Epidemiology part 2:

RATE CALCULATIONS
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Epidemiology as a quantitative science
As it has been briefly mentioned in part 1, epidemiology is mainly
a quantitative science. And, although this is changing in recent
years in which more qualitative research is becoming more
accepted, and available; most professionals in the field accept
that epidemiology is by nature, quantitative. So, what does it
mean? It means that a quantity is used; epidemiology uses
numbers (values), applied statistics, and other mathematical
concepts to describe, analyze, and interpret health
phenomena/events.
for TOTAL POPULATION
 1
INCIDENCE RATE
Measures the frequency or rate at which new cases of a particular disease or
health condition develop within a population during a specified period of
time. It represents the rate of occurrence of new cases and is calculated by
dividing the number of new cases by the total population at risk, usually
multiplied by a constant to express it as a rate per unit of population (e.g.,
per 1000 or per 100,000 individuals) per unit of time (e.g., per year).

Number of new cases in a given period of

Formula: time
X 10000
Population risk in the same time period
Examples:
 2
PREVALENCE RATE
Measure of the proportion of individuals in a population who have a
particular disease or health condition at a specific point in time or over a
specified period. It represents the total number of existing cases in relation
to the total population and is often expressed as a percentage. Prevalence
rate provides insight into the overall burden of disease within a
population, including both new and existing cases.

Number of existing cases

Formula: X 1000
Total population
Examples:
 • Crude Rates
Crude rates are unadjusted measures of frequency or occurrence of a
particular event, such as deaths, births, or disease cases, within a
population. These rates are calculated without considering factors such
as age, sex, or other demographic characteristics. Crude rates provide a
basic overview of the occurrence of an event in a population but may not
account for differences in population composition.
 3
CRUDE BIRTH RATE
According to the World Health Organization, Crude birth rate is the
ratio between the number of live births in a population during a
given year and the total mid-year population for the same year,
usually multiplied by 1,000.
 4
CRUDE DEATH RATE
On the other hand, the Crude death rate is the number of deaths per
100,000 population (of the respective age group and sex) for the year
indicated.
 ALWAYS REMEMBER!
To calculate the crude birth rate and crude death rate of the given
population, we need to consider the city's population, total number of
births, and total number of deaths.
 EXAMPLE #1
According to the latest records, Gotham City's population is
9,289,000. Over the last year, 150,000 new births were registered in
the city, while 80,000 deaths were reported. Using this information,
what is Gotham City's crude birth rate and crude death rate?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
 EXAMPLE #2
If Neverland has a population of 2,299,000 and 16,100 babies were
born while 8,567 people died in the past year, what are the crude
birth rate and crude death rate of Neverland?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
 5
AGE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE
Defined as the number of deaths of the population of a particular age
or age group during a year per 100,000 of the midyear estimated
population at that age or age group.
 EXAMPLE #1
In the African Region, birth asphyxia and birth trauma were the
leading causes of newborn deaths. In 2019, 14 million babies were
born, but 1,000,100 of them died within 0 to 28 days of birth.
Calculate the age-specific death rate of African neonates within 0-28
days of birth.
ANSWER:
 EXAMPLE #2
The alarming prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among the elderly
population in rural areas of India draws attention to the need for better
healthcare facilities and awareness programs. In rural India, 1,434
elderly people between the ages of 80 and 84 died due to cardiovascular
disease, out of a total of 13,285 rural elderly people. Calculate the age-
specific death rate of ages 80-84 elderly people in rural India.
ANSWER:
 6
CAUSE-SPECIFIC DEATH RATE
The number of deaths from a specified cause per 100,000 person-
years at risk. The numerator is typically restricted to resident deaths
in a specific geographic area.
 EXAMPLE #1
Heart Disease in the United States Heart disease is a leading cause of
death in the United States. Suppose in a particular year, there were
697,000 deaths attributed to heart disease in a population of
approximately 121,500,000 million people. Calculate for the Cause-
specific death rate.
ANSWER:
 EXAMPLE #2
Cancer is one of the top causes of death in the Philippines. The most
common types are lung, breast, and colorectal cancers. In 2018, there
were a total of 141,021 cancer cases in the country, which resulted in
86,337 deaths. Calculate for the Cause-specific death rate of the given
situation.
ANSWER:
For WOMEN AGED 15-44 YRS
 7
FERTILITY RATE
measures the total number of live births of a given population within
a specific time frame divided by the number of females in the
population aged 15-44. That ratio is then multiplied by 1000.
 EXAMPLE #1
Hogwarts is a country that is rapidly urbanizing, resulting in
increased education and job opportunities for women due to
economic growth. There has been a noticeable trend towards smaller
family sizes over the years. The total number of females aged 15-44
years old in Hogwarts is 15,876,000, with a total of 450,000 live
births per year. Calculate the fertility rate of Hogwarts based on the
given information.
ANSWER:
 EXAMPLE #2
Rural town is a community where education and healthcare are limited,
and larger families are valued culturally. There are 85,231 live births
per year and 1,564,220 females aged 15-44. Calculate the fertility rate
of the population.
ANSWER:
For LIVE BIRTHS AND
FETAL DEATH
 8

INFANT MORTALITY RATE

is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live
births in a given year.
 9

NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE

refers to the number of deaths of infants aged 0 to 28 days per 1,000
live births in a given year.
 10
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE
measures the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of
termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the
pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or
its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. It is
typically reported per 100,000 live births.
 11

FETAL DEATH RATE

The number of resident fetal deaths in a specified geographic area
divided by the number of resident live births plus fetal deaths for the
same geographic area and multiplied by 1,000.
 12
PERINATAL MORTALITY RATE
is the sum of the number of resident fetal deaths of 28 or more weeks gestation
plus the number of resident newborns dying under 7 days of age in a specified
geographic area divided by the sum of the number of resident live births plus the
number of resident fetal deaths of 28 or more weeks gestation for the same
geographic area and multiplied by 1,000.
 EXAMPLE #1
Calculate the Infant Mortality Rate, Neonatal Mortality Rate, Maternal
Mortality Rate, Fetal Death Rate, and Perinatal Mortality Rate of the
Arthdal Community.

ARTHDAL
Midyear Population: 8,986,000
COMMUNITY
No. of Early Neonatal deaths: 18,500
No. of Live births:855,900 No. of Infant deaths: 93,000
Total no. of Deaths:166,680 No. of Maternal deaths: 26,780
No. of Neonatal deaths: 42,300 No. of Fetal deaths: 14, 600
 ANSWER:
Calculate the Infant Mortality Rate, Neonatal Mortality Rate, Maternal
Mortality Rate, Fetal Death Rate, and Perinatal Mortality Rate of the
Arthdal Community.
THANK YOU