FOOD TOXICOLOGY

YUSNIAR HANANI D
 Food toxicology :
 the study of the nature, properties, effects, and
detection of toxic substances in food, and their
disease manifestation in humans.
 Fundamental concepts
 dose-response relationships, absorption of
toxicants, distribution and storage of toxicants,
biotransformation and elimination of toxicants,
target organ toxicity, teratogenesis, mutagenesis,
carcinogenesis, food allergy, and risk assessment.
 Sumber2 kontaminasi bahan
pangan
 Bahan kimia :
- residu pestisida
- logam berat
- food addtivies
- bahan kemasan
 Bahan biologis

- mikroorganisme : virus, bakteri, jamur, kapang

- toksin alami tumbuhan dan hewan
 Toxic chemicals
Between 1930 and 2000 global production of
man-made chemicals increased from 1 million
to 400 million tonnes each year.
 some chemicals bring significant benefits to
society - unfortunately some chemicals are
damaging wildlife and people, and we still don't
know enough about their long-term effects.
 up to 300 man-made chemicals have been found
in humans
 Harmful properties

There is particular concern about 3 types of

chemicals in use today. These are:
 very persistent and very bioaccumulative
chemicals which break down slowly or not at all,
and accumulate in the bodies of wildlife and
people
 Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
which interfere with the hormone systems of
animals and people
 chemicals which cause cancer, reproductive
problems, or damage DNA
 POPs - Persistent Organic
Pollutants
 are chemical substances that persist in the
environment, bioaccumulate through the food
web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to
human health and the environment.
 This group of priority pollutants consists of
pesticides (such as DDT), industrial chemicals
(such as polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs) and
unintentional by-products of industrial processes
(such as dioxins and furans).
 POPs are transported across international
boundaries far from their sources, even to
regions where they have never been used or
produced. The ecosystems and indigenous
people of the Arctic are particularly at risk
because of the long-range environmental
transportation and bio-magnification of these
substances. Consequently, persistent organic
pollutants pose a threat to the environment and
to human health all over the globe.
Exposure to POPs has been linked to
serious diseases and developmental
disorders, including:
 Breast and other types of
cancer
 Immune system suppression
 Nervous system disorders
 Reproductive damage
 Disruption of hormonal systems
 Formaldehida
 Dalam tubuh manusia, formaldehida dikonversi
jadi asam format yang meningkatkan keasaman
darah, tarikan nafas menjadi pendek dan sering,
hipotermia, juga koma, atau sampai kepada
kematiannya.
 Di dalam tubuh, formaldehida bisa menimbulkan
terikatnya DNA oleh protein, sehingga mengganggu
ekspresi genetik yang normal. Binatang percobaan
yang menghisap formaldehida terus-terusan
terserang kanker dalam hidung dan tenggorokannya,
sama juga dengan yang dialami oleh para pegawai
pemotongan papan artikel. Tapi, ada studi yang
menunjukkan apabila formaldehida dalam kadar
yang lebih sedikit, seperti yang digunakan dalam
bangunan, tidak menimbulkan pengaruh
karsinogenik terhadap makhluk hidup yang terpapar
zat tersebut.
 Nama sistematis : metanal
 Nama lain : formalin, formol,
metil aldehida, metilen oksida
 Rumus molekul CH2O
 dioxin
 Dioxins are environmental pollutants. They have
the dubious distinction of belonging to the “dirty
dozen” - a group of dangerous chemicals known
as persistent organic pollutants. Dioxins are of
concern because of their highly toxic potential.
 Experiments have shown they affect a number of
organs and systems. Once dioxins have entered the
body, they endure a long time because of their
chemical stability and their ability to be
absorbed by fat tissue, where they are then stored
in the body. Their half-life in the body is estimated
to be seven to eleven years. In the environment,
dioxins tend to accumulate in the food chain.
The higher in the animal food chain one goes, the
higher is the concentration of dioxins.
 The chemical name
2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo para dioxin (TCDD). The
name ‘dioxins’ is often used for the family of structurally
and chemically related polychlorinated dibenzo para
dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
(PCDFs). Certain dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) with similar toxic properties are also included
under the term “dioxins”. Some 419 types of dioxin-
related compounds have been identified but only about
30 of these are considered to have significant toxicity,
with TCDD being the most toxic
 Short-term exposure of humans to high levels of
dioxins may result in skin lesions, such as
chloracne and patchy darkening of the skin, and
altered liver function. Long-term exposure is
linked to impairment of the immune system, the
developing nervous system, the endocrine system
and reproductive functions.
 Chronic exposure of animals to dioxins has
resulted in several types of cancer. TCDD was
evaluated by the WHO’s International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1997. Based
on animal data and on human epidemiology data,
TCDD was classified by IARC as a "known
human carcinogen”. However, TCDD does not
affect genetic material and there is a level of
exposure below which cancer risk would be
negligible.
Bisphenol-A
 Bisphenol-A is a hormone-disrupting
chemical considered to be potentially
harmful to human health and the
environment. It has been known that
scratched and worn polycarbonate
feeding bottles will leach this chemical
into liquids.
 Plastic Bottles Release Potentially Harmful Chemicals
(Bisphenol A) After Contact With Hot Liquids

 Scott Belcher, PhD, and his team found when

the same new and used polycarbonate
drinking bottles were exposed to boiling hot
water, BPA, an environmental estrogen, was
released 55 times more rapidly than before
exposure to hot water.
 Previous studies have shown that if you
repeatedly scrub, dish-wash and boil
polycarbonate baby bottles, they release BPA.
That tells us that BPA can migrate from
various polycarbonate plastics,"
BPA, Chemical Used To Make Plastics, Found To Leach
From Polycarbonate Drinking Bottles Into Humans

 scienceDaily (May 22, 2009) — A new study from

Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers
found that participants who drank for a week from
polycarbonate bottles -- the popular, hard-plastic
drinking bottles and baby bottles -- showed a two-
thirds increase in their urine of the chemical bisphenol
A (BPA). Exposure to BPA, used in the manufacture of
polycarbonate and other plastics, has been shown to
interfere with reproductive development in animals and
has been linked with cardiovascular disease and
 MERCURY
 Eating fish contaminated with mercury, a poison
that interferes with the brain and nervous system,
can cause serious health problems, especially for
children and pregnant women.
 Mercury pollution can be a serious health
threat, especially for children and pregnant
women
 Over the years, many companies have used mercury to
manufacture a range of products including
thermometers, thermostats and automotive light
switches. Although the metallic mercury in these
products rarely poses a direct health hazard, industrial
mercury pollution becomes a serious threat when it is
released into the air by power plants, certain chemical
manufacturers and other industrial facilities, and then
settles into oceans and waterways, where it builds up
in fish that we eat. Children and women of
childbearing age are most at risk.
 The five keys to safer food
- Keep clean
- Separate raw and cooked
- Cook thoroughly
- Keep food at safe temperatures
- Use safe water and raw materials