POWER SYSTEM

STABILITY

PRESENTED BY:
Gopal Garg(1405)
Akhil Mittal(1426)
Shubham Kumar(1418)
Topics To Be Covered:-

 What is Stability ?
 Why stability ?
 Types of stability
 Dynamics of synchronous machine
 Swing equation
 Rotor angle expression
 Questions !!
What is Stability?

 The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability to return to normal

operating/stable condition after being subjected to some form of disturbance
either small or large disturbance .
 The behaviour of the power system is basically spring inertia oscillatory system
with inertia on the mechanical rotor side and spring action provided by the load
side.
 Stability of the system after occurrence of the fault depends not only on the
system itself, but also on the type of the fault,location of the fault and fault
clearing time.
 However the instability means a condition denoting loss of synchronism or falling
out of step.
Why stability!!

 Increasing demand
 Increment in Interconnected network
 Complexity
 Need of constant voltage and frequency
 Variable users
 Use of renewable resources

 Ultimately leads to the loss of synchronism!!

 Types of Stability

Steady state Transient

Dynamic stability
stability stability
 Steady state stability
 the ability of the power system to regain its original position after subjecting to small
disturbance.
 The study of steady stability is concerned with the determination of the upper limit of
the machine loading before loosing synchronism provided the loading is gradually
increased.

Transient stability
 It is related to the large disturbance in the power system.
 when the large disturbance occurs the rotor speed ,rotor angle and the power transfer
undergoes fast change.

Dynamic stability
 When the small disturbance is continuously occurring in the power system which are
small enough not to loose synchronism but do excite the system into the state of natural
oscillations.
 The system is dynamically stable if the oscillation donot acquire more than certain
Dynamics of synchronous machine:-

 Where, sym speed in mech-rad ,

sym. speed in elect-rad/sec

 if rotor of syn. M/c is rotating at the syn speed then Stored K.E in the rotor
where,

unit of

 we also define one more constant that is H

/Rating in MVA (G)

unit of -sec/elect-rad.

 we know that

electrical-degree
Swing Equation:-
 under normal condition", the relative position bet Rotor axis and resultant mag. Field is fixed. This
angle is called the power angle

 During any disturbance, the rotor oscillate w.r.t syn. rotating magnetic field & relative motion begin

 The equation that describe this relative motion is called swing equation

 If after a oscliatory periods the generator come, back to syn. speed, it will maintain it's stability.

 If disturbance does not involve any change of power, the rotor return to it's original position

 If disturbance is created by any change in generation, change in load or change in any network
condition then rotor will come to new operating power angle with respect to synchronous rotating axis
From torque balancing we know that:-

As friction improve the stability of system so for worst case analysis we take friction

& multiply by

where,

where, elec-angle w. r.t to fined Reference; ;

 Differentiation w.r.t time

where, actual speed of rotor

speed of Rotor at equilibrium (sym. speed).

angular distance of rotor w.r to syn rotating

(using M=GH/Pi*f)
Derivation of rotor angle expression :
We know that the swing equation for synchronous machine is:

The swing equation is a nonlinear function of the power angle. However, for small disturbances, the
swing equation may be linearized with little loss of accuracy as follows. Consider a small deviation in
power angle from the initial operating point , i.e.,

Substituting above, we get

or

Since is small, and , and we have

Since at the initial operating state

 The above equation reduces to linearized equation in terms of incremental changes in power angle,
i.e.,

The quantity is the slope of the power-angle curve at . It is known as the synchronizing
coefficient, denoted by .
Substituting in above equation, we have
The solution
equation of by
given the above second-order differential equation depends on the roots of the characteristic

 When is negative, we have one root in the right-half -plane, and the response is exponentially
increasing and stability is lost. When is positive, we have two roots on the axis, and the motion is
oscillatory and undamped. The system is marginally stable with a natural frequency of oscillation
given by

 As long as there is a difference in angular velocity between the rotor and the resultant rotating air
gap field, induction motor action will take place between them, and a torque will be set up on the
rotor tending to minimize the difference between the two angular velocities. This is called the
damping torque. The damping power is approximately proportional to the speed deviation.
If damping is accounted for, the linearized swing
equation becomes
i.e
-(i)
where , the natural frequency of oscillation i and is
defined as the dimensionless damping ratio, given
by
The characteristic equation is
For normal operating conditions, , and roots of the characteristic equation
are complex

where is the damped frequency of oscillation given by

We now write equation (i) in state variable form. This makes it possible to
extend the analysis to multimachine systems.

Writing the above equations in matrix, we have

where

Taking the Laplace transform, we have

or

where
Substituting for , we have

and X(s)

When the rotor is suddenly disturbed by a small angle and , and we obtain

and

Taking inverse Laplace transforms results in the zero-input response

where is the damped frequency of oscillation, and is given by

The motion of rotor relative to the synchronously revolving field is

and the rotor angular frequency is

The response time constant is

and the response settles in approximately four time constants, and the settling time is
 QUESTION:-

A 60 Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 9.94 MJ/MVA and the transient reactance
Xd’ = 0.3 pu is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as shown in the figure. The
reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is delivering real power
of 0.6 pu, 0.8 pf lagging to the infinite bus at a voltage of 1pu.

Assume the pu damping power coefficient D = 0.138. Consider a small disturbance of ∆δ = 100 . For
example, the breakers open and then quickly closed. Obtain equations describing the motion of the rotor
angle and the generator frequency.
 SOLUTION

Given parameters:-
per unit damping power coefficient (
small disturbance ( radian
H=9.94MJ/MVA
Real Power=0.6pu
Power factor=0.8(lagging)

Formula to be used:-

=+
The transfer reactance between the generated voltage and the infinite bus is

The per unit apparent power is

The current is

The excitation voltage is

Thus, the initial operating power angle is radian. The synchronizing power coefficient is
The undamped angular frequency of oscillation and damping ratio are

the damped angular frequency of oscillation is

 corresponding to a damped oscillation frequency of

Hence, the motion of rotor relative to the synchronously revolving field in electrical degrees and the frequency
excursion in are given by equations

, ,
CONSIDERING NET CHANGE IN POWER
DUE TO DISTURBANCE IS NOT EQUAL
TO 0
 Assume the power input is increased by a small amount . Then the linearized swing equation becomes

(Earlier)

or

or in terms of the standard second-order differential equation, we have

where

 and and are given by

, respectively.
Transforming to the state variable form, we have

Writing the above equations in matrix, we have

or

 This is the forced state variable equation or the zero-state equation, and with and the desired response. Taking the
Laplace transform of the state equation with zero initial states results in

or

where

Substituting for , we have

 and

Taking inverse Laplace transforms results in the step response

where and

Substituting for from ,the motion of rotor relative to the synchronously

revolving field in electrical radian becomes

and the rotor angular frequency in radian per second is

 QUESTION:-

The generator of above example is operating in the steady-state at δ0 = 16.790. When the input power is
increased by the small amount
∆P = 0.2 pu. The generator excitation and the infinite bus bar voltage are the same as before, i.e., E’ =
1.35 pu and V = 1 pu. Obtain the step response for the rotor angle and the generator frequency.
Given parameters:-

E’ = 1.35 pu , V = 1 pu, P=0.2 pu , =16.790 , =60Hz, H = 9.94

Calculated data taken from previous question:-

wn=wd= ,

Formula used:-
or

 Also, substituting the values in (11.76) and expressing the

frequency in , we get

or
THANK YOU!!