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Light Reflection
Light Reflection
Contents:
1. How do we see objects?
2. Common phenomena of light
3. Straight line path of light
4. Particle and wave nature of light
5. Spherical mirrors
6. How to draw ray diagram?
7. Image formation by a concave mirror
8. Image formation by a convex mirror
9. Uses of concave and convex mirror
Plane
10.Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirror
Mirror
11.Mirror formula and magnification formula
Created by C. Mani, Principal, K V No.1, AFS, Jalahalli West, Bangalore
• We are unable to see anything in a dark room.
• On lighting up the room, things become visible.
Eye
Shadow
X X
S• Shadow S•
Opaque
Opaque Y Y
Slit
object Shadow
Screen Screen
Bright Band
Dark Band
S1 •
Bright Band
S2 •
Dark Band
Bright Band
Phenomenon like diffraction of light also exhibits wave nature of light.
Shadow
X
X
S• Shadow S•
Y Opaque
Opaque Y
Slit
object Shadow
Screen
Screen
Optic Axis
• • • • • •
Unpolarised Plane Plane
light Polarised Polarised
light light
Polariser Analyser
Tourmaline Tourmaline
Crystal Crystal
90°
• • • • • •
No light
Plane
Unpolarised
Polarised
light
light
Phenomenon like photo electric effect exhibits particle nature of light.
UV Visible light
Photoelectrons Photoelectrons
Visible light
No photoelectrons
Normal
Incident Ray Reflected Ray Plane
containing
incident
ray,
reflected
ray and
normal
i r
Plane mirror
Normal Normal
Object
Plane Mirror
Image
M M
P
X C F X P F C
f
R N Nf R
1. A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the
principal focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to diverge from the
principal focus in case of a convex mirror.
r
i
i
r
P
C F P F C
2. A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray
which is directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, after
reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
i
r
C F
i P
r P F C
C F
P
P F C
4. A ray incident obliquely to the principal axis, towards the pole is reflected
obliquely.
C i i
F P
r r P F C
Note:
In all the above cases the laws of reflection are followed.
At the point of incidence, the incident ray is reflected in such a way that
the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence.
Image formation by a concave mirror
1) When object is placed at infinity:
Parallel
rays from ∞
i i) Position of image: At F
r
C F ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
P
I iii) Size of image : Very small
(Highly Diminished)
O
i i) Position of image: Between C & F
r
B ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
A C F P
I iii) Size of image : Smaller than object
(Diminished)
3) When object (CO) is placed at C:
O
i i) Position of image: At C
r
ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
P
C F
iii) Size of image : Same size as that
I of the object
I (Enlarged)
5) When object (FO) is placed at F:
i) Position of image: At ∞
O
ii) Nature of image : Real & inverted
C F P
iii) Size of image : Very large
Parallel rays
meet at ∞ (Highly enlarged)
i) Position of image:
r
O i Behind the mirror
1. The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. i.e. the incident rays
from the object always move from left to right.
2. All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole (P)
of the mirror.
3. All the distances measured to the right of the Pole (along +ve x-axis) are
taken +ve while those measured to the left of the Pole (along - ve x-axis)
are taken –ve.
4. Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along
+ve y-axis) are taken +ve while those measured below the principal axis
(along –ve y-axis) are taken –ve.
Note:
While solving numerical problems, new Cartesian sign convention must be
used for substituting the known values of u, v, f, h and R.
Y
Direction of
incident light
- ve + ve
+ ve
X’ P X
- ve
Y’
Y
Direction of
incident light
- ve + ve
+ ve
X’ P X
- ve
Y’
Mirror Formula
u – object distance
1 1 1 v – image distance
+ =
v u f
f – focal length of the mirror
Magnification
h’ v
m = =-
h u
More of Reflection in Higher Class…