History of

Architecture
lesson 10
18 -19 CENTURY
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“REVIVAL”
May 11, 2018
The Historical Timeline of Architecture
18 -19 : Revival
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18 -19 : Revival
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History
 Revolutionary changes affecting every
aspect of life
 Industrial Revolution started in Britain
- new machines and innovative processes
helped change nations from agricultural to
industrial ones
 Spread to continental Europe and to North America
 Created a new type of worker – the wage laborer or proletarian
 Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete by the
invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
 Goods could be made more cheaply
 Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was available to
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History
Social and Political changes
 Centuries-old monarchies gave way to
democratic institutions – American
Declaration of Independence (1776) and
French Revolution (1789)
 Urbanization and rise in population
 Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle
class
 Professionals and businessmen
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History
Technological innovations
 Railways to easily transport people and
goods
 Improved drainage and sanitation
 Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
 Lift or elevator
 Growth of communications
 Ship-building and the Suez Canal
 International exhibitions of science and
industry
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Architectural Character
 The need to create an imposing effect – research into old styles
 Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun
 Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, the
Renaissance, the Baroque
 “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
 “age of innovation” - use of newly available materials
 Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)
 Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new materials
became available for building:
 structural iron and cast-iron, iron and glass, zinc, steel &
reinforced concrete – first used by Auguste Perret
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Architectural Character
New Building Types:
 Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
 Houses of Parliament
 Railways and Transport Stations –
spread all over Europe
 Museums – took the place of
aristocratic private collections of art
 Department Stores – in Paris,
London, Brussels, other commercial
areas
 Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and
Police Stations, Exhibition Halls
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Architectural Character
New Emerging Styles:
 The Arts and Crafts Movement
in Britain
 in the tradition of craft guilds in
the Middle Ages
 led by artist-craftsman William
Morris, architect Philip Webb
and writer John Ruskin
 furniture, glassware, fabrics,
wallpaper, etc – decorated with
repeating stylized floral patterns
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Structures
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol
 Designed by Isambard Brunel
 Pylons of Egyptian character

St George's Hall, Liverpool

 Designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
 Most magnificent Neo-Classical
monument in Britain
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Structures
City Hall, Swansea
 Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
 finished in white Portland stone and includes a
tall art deco clock-tower, making it a landmark

Westminster New Palace

(Houses of Parliament), London
 Designed by Sir Charles Barry
 Non-classical design:
Gothic detail by Pugin
 Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
 First major public building of Gothic revival
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Structures
St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs
 Designed by Augustus Welby
Northmore Pugin

The University Museum, Oxford

 Designed by Benjamin Woodward
 landmark of High Victorian Gothic
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Structures
The Cathedral, Guilford
 Designed by Sir Edward Maufe
 Gothic/Art Deco Style

The Conservatory,
Carlton House, London
 commissioned by George, Prince
of Wales (1762-1830), later
George IV, c 1805 and was
completed in a gothic style by
Thomas Hopper (1756-1856).
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Structures
Palm House,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
 Designed by Decimus Burton
and iron-maker Richard Turner
 Victorian glass and iron
structure

The Crystal Palace

 Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
 Housed the Great Exhibition of
1851, erected in Hyde Park, moved
to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
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Continental Europe
Periods:
1850 to 1870 AD
 Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
 Renaissance and Gothic revival
 Structural use of iron

1870 to 1914 AD
 Use of metals was intensified, especially
in exhibitions
 Antique forms instead of Renaissance
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Continental Europe
Periods:
ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)
 Derived from the “Arts and Crafts
Movement” in Britain
 An art free of any historical style
 Deliberate simplification of structural
elements in buildings and interiors,
handmade objects and furniture
 Forms of nature for ornamentation in the façade
 Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
 philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life
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Continental Europe

ART NOVEAU Versions:

France – Le Modern Style
Germany – Jugendstil
Austria – Sezessione or

Secession
Italy – Stile Liberty
Spain - Modernismo Casa Batllo
modernisme, by Antoni Gaudí
and Joseph Maria Jujol
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Structures
The Votivkirche, Vienna
 Neo-Gothic style
 Designed by Heinrich von Ferstel

The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris

 Neo-Byzantine style
 Designed by Paul Abadie
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Structures
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin
 Greek-revival style
 Designed by Karl Friedrich von
Schinkel

The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris

 Neo-Renaissance style
 Designed by Henri Labrouste
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Structures
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam
 Neo-Romanesque Style
 Designed by Hendrik Petrus
Berlage

