Medical equipment 02

LECTURE 8:
Patient Monitor
 What is Patient Monitor?
Definition:
“Repeated or continuous observation or
measurements of the patient, his or her physiological
function, and the function of life support equipment,
for the purpose of guiding management decisions,
including when to make therapeutic interventions,
and assessment of those interventions”
Present Parameters in Patient Monitoring
System

• ECG
• Temperature
• Respiration
• Pulse Oximetry (SpO2)
• Noninvasive BP
• Invasive BP
ECG
Waveform Normal ECG
 Heart Rate (HR)
• Heart rate is the speed of the heartbeat
measured by the number of contractions
of the heart per minute (bpm)
• A normal resting heart rate for adults
ranges from 60 to 100 beats a minute.
 Temperature
• Body temperature is a measure of
the body’s ability to generate and get
rid of heat.
• Your body temperature can be
measured in many locations on your
body. The mouth, ear and armpit are
the most commonly used places.
Temperature can also be measured
on your forehead.
• The normal body temperature 36.5-
37.5 °C (97.7-99.5 °F)
 Respiration
• Directly from ECG electrodes:
 Injection of small current and measurement of chest
resistance.
 Respiration rate
• Respiration rate: the number of breaths per
minute or, more formally, the number of
movements indicative of inspiration and
expiration per unit time.
• In practice, the respiratory rate is usually
determined by counting the number of times
the chest rises or falls per minute.
• Normal respiration rates for an adult person at
rest rang from 12 to 16 breaths per minute.
 Pulse Oximeter
• A pulse oximeter is the device that measures and
displays the oxygen arterial saturation. The study is
called pulse oxymetry.
• The pulse oximeter is a small device that has to be in
contact with the skin to detect the oxygen saturation.
• The advantage of this technique is the capability to
provide continuous, safe, and effective monitoring of
blood oxygenation.
 Pulse Oximetry Probe
Pulse oximeter sensors consist of a pair of
small and inexpensive R and IR LEDs and a
highly sensitive silicon photodiode.
 ..Pulse Oximetry Concept
• The concept of oximetry is based on the simplified assumption
that a hemolyzed blood sample consists of a two-component
• Homogeneous mixture of Hb and HbO2, and that light
absorbance by the mixture of these two components is additive.
 Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure, measured with a blood pressure cuff and
stethoscope by a nurse or other health care provider, is the
force of the blood pushing against the artery walls.
• The optimal BP is 120/80 mmHg
Non Invasive Blood Pressure
Monitor (NIBPM)
Invasive Blood Pressure
 What are Vital Signs?
 Vital signs are measurements of the body’s most basic
functions. The four main vital signs routinely
monitoredby medical professionals and health care
providers include the following
 Body temperature
 Pulse rate
 Respiration rate (rate of breathing)
 Blood pressure (blood pressure is not considered a vital
sign, but is often measured along with the vital signs.)
 Vital signs are useful in detecting or monitoring medical
problems.
 Vital signs can be measured in a medical setting, at
home, at the site of a medical emergency, or elsewhere.
 Patient Monitor Components

User inputs
Patient information Display

Microprocessor
RAM
ROM
ADC

Sensors
Temp
BP
SPO2
ECG