. They are also responsible for the
movement of chromosomes in mitosis . Intermediate filaments are composed
of overlapping staggered tetramers of
protein. These tetramers are then
bundled into cables. This molecular
arrangement allows for a ropelike
structure that imparts tremendous
mechanical strength to the cell.
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Prokaryotic cells are more simple than Eukaryotic ones.

1. All prokaryotic cells are

members of one of the two
bacteria kingdoms
(Eubacteria or Archaebacteria) .

a. Prokaryotic cells contain

the 5 essential cell parts
and usually a cell wall.

b. Prokaryotic cells were

the first to appear on
Earth and continue to be
the simplest cells.
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Eukaryotic cells are more specialized than prokaryotes.

a. Often exist as parts of a

multicellular organism
(Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals).

b. Highly specialized organelles

provide these cells with more
specialized functions.

c. It is believed that Eukaryotic cells

may have formed from the
combining of simpler prokaryotic
cells. These remnants of bacteria
life are now integral parts of our
cells (mitochondria and chloroplasts).
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Prokaryotic cell vs. Eukaryotic cell

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Some cells have an additional layer beyond the cell

membrane called a cell wall.

1. Offers support to the cell.

2. Helps to regulate cell shape.

3. Walls are present in both prokaryotes

(bacteria) and eukaryotes (fungi, protists, and plants).

4. Cell walls are often the point of

attachment for cilia and flagella.
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A Gram Positive Cell Wall

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Make sure you know that…

All cells have 5 structures in common.
They are
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Many cells have a second outer layer known as the
__________ __________
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Essential question 4.1 & 4.2:

How is the information in a cell organized?

How are the parts of the endomembrane system

related to one another?
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Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and many

additional cell parts called organelles.
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Question:
Before we move ON!!!: What’s the difference
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
• Prokaryotes are simple cells that contain
only the essential cell parts, and have no
membrane bound organelles within their
cell membrane (example: bacteria only).

• Eukaryotes are complex cells that contain

many membrane bound organelles that
carry out complex functions.
(example: plants, animals, fungi, protists)
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The nucleus directs the activities of a eukaryotic cell.

1. Chromosomes made of DNA

and proteins are located here.

2. Chromosomes are divided into

genes coding for each trait
(eye color, hitchhiker’s thumb, etc.).

3. RNA (copies of the genes) leaves the

nucleus through the nuclear
pores.

Click the picture to the right to watch

video from beginning – 4:05
Question 1: 26

What is the function of the nucleus of a cell?

It’s like the town hall of a city, where information is stored, and
work orders arise.
We’ll be developing a working analogy (drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity )
for how a cell is like a city.

Question 2 :
How does information leave the nucleus if DNA is too large to
exit the Nuclear Pores?

RNA makes a copy of the DNA. RNA then leaves the

nucleus through the nuclear pores.
RNA is single stranded (smaller) and DNA is double stranded.
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There are many organelles within Eukaryotic cells that

are formed or surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer.
These organelles make up the Endomembrane System.
• Cell Membrane
• Endoplasmic
Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Vesicles
• Lysosomes
• Specialized
Organelles
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The Endomembrane System is a series of

phospholipid membrane-bound
organelles that work together to modify,
package, and transport proteins.
A. The polar/non-polar nature of the
phospholipid bilayer allows for the
formation of vesicles and facilitates
the merging with other membrane-
bound organelles.

B. Each of these membrane-bound

organelles are located in close
proximity to each other to make the
transportation of proteins as quick
and simple as possible.
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Phospholipid Bilayer
The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids, which have a
polar/hydrophilic head and two non-polar/hydrophobic tails. The
phospholipids naturally arrange themselves into cells (spheres) due to
its polar / non-polar interactions with water.
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The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of tubes within the

cell, that help to transport materials.
A. Rough ER is made of a
phospholipid bilayer and is
studded with ribosomes.

