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I Hypotheses about the origin of life

1. Divine creation
a) Life was put on Earth by divine forces
b) Common to many of the world` s religions and cultures
2. Hypothesis of random self-generation – vitalism
c) living organisms could arise from nonliving matter and that such a
process was regular in nature
d) It also explained the origin of life from the nonliving subjects.
3. Steady state hypothesis
a) according to her, the Earth has existed forever and there has always
been life on it
b) each species had two options - to increase its numbers or to
disappear
c) the argument of the supporters is the geochronology of the earth's
strata
d) paleontology proves beyond doubt that simpler organisms are found
in older strata; it proves that evolution has led to the emergence of
more complex and better adapted species
4. Hypothesis of cosmic origin - panspermia
a) life existed in outer space and was transported by meteorites,
asteroids, or comets to a receptive Earth
b) It states that the seeds of life exist all over the Universe and can be
propagated through space from one location to another
c) support for the hypothesis - precursors of nucleic acids of cosmic
origin were found in meteorites
d) refutation of the hypothesis - cosmic rays, radiation, conditions in
space
II Origin of life - consciousness or matter
1. Philosophical trends in the conceptions of the origin of life
a) First direction: consciousness is primary, it creates matter
b) Second direction - matter is primary, it develops and creates its highest form
- consciousness
2. Hypothesis of biochemical evolution
a) This theory suggests that certain conditions of early earth generated the
organic compounds and the right environment for the first production of a
living organism
b) The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis suggests that life arose gradually from
inorganic molecules, with “building blocks” like amino acids forming first
and then combining to make complex polymers
- First stage - formation of the earth's atmosphere; released gases
from volcanic activity - ancient atmosphere; condensation of water
vapor - formation of water pools;

- Second stage - formation of monomers; formed under the action of

ultraviolet rays, high radiation and heat;
- Third stage - polymerization of monomers and formation of polymers;
chaotic clustering of primary molecules in the primary ocean
“primary broth"
- Fourth stage - isolation of coacervates and the formation of
protobionts (due to the ability of proteins to form colloidal
complexes)
- Fifth stage - development of a reproduction mechanism
Miller and Yuri experiment
(represent second stage of development)
III Development of the evolutionary idea
1. Аntiquity
- Anaximander - plants, animals, and later man arose from mud
- Empedocles - believed that life arose from four elements - air, water,
earth and fire
- Aristotle - is the founder of the classification of animals, arranges
organisms in a column according to their complexity, introduces the
concept of "biological species"
2. Middle ages
3. Revival
Carl Linnaeus created a classification of species and a system for
determining their name
- he introduces a binary system for naming species
- the first name indicates the genus, and the second - the species
For example: gray wolf - Canis Latrans
4. First theories of evolution
a) Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Two laws:
Frequent and prolonged exercise of an organ strengthens and
develops that organ. Not exercising an organ leads to its weakening and
even its disappearance.
The second states that acquired changes under the influence of
external conditions are inherited in generations
b) Georges Cuvier (1769 - 1832)
Law of dependence (correlation) of bodies. - Organs in the animal body
are connected. The change of one organ leads to disruption of its
relationship with other organs and the organism dies
Animals possess only organs that are necessary for their
existence under certain environmental conditions.
IV Darwin`s theory of evolution
1. Definition of the theory
a) The natural selection of small, inherited variations
b) The process of preserving the useful and eliminating the harmful
traits Darwin called natural selection
2. Fundamentals of Darwin's theory of
evolution
2.1. Variation
a) Definition
- the property of individuals of the same species to acquire new traits different
from those of their parents
2.2. Types of variations
b) determinate variability
- reversible
- not inherited
- group factor is known
- analogue in modern genetics, modifications
b) Indeterminate
- irreversible
- is inherited
- individual
- the factor is unknown
- it matters for evolution
- analogue in modern genetics, mutations
c) Correlative
- a change in one trait leads to a change in another trait
- analogue in modern genetics - pleiotropy
d) combinatorial variability
- resulting from the crossing of different varieties of plants and breeds
of animals
- modern genetics explains the crossing over process
2.2. Inheritance
the property of the offspring to inherit the marks of the parents and
pass them down the generation
2.3. Natural selection
- an experience of the most adapted, in which the beneficial changes in
nature are preserved and the harmful ones are eliminated
3. Struggle for existence
a) Intraspecific struggle
- is the competition among the individuals of the same species
- struggle between two herbivore animals for getting grass
b) interspecies struggle
- A competition between two different species
- direct - one species uses another species for food
- indirect - between species that have the same needs for food, water
and territory
c) constitutional struggle for existence
- organisms do not directly struggle with environmental conditions
- they adapt to the environment they inhabit
4. Natural selection
- Individual - removal affects individuals
- Group - affects a separate group
- Gender - it is related to reproduction and leaving offspring, resulting
in sexual dimorphism
4. Speciation
a) Definition - occurs when a group within a species separates from
other members of its species and develops its own unique
characteristics
b) Examples
- Galápagos finch
- The finches are isolated from one another by the ocean
- Squirrels