Laplace transform

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Outline
 Laplace transform
 Region of convergence
 Inverse Laplace transform
 Properties of Laplace transform
 Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace
 System function algebra and block diagram
representations
 BODE Plot and Frequency respons

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Outline
 Laplace transform
 Region of convergence
 Inverse Laplace transform
 Properties of Laplace transform
 Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace
 System function algebra and block diagram
representations

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Outline
 Laplace transform
 Region of convergence
 Inverse Laplace transform
 Properties of Laplace transform
 Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace
 System function algebra and block diagram
representations

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Pecahan Parsial X(s)
• Jika X(s) berbentuk pecahan parsial yang pembilang
dan penyebutnya berbentuk polinomial

P( s)
X (s) 
Q( s)
 Derajat P(s) < derajat Q(s)
Pecahan Parsial X(s)
 Akar-akar Q(s) berbeda, tidak ada yang sama
P( s)
X (s) 
( s  p1 )( s  p2 )...(s  pn )
A1 A2 An
X (s)   ...
( s  p1 ) ( s  p2 ) ( s  pn )

Ak  lim ( s  pk ). X ( s )
s   pk

k  1,2,...n
x(t) menjadi :

x(t )  A1e  p1t  A2 e  p2t  ...  An e  pnt

 Pecahan Parsial X(s)
 Jika pi = pk*, maka penyelesaian dapat diselesaikan
secara khusus yang menghasilkan x(t) merupakan
fungsi Cosinus dan Sinus
Pecahan Parsial X(s)
 Q(s) mempunyai akar rangkap
P( s)
X (s) 
( s  p1 ) r ( s  p2 )...(s  pn )
A11 A12 A1r
X (s)    ... 
( s  p1 ) ( s  p1 ) 2 ( s  p1 ) r
A2 An
  ... 
( s  p2 ) ( s  pn )

Ak  lim ( s  pk ). X ( s )
s   pk

1 d r l  
Akl  lim ( s  p ) r
. X ( s )
(r  l )! ds r l  s  pk  s   pk
k
Transformasi Laplace
 Contoh soal s4
X (s) 
( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)
A A A
X (s)  1  2  3
s 1 s  2 s  3
s4 3
A1  
( s  2)( s  3) s  1 2
s4
A2   2
( s  1)( s  3) s  2
s4 1
A3  
( s  1)( s  2) s  3 2
3 2 1
X (s)  2
  2
s 1 s  2 s  3
x(t )  32 e t  2e  2t  12 e 3t
t 0
Transformasi Laplace
 Contoh soal 1
X (s) 
s ( s 2  2 s  2)
A A s  A3
X (s)  1  2 2
s s  2s  2
A1 ( s 2  2 s  2)  s ( A2 s  A3 )
X (s) 
s ( s 2  2 s  2)
( A1  A2 ) s 2  (2 A1  A3 ) s  2 A1
X (s) 
s ( s 2  2 s  2)
1
A1 
2
1
A2  
2
A3  1
Transformasi Laplace

1 s 1 1
X (s)   2 2 2
s s  2s  2
1 1 s2
X (s)  2

s 2 ( s  1) 2  12
1 1 s 1 1 1
X (s)  2

s 2 ( s  1)  1 2 ( s  1) 2  12
2 2

x(t )  12  12 e t Cos (t )  12 e t Sin(t )

t 0
Transformasi Laplace
s
X (s) 
( s  1)( s  2) 2
A A A12
X ( s )  1  11 
s  1 s  2 ( s  2) 2
s
A1   1
( s  2) 2
s  1
1 d s 1
A11   1
(2  1)! ds s  1 s  2 ( s  1) 2
s  2
1 s
A12  2
(2  2)! s  1 s  2
1 1 2
X (s)   
s  1 s  2 ( s  2) 2
x(t )  e t  e  2t  2te  2t
t 0
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Outline
 Laplace transform
 Region of convergence
 Inverse Laplace transform
 Properties of Laplace transform
 Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace
 System function algebra and block diagram
representations

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Transformasi Laplace
x(t) X(s) ROC
δ(t) 1 Semua s
u(t) 1 Re(s)>0
s
n! Re(s)>0
t u(t)
n
s n 1
1
e u(t)
-at
Re(s)+Re(a)>0
sa
s Re(s)>0
u(t) Cos ω0t s 2   02
0 Re(s)>0
u(t) Sin ω0t
s 2   02
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Sifat-sifat Transformasi Laplace
Sifat x(t) X(s)

Kelinearan a x(t) + b y(t) a X(s) + b Y(s)

1 s
Penskalaan x(at) X 
a a

Geseran waktu x(t-a) e-sa X(s)

Geseran frekuensi e-at x(t) X(s+a)

Konvolusi waktu x(t) * y(t) X(s) Y(s)

Sifat-sifat Transformasi Laplace
Sifat x(t) X(s)

Konvolusi frekuensi 1
x(t) y(t) X (s) * Y (s)
(modulasi) 2j
Diferensiasi dn
(-t)n x(t) X (s )
frekuensi ds n

dn n 1
Diferensiasi waktu n
x(t ) s X ( s )   s n 1 k x((0k) )
n
dt k 0

s n X (s )
Untuk TL dua sisi
Sifat-sifat Transformasi Laplace
Sifat x(t) X(s)

X (s)
Integrasi waktu
 x(t )dt
0
s
 0
X (s) 1
 x(t )dt   x(t )dt
 s s 
Teorema nilai
lim x(t ) lim sX ( s )
awal t 0 s 

Teorema nilai
lim x(t ) lim sX ( s )
akhir t  s0
Outline
 Laplace transform
 Region of convergence
 Inverse Laplace transform
 Properties of Laplace transform
 Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace
 System function algebra and block diagram
representations

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Transformasi Laplace

  
y  7 y  10 y  x  3 x
dengan
t
x(t )  e , t  0
y (0  )  1


y (0 )  1
2
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Outline
 Laplace transform
 Region of convergence
 Inverse Laplace transform
 Properties of Laplace transform
 Analysis of LTI systems using Laplace
 System function algebra and block diagram
representations

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IT TELKOM /Signal and System /EE2423 75/72
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 Initial condition & value theorems
x(0–) = x(0+) = x(0)
x(t)

x(0+)

x(0–)
t

discontinuous signal x(0–) – initial condition

continuous signal x(0+) – initial value
Initial conditions can differ from initial values when:
• signal driving an electric network changes stepwise
• electric network structure is subjected to a change
of its structure and was not deenergized right before.
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Initial value theorem

Consider a signal x(t) either continuous or having

a finite discontinuity at t = 0.
xt   X s 
lim xt   x0    lim sX s 
t 0  s 

The initial value theorem emphasizes the fact

that the initial value of a signal is to be determined
from knowledge of its transform (no matter if there is
a discontinuity x(0–)  x(0+) at t = 0).

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Final value theorem
Let the Laplace transform x(t)  X(s) be analytic
in a right halfplane (Res  0)

xt   X s 
lim xt   lim sX s 
t  s 0

The final value theorem emphasizes the fact

that the steady state value of a signal is to be determined
from knowledge of its transform.

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