Palais Garnier, Paris

 Neo-Baroque style
 Designed by Charles Garnier
 originally called the Salle des
Capucines
 historically known as Opera de Paris
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Structures
The Victor Emanuel II
Monument, Rome
 Neo-Classical Style
 Designed by Giuseppe
Sacconi

Others:
Reichstag, Berlin – Paul Wallot
Parliament, Budapest – Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - Neo-Renaissance
by Gottfried Semper
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-
revival style
Others:
Thorvaldsen Museum, Copenhagen -
Greek-revival
The Opera House, Cologne - French
Neo-Baroque
The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art
nouveau by Otto Wagner
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Structures
The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition
Universelle 1889
 Designed by Gustav Eiffel and
Maurice Koechlin
 Extensive use of iron, 300m high

The Galerie des Machines, Exposition

Universelle 1889
 Structural Engineer Victor Contamin,
 Architect Ferdinand Dutert
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Art Nouveau Architects:

Victor Horta in Brussels

Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow
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Structures
The Palau Guell, Barcelona
 Designed by Antoni Gaudi
 Seems to presage Art Nouveau in its
forms

Casa Mila, Barcelona

 Designed by Antoni Gaudi
 better known as La Pedrera meaning
the “The Quarry”
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Structures
Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
 Designed by Antoni Gaudi
 Art Nouveau Style
 Gaudí's original design calls for a
total of eighteen spires, representing
in ascending order of height the 12
Apostles, the 4 Evangelist, the Virgin
Mary and, tallest of all, Jesus Christ
 Eight spires have been built as of
2010, corresponding to four apostles
at the Nativity façade and four
apostles at the Passion façade.
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Structures
The White House, Washington DC
 President’s official residence
 Designed by James Hoban, Irish
architect
 English Palladian style

Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia

 Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd
American president
 based on the neoclassical principles
described in the books of the
Architect Andrea Palladio
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Structures
Robie House, Chicago
 Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 greatest example of the Prairie
School style, the first architectural
style that was uniquely American

Winslow House, River Forest Illinois

 Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 His first important independent
commission and his first attempt at
reinventing the traditional house
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Structures
Taliesin East, Spring Green,
Wisconsin
 Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright

Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois

 Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
 considered to be one of Wright's most
important structures
 considered by many architects to be
the first modern building in the world
 Reinforced Concrete – material used
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Structures
The United States Capitol,
Washington DC
 First designed by Dr. William
Thornton along Palladian lines
 Crowning dome
 Numerous modifications after the war

Virginia State Capitol, Richmond

 Designed by Thomas Jefferson
 First neo-classical monument in
America, based on Maison Caree,
Nimes
 Ionic order
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Structures
Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
 Designed by Henry Bacon
 the sculptor of the primary statue
was Daniel Chester French
 the painter of the interior murals
was Jules Guerin
 Greek Doric Style

Merchants' Exchange Building

(Philadelphia)
 Designed by William Strickland
 Greek Revival Style
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Structures
The Marshall Field Wholesale
Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois
 Designed by HH Richardson
 interior framing of wood and iron,
and is clad in a rusticated exterior of
stonework giving the appearance of
an Italian Romanesque Palazzo

The Auditorium Building, Chicago,

Illinois
 Designed by Dankmar Adler and
Louis Sullivan
 Neo-Byzantine interior
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Structures

The Reliance Building, Chicago

 first floor and basement were
designed by John Root of
the Burnham &
Root architectural firm - 1890
 rest of the building completed by
Charles B. Atwood - 1895
 the first skyscraper to have
large Plate Glass windows
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Structures
The Monadnock Building,
Chicago
 The north half of the building
was designed by the firm of
Burnham & Root
 tallest commercial iron frame
building with a load bearing
masonry exterior wall ever
constructed
 south half, constructed in 1893,
was designed by Holabird &
Roche
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Structures
Empire State Building
 Designed by Shreve, Lamb &
Harmon
 102 storey Skyscraper
 World’s tallest building for
nearly 40 years
 Art Deco style
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Structures
The Second Leiter Building, The Larkin Soap Co. Building,
Chicago Buffalo, NY
 Metal-framed building  Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright

The Grace Building, Chicago The Woolworth Building, NY

 Designed by Louis Sullivan and  Designed by Cass Gilbert
Holabird and Roche  Gothic style

The Schlesinger-Mayer Store The Wainwright Building, St. Louis

 Designed by Louis Sullivan  Designed by Adler and Sullivan
 Suggestion of Art Nouveau style
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