PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTIC OF

MATERIAL
(ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC AND OPTICAL)
PRESENTED BY:
ERNESTO SIAREZ
CHRISTIAN JE SULASULA
VINCENT CRIS HISULA
OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTIC
 OPTICAL PROPERTIES

• OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS REFER TO HOW MATERIALS

INTERACT WITH LIGHT (OR ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN
THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM).THESE PROPERTIES ARE CRUCIAL IN
FIELDS LIKE OPTICS, MATERIALS SCIENCE, AND ELECTRONICS,
INFLUENCING THE DESIGN AND FUNCTIONALITY OF NUMEROUS
DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS.
• HERE’S A BREAKDOWN OF THE KEY OPTICAL PROPERTIES:
 1. REFRACTIVE INDEX

DEFINITION: THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MATERIAL IS DEFINED AS

THE RATIO OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM (C) TO THE SPEED
OF LIGHT IN THE MATERIAL (V):N= C/V​
SPEED OF LIGHT: IN A VACUUM, LIGHT TRAVELS AT APPROXIMATELY
3× METERS PER SECOND (C). WHEN LIGHT ENTERS A MEDIUM WITH A
REFRACTIVE INDEX GREATER THAN 1, ITS SPEED DECREASES (V<C),
AND THE LIGHT RAY BENDS OR REFRACTS.
1. REFRACTIVE INDEX
 1. REFRACTIVE INDEX

THE TABLE GIVES AN IDEA ABOUT THE ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF

DIFFERENT MEDIUMS.
 1. REFRACTIVE INDEX

EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MEDIUM IN

WHICH THE SPEED OF LIGHT IS 1.5 × M/S?
N = C/V
N = 3 × M/S/1.5 × M/S
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE MEDIUM IS 2.
 1. REFRACTIVE INDEX

APPLICATIONS
• OPTICS AND LENSES: THE PRINCIPLES OF REFRACTION ARE APPLIED IN DESIGNING
LENSES FOR GLASSES, CAMERAS, AND TELESCOPES TO FOCUS LIGHT.
• FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION: UTILIZES THE TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
PHENOMENON, WHICH OCCURS DUE TO DIFFERENCES IN REFRACTIVE INDICES, TO
TRANSMIT LIGHT THROUGH OPTICAL FIBERS.
• MEASUREMENT AND DETECTION: REFRACTIVE INDEX VARIATIONS ARE USED IN
SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE CONCENTRATIONS IN SOLUTIONS, IDENTIFY
MATERIALS, AND DETECT SUBSTANCES.
 1. REFRACTIVE INDEX

FACTORS AFFECTING REFRACTIVE INDEX

• WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT: REFRACTIVE INDEX VARIES WITH THE WAVELENGTH OF
LIGHT, A PHENOMENON KNOWN AS DISPERSION. IT TYPICALLY DECREASES AS THE
WAVELENGTH INCREASES.
• TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE: THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF GASES
SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE, WHEREAS THE
CHANGES ARE LESS PRONOUNCED IN LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS.
• MATERIAL COMPOSITION: DIFFERENT MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT REFRACTIVE
INDICES. FOR INSTANCE, AIR HAS A REFRACTIVE INDEX CLOSE TO 1, WATER ABOUT
1.33, AND TYPICAL GLASSES RANGE BETWEEN 1.5 AND 1.9.
 2. TRANSMITTANCE

DEFINITION: TRANSMITTANCE (T) IS THE RATIO OF THE

INTENSITY OF THE LIGHT THAT HAS PASSED THROUGH THE
MATERIAL (I) TO THE INTENSITY OF THE INCIDENT LIGHT ON THE
MATERIAL (I0​): T=I/I0​​
UNITS: TRANSMITTANCE IS A DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITY, OFTEN
EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE (T×100%) INDICATING THE
PERCENTAGE OF THE INCIDENT LIGHT THAT IS TRANSMITTED
THROUGH THE MATERIAL.
 2. TRANSMITTANCE

