Topic (5)

Respiration and Effects of Smoking

 Respiration
Definition of Respiration:-
Is the release of energy from food (glucose).

Respiration equation:-
Glucose + Oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
(from digestive system) (from the lungs) (waste product) (waste product) (useful for moving,
growing, and keeping
warm)

Types of respiration:-
a) Aerobic Respiration
b) Anaerobic Respiration
 Types of Respiration
a) Aerobic Respiration:-
• The release of energy from food by the use of oxygen.
• It releases more energy
• Glucose + Oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

b) Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation):-

• The release of energy from food without the use of oxygen.
• It releases less energy
• Glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy + lactic acid
How does the glucose and oxygen needed
for aerobic respiration get to all the body’s
cells?
How brain maintains stability of water content?

Brain controls the amount of water in the body,

to maintain the correct concentration

If the body is in short of water If there is too much water

Water produced from respiration Excess water will be released
Will be retained by:- as:-
1- Reducing urine 1- Urine
2- Lowering the body temperature. 2- Sweat.
 Breathing and exchange of the gases inside the lungs

• The breathing system is used by the body to get oxygen needed

for respiration.
• It is also used to get rid of the waste products of respiration
(carbon dioxide gas).

Inhalation:-
• Breathing In.
• When you inhale you breath in air which includes oxygen.
• Your diaphragm contracts and moves down (to increase the lung
volume).

Exhalation:-
• Breathing out.
• When the carbon dioxide goes out of your lungs.
• Your diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards.
Composition of inhaled and exhaled air
 Waste products of Respiration
a) Water:-
• When you breath out on a mirror or a glass, you can see steam, this is
because of water waste product from respiration.
• Same when you breath out on a cold day, you can see your breath.

b) Carbon dioxide:-
• See slide before.
• Conduct an experiment to prove the presence of carbon dioxide gas in
exhaled gas (lime water turns milky or cloudy in presence of carbon
dioxide).
 Air Route
• Air passes into the lungs through the trachea.
• The trachea dived into two “bronchi”, with one
bronchus for each lung.
• Each bronchus divides into the lungs into
smaller tubes called “bronchioles”.
• At the end of each bronchiole, there is a group
of tiny air sacs called “alveoli”.
• The alveoli gives the lungs the spongy feel and
a very large surface area, in which many
molecules of gas can diffuse across at the same
time (which means, gas exchange occurs at a
faster rate).
 The two features of alveoli that makes them more suitable for gas
exchange

1- The walls of the alveoli are extremely thin

and are only one cell thick:-
Each alveolus is surrounded by a dense bed of
capillaries which gives the lung its pink colour.

2-capillaries also have walls just one cell thick:-

To allow rapid and efficient diffusion; oxygen into
the blood and carbon dioxide into the alveoli.

So the alveoli are the actual site of gas exchange

and the units of lungs.
 Gas exchange
• Oxygen entering an alveolus dissolves
in the water on its walls and moves by
diffusion across the cells into the blood
to be carried by red blood cells.

• On the other hand, carbon dioxide

moves by diffusion from blood into the
alveoli.
 Changing in breathing
1- At rest:-
• Carbon dioxide in blood is kept at safe level.
• So normal heart rate and normal breathing rate.

2- Exercise:-
• Deeper, more rapid breathing (so more carbon
dioxide lost from the lungs).
• Deeper, more rapid heart beat (so more blood is
pumped to tissues to carry carbon dioxide away).
 Side effects of smoking
• Smokers always cough, because tobacco smoke irritates
their breathing system.
• Coughing damages the walls of the alveoli.
• The more they are damaged, the less surface area of lungs.
• This makes gas exchange more difficult.
 Smoking and lung diseases

Study from the hand-out distributed and kept in your binder.

 Anaerobic Respiration
• When the body can not supply the cells with oxygen needs to break down glucose, it
carries out anaerobic respiration.
• Where energy is released without oxygen.
• This happens when working vigorously, because the blood can’t reach muscles quickly
to deliver enough oxygen for aerobic respiration.

• Glucose lactic acid + energy

• When anaerobic respiration takes place, the lactic acid produced soaks the muscle cells
and prevents muscles from doing their job. This causes fatigue and cramp.
• After activity that has lead to anaerobic respiration, the person pants and breathes
heavily.
• This happens because people need lots of oxygen to get rid of lactic acid that has built
up their body.
• Lactic acid + oxygen carbon dioxide + water