B. RNA travels from the nucleus

to the ribosomes where it is
translated to synthesize a
protein.
C. Newly formed proteins travel through the Rough ER and are
pinched off from the membrane forming a vesicle.
D. A vesicle is used to transport materials (often along microtubules) to a
different location or out of the cell.
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The Golgi Apparatus is used for processing,

packaging and secreting materials.

a) Proteins may arrive here

after their creation in the ER.

b) Proteins may be processed in

a way that alters their shape
and functionality.

c) Proteins leave the Golgi in

vesicles that may fuse with
the cell membrane when
materials need to exit the
cell.
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Proteins being processed by the Golgi Apparatus

Click the picture

to the right to
watch video
from 4:05 – 6:45
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Lysosomes are sacs filled with digestive enzymes.

a) Formed when digestive enzymes are pinched off the Golgi.
b) Site of food digestion in the cell.
c) Breaks down old, or non-functional cell parts.
Click the picture below to watch
video from 7:32 – 8:30
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Lysosomes are part of the endomembrane system.

• Lysosome interior contains digestive enzymes and a high
concentration of protons (H+ ions).
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Question:
Lysosomes are common in Animals, Protists and
Fungi, but are very rare in plants. Why is this
the case?

Plants normally produce their own food, and

have no need for an organelle that functions
in the breakdown of food particles.
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Pair up!!!
Describe four common cell parts
• Describe their form and function in the cell
1
2
3

4
• If these were facilities in a city, what would they be?
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Essential question 4.3:

How are organelles used to produce
and convert energy sources?
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Activation:
What type of energy conversion is occurring in each of
these reactions?

Energy can be heat, light, chemical, mechanical

 Burning of wood
 Combustion engine
 Gasoline powered generator
 Photosynthesis
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Mitochondria are the power generators of both plant

and animal cells.
1. Cells that require a lot of energy,
like muscle cells, have thousands of
Mitochondria.

2. Mitochondria are folded many

times internally for extra surface
area.

3. Convert carbohydrates into a

useable form of energy called ATP.

Click the picture to the

right to watch video
from 6:47 – 7:32
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Chloroplasts use sunlight to synthesize glucose

molecules that can be stored for later use. Like the
mitochondria they have a tremendous amount of
internal surface area(thylakoid).
Question:
42

What similarity do you see between mitochondria and

chloroplasts?

What city structures or facilities would be analogous to

the mitochondria and chloroplasts? Why?
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Endosymbiotic
Theory
Since mitochondria carry
their own DNA and
ribosomes, Lynn Margulis
proposed that they may
have once been
independent organisms.

Watch endosymbiosis video

from beginning – 2:40)
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Summarizer
 Write down 1 similarity between the structure of a
chloroplast and the mitochondria.

 Describe the energy conversion that happens in a

chloroplast.

 Describe the energy conversion that happens in

mitochondria.

 Write a summary statement that covers both organelles.

HAND IN BEFORE LEAVING

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Essential question 5.1:

How do the cells of each kingdom vary
from one another?
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Members of each kingdom can be identified by the

presence of 4 common characteristics.
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Plant cells have three distinguishing characteristics

that are different than animal cells.
1. Organelles called chloroplasts use
light energy to produce
carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O.

2. Plants have a cell wall

composed of cellulose.

3. Plants have large

central vacuoles that are involved in
storage of water, proteins and toxins.
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Animal cells have organelles called centrioles that

are not found in plants.
1. The main function of the centriole
is to help with cell division in
animal cells.

2. The centrioles help in the

formation of the spindle fibers that
separate the chromosomes during
cell division (mitosis).

3. Plants are capable of forming a

circular loop of microtubules to
build a new cell wall for cell
division.
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Comparing plant and animal cells

vs
Click the picture the plant or
animal picture to watch
video from 8:30 – end
Using arrows and words identify a minimum of 5 differences
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Question:
Which city location can you compare the central
vacuole? Why?
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Endomembrane system
How are the parts of the endomembrane
system related to one another?
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ER, Golgi, Vesicles and Cell Membrane are

made of interchangeable parts.
Question:
53

Why is it important that ER, golgi, vesicles, lysosomes

and the cell membrane are all made of phospholipid
bilayer?
This allows materials to be passed between them very easily.
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With your lab group…

Endomembrane System Review
Trace the flow of proteins from their creation to their eventual
use or distribution.
• Discuss the common material used in the construction of
many of the key organelles, as well as the cell membrane.
• Document the steps that are taken as a protein is
produced, packaged, processed and transported for
release from the cell (exocytosis).
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Microscope lab summary

Eyepiece

Revolving
Nosepiece
Neck/arm
Ob
jec
tiv
es Stage

Stage clips Coarse Adjustment

Condenser Fine Adjustment

Light Source
Base