FOR EXAMPLE, SUPPOSE THE RADIANT ENERGY ENTERING THE

SAMPLE IS 100 AND THE ENERGY LEAVING IS 48. THE TRANSMITTANCE
FORMULA BECOMES:
T=​
T=​
T = 0.48
 2. TRANSMITTANCE

APPLICATIONS
• SPECTROSCOPY: IN THIS FIELD, MEASURING THE TRANSMITTANCE OF LIGHT
THROUGH A SAMPLE CAN HELP IDENTIFY SUBSTANCES AND DETERMINE
CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS.
• OPTICS: UNDERSTANDING AND MANIPULATING TRANSMITTANCE IS CRUCIAL IN
DESIGNING LENSES, FILTERS, AND OTHER OPTICAL DEVICES TO CONTROL HOW
MUCH LIGHT PASSES THROUGH THEM.
• PHOTOMETRY AND RADIOMETRY: THESE AREAS USE TRANSMITTANCE
MEASUREMENTS TO ANALYZE LIGHT SOURCES AND MATERIALS' EFFECTS ON
LIGHT PROPAGATION
 2. TRANSMITTANCE

FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSMITTANCE

• MATERIAL THICKNESS: GENERALLY, THE THICKER THE MATERIAL, THE LOWER
THE TRANSMITTANCE DUE TO INCREASED CHANCES OF LIGHT BEING ABSORBED.
• LIGHT WAVELENGTH: TRANSMITTANCE CAN VARY WITH THE WAVELENGTH OF
THE INCIDENT LIGHT; MATERIALS MAY BE TRANSPARENT TO SOME
WAVELENGTHS AND OPAQUE TO OTHERS.
• MATERIAL COMPOSITION: DIFFERENT MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT INHERENT
ABILITIES TO TRANSMIT LIGHT, DEPENDING ON THEIR MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC
STRUCTURE AND THE PRESENCE OF IMPURITIES.
 3. REFLECTIVITY

DEFINITION: REFLECTIVITY (R) IS THE RATIO OF THE INTENSITY OF

REFLECTED LIGHT (IR​) TO THE INTENSITY OF INCIDENT LIGHT (I0​) ON
A SURFACE. IT QUANTIFIES THE PROPORTION OF INCIDENT LIGHT
THAT IS REFLECTED AWAY FROM A MATERIAL OR SURFACE. R=IR​​/I0​
UNITS: REFLECTIVITY IS A DIMENSIONLESS QUANTITY, OFTEN
EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE. A HIGHER PERCENTAGE MEANS MORE
LIGHT IS REFLECTED, AND LESS IS ABSORBED OR TRANSMITTED.
 3. REFLECTIVITY

EXAMPLE:
FIND THE REFLECTIVITY WHEN THE INTENSITY OF REFLECTED BEAM
IS 12 AND THE INTENSITY OF INCIDENT BEAM IS 6.
IR = INTENSITY OF REFLECTED BEAM = 12
IO = INTENSITY OF INCIDENT BEAM = 6
R = IR/IO
R = 12/6
R=2
THEREFORE, THE REFLECTIVITY IS 2.
 3. REFLECTIVITY

APPLICATIONS
• OPTICS: IN DESIGNING LENSES, MIRRORS, AND COATINGS FOR GLASSES AND
OPTICAL DEVICES TO ENHANCE OR REDUCE REFLECTION.
• SOLAR ENERGY: DEVELOPING MATERIALS WITH SPECIFIC REFLECTIVITY
PROPERTIES FOR SOLAR PANELS AND SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS.
• ARCHITECTURE AND LIGHTING: DESIGNING SURFACES AND MATERIALS IN
BUILDINGS TO OPTIMIZE LIGHT REFLECTION AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY.
• REMOTE SENSING: ANALYZING EARTH SURFACES AND ATMOSPHERES BY
MEASURING REFLECTIVITY AT VARIOUS WAVELENGTHS.
 3. REFLECTIVITY

FACTORS INFLUENCING REFLECTIVITY

• MATERIAL PROPERTIES: METALS TEND TO HAVE HIGH REFLECTIVITY, WHILE NON-METALLIC
MATERIALS (LIKE GLASS OR WATER) HAVE LOWER REFLECTIVITY, WHICH CAN BE
SIGNIFICANTLY ALTERED BY THEIR SURFACE ROUGHNESS OR COATINGS.
• SURFACE ROUGHNESS: SMOOTH SURFACES REFLECT LIGHT MORE UNIFORMLY, LEADING TO
SPECULAR REFLECTION (LIKE A MIRROR), WHEREAS ROUGH SURFACES SCATTER LIGHT IN
MANY DIRECTIONS, LEADING TO DIFFUSE REFLECTION.
• WAVELENGTH OF INCIDENT LIGHT: REFLECTIVITY CAN VARY WITH THE WAVELENGTH OF THE
LIGHT; MATERIALS MAY REFLECT CERTAIN WAVELENGTHS MORE THAN OTHERS.
• ANGLE OF INCIDENCE: THE ANGLE AT WHICH LIGHT HITS A SURFACE CAN ALSO AFFECT
REFLECTIVITY, AS DESCRIBED BY FRESNEL'S EQUATIONS.
 4. DISPERSION

DEFINITION: DISPERSION OCCURS BECAUSE DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS OF

LIGHT ARE REFRACTED (BENT) BY DIFFERENT AMOUNTS WHEN PASSING
THROUGH A MATERIAL. THIS CAUSES THE LIGHT TO SPREAD OUT OR DISPERSE
INTO A SPECTRUM OF COLORS, RANGING FROM RED (LONGER WAVELENGTHS,
LESS REFRACTED) TO VIOLET (SHORTER WAVELENGTHS, MORE REFRACTED).
CAUSE: THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MOST TRANSPARENT MATERIALS (LIKE
GLASS OR WATER) VARIES WITH THE WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT, A PROPERTY
KNOWN AS THE MATERIAL’S DISPERSIVE POWER. THIS VARIATION CAUSES
DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS TO TRAVEL AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS WITHIN THE
MATERIAL, LEADING TO DISPERSION.
 4. DISPERSION
• CO-EFFICIENT OF DISPERSION
• THE COEFFICIENTS OF DISPERSION ARE CALCULATED (ALONG WITH THE
MEASURE OF DISPERSION) WHEN TWO SERIES ARE COMPARED, THAT DIFFER
WIDELY IN THEIR AVERAGES. THE DISPERSION COEFFICIENT IS ALSO USED WHEN
TWO SERIES WITH DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT UNITS ARE COMPARED. IT IS
DENOTED AS C.D. THE COMMON COEFFICIENTS OF DISPERSION ARE:
 4. DISPERSION
EXAMPLE:
FIND THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS: 1, 3, 5, 5, 6, 7, 9,
10.
SOLUTION:
THE MEAN = (1+ 3+ 5+ 5+ 6+ 7+ 9+ 10)/8 = 46/ 8 = 5.75
STEP 1: SUBTRACT THE MEAN VALUE FROM INDIVIDUAL VALUE
(1 – 5.75), (3 – 5.75), (5 – 5.75), (5 – 5.75), (6 – 5.75), (7 – 5.75), (9 – 5.75), (10 – 5.75)
= -4.75, -2.75, -0.75, -0.75, 0.25, 1.25, 3.25, 4.25
STEP 2: SQUARING THE ABOVE VALUES WE GET, 22.563, 7.563, 0.563, 0.563, 0.063, 1.563, 10.563, 18.063
STEP 3: 22.563 + 7.563 + 0.563 + 0.563 + 0.063 + 1.563 + 10.563 + 18.063 = 61.504
STEP 4: N = 8, THEREFORE VARIANCE () = 61.504/ 8 = 7.69
 4. DISPERSION
EXAMPLE:

CALCULATE THE RANGE AND COEFFICIENT OF RANGE FOR THE FOLLOWING DATA VALUES.

45, 55, 63, 76, 67, 84, 75, 48, 62, 65

SOLUTION:

LET XI VALUES BE: 45, 55, 63, 76, 67, 84, 75, 48, 62, 65

HERE,

MAXIMUM VALUE (XMAX) = 84

MINIMUM OR LEAST VALUE (XMIN) = 45

RANGE = MAXIMUM VALUE = MINIMUM VALUE

= 84 – 45

= 39

COEFFICIENT OF RANGE = (XMAX – XMIN)/(XMAX + XMIN)

= (84 – 45)/(84 + 45)

= 39/129

= 0.302 (APPROX)
 4. DISPERSION

APPLICATIONS
• PRISMS: USED TO DISPERSE LIGHT INTO ITS COMPONENT COLORS FOR ANALYSIS OR ARTISTIC
EFFECT.
• SPECTROSCOPY: DISPERSION PRINCIPLES ARE FUNDAMENTAL IN SPECTROSCOPY, WHERE
LIGHT IS ANALYZED BY ITS COMPONENT WAVELENGTHS TO IDENTIFY MATERIALS OR ASSESS
PROPERTIES.
• OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: MANY OPTICAL DEVICES, SUCH AS TELESCOPES AND
MICROSCOPES, USE DISPERSIVE ELEMENTS TO CORRECT FOR CHROMATIC ABERRATION OR TO
ANALYZE LIGHT.
• RAINBOWS: NATURAL PHENOMENA LIKE RAINBOWS ARE BEAUTIFUL DEMONSTRATIONS OF
DISPERSION, WHERE SUNLIGHT IS DISPERSED BY WATER DROPLETS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
 4. DISPERSION

FACTORS INFLUENCING DISPERSION

• CHROMATIC ABERRATION: IN LENSES, DISPERSION CAN CAUSE CHROMATIC
ABERRATION, WHERE COLORS FOCUS AT DIFFERENT POINTS, LEADING TO
BLURRED IMAGES. THIS IS OFTEN CORRECTED WITH ACHROMATIC LENSES THAT
COMBINE MATERIALS WITH DIFFERENT DISPERSIVE POWERS TO MINIMIZE THE
EFFECT.
• OPTICAL FIBERS: DISPERSION CAN LIMIT THE BANDWIDTH OF OPTICAL FIBERS
BY CAUSING DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF A SIGNAL TO ARRIVE AT SLIGHTLY
DIFFERENT TIMES. VARIOUS TECHNIQUES, INCLUDING DISPERSION-SHIFTED AND
DISPERSION-COMPENSATED FIBERS, ARE USED TO OVERCOME THIS LIMITATION.
 5. LUMINESCENCE

DEFINITION: LUMINESCENCE REFERS TO THE PROCESS WHERE LIGHT IS

EMITTED BY A MATERIAL DUE TO ENERGY BEING RELEASED FROM
ELECTRONS RETURNING TO THEIR GROUND STATE AFTER BEING
EXCITED. THIS ENERGY RELEASE IS NOT DUE TO THE OBJECT'S
TEMPERATURE BUT TO OTHER PROCESSES.
MECHANISM: TYPICALLY, AN ELECTRON ABSORBS ENERGY, ELEVATING
IT TO A HIGHER ENERGY LEVEL (EXCITED STATE). WHEN THE ELECTRON
RETURNS TO ITS ORIGINAL ENERGY LEVEL (GROUND STATE), ENERGY IS
RELEASED IN THE FORM OF LIGHT.
 5. LUMINESCENCE

APPLICATIONS
• LIGHTING: FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND LEDS UTILIZE PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND
ELECTROLUMINESCENCE, RESPECTIVELY, FOR EFFICIENT LIGHT SOURCES.
• DISPLAYS: OLED (ORGANIC LED) SCREENS USE ELECTROLUMINESCENCE FOR HIGH-QUALITY DIGITAL
DISPLAYS.
• BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: FLUORESCENCE AND CHEMILUMINESCENCE ARE USED IN
VARIOUS ASSAYS AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES TO DETECT, MEASURE, AND VISUALIZE BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES.
• SAFETY AND EMERGENCY: GLOW STICKS (CHEMILUMINESCENCE) PROVIDE LIGHT IN EMERGENCIES
WITHOUT ELECTRICITY.
• RESEARCH: STUDYING LUMINESCENCE CAN PROVIDE INSIGHTS INTO MATERIALS SCIENCE, QUANTUM
MECHANICS, AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
 6. PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

DEFINITION: PHOTONIC CRYSTALS ARE OPTICAL MATERIALS THAT ARE

PERIODICALLY STRUCTURED ON A SCALE COMPARABLE TO THE WAVELENGTH
OF LIGHT. THIS PERIODICITY ALTERS THE WAY LIGHT PROPAGATES THROUGH
THE MATERIAL, LEADING TO UNIQUE OPTICAL PHENOMENA.
PHOTONIC BAND GAP: THE KEY FEATURE OF A PHOTONIC CRYSTAL IS ITS
ABILITY TO BLOCK CERTAIN