COMBINATION

Combination
The combination of n object taken r at
time is a selection of r objects out of n
where order does not count. It is
denoted by any one of the following
symbols:
C(n,r) , nCr or
 and is given the formula:
Example
A high school wants to buy six computers
for its laboratory from a local supplier.
The supplier has ten computers in the
stock of 4 are foreign-made.
a. How many ways are there to buy six computers
from the supplier?

n = 10
r=6
Therefore:
10C6 = 210 ways
b. How many ways are there to buy
six computers, if the high school
wants four domestic and two
foreign-made computers?
for 4 domestic for 2 foreign-made
n=6 n=4
r=4 r=2
Therefore:
(6C4) X (4C2) = 90
PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
Probability of an Event
Is the chance a certain event would be
taking place. There are two approaches
to finding the probability of an event;

The priori approach

The posteriori approach

Priori Approach
It assumes the equal likelihood of
occurrence.
If the sample space contains a finite
number of outcomes, all equally likely
to happen, then for any event A
Example
A card is drawn at random from a
standard deck of cards. Find the probability
that the card drawn is
a.) a black card;
b.) a face card;
c.) a black card or a face card.
Posteriori Approach
There is no assumption of equal
likelihood to happen.
The ratio of the frequency of the
occurrence of the event n(A), to be the
number of trials in the experiment, n.
Example
A cup is tossed 30 times and resulted
to land 20 times on it “side”, eight times
“down”, and two times “up”. Find the
empirical probability that on the next toss
the cup will land
a.) up,
b.) down, or
c.) on its side.
PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS
OF PROBABILITY
Properties
The probability of an event A, denoted by
P(A). It is also possess the following:
0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
P(S) = 1
If A and B are mutually exclusive events,
then P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B)
If is a sequence of events, then
P( … ) = P() + P() +….+ P()
Theorems
If Ø is the empty set, then P(Ø) = O
If A’ is the complement of an event A,
then P(A’) = 1 – P(A’)
If A and B are any two events, then
P(A - B) = P(A) – P(A B)
U

If A and B are any two events, then

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
U
Example
A coin is weighted so that the
probability of heads appearing is twice of
that of the tails. Find P(T) and P(H).
Answer
Let P(T) = p; then
P(H) = 2p.
Setting the sum of the probabilities to 1:
p + 2p = 1
p = 1/3
Thus P(T) = 1/3 and
P(H) = 2p = 2(1/3) = 2/3
Example
Suppose a sample space S consists of 4
element: S = {a1, a2, a3, a4}.
a.) find the P(a1) is P(a2) = 1/3, P(a3) = 1/6,
P(a4) = 1/9
b.) find P(a1) and P(a2) if P(a3)=P(a4)=1/4
and P(a1) = 2P(a2)
c.) find P(a1) if P({a2, a3}) = 2/3, P({a2, a4})
= ½ and P(a2) = 1/3.
Quiz # 3
1. A box contains four white balls and
five red balls. If three balls are drawn from
one box , find the probability that:
a.) one ball is white
b.) no ball is white
c.) at least on ball is white
d.) at most one ball is white
2. From six married couples, five people
are selected at random. Find the
probability of selecting two men and three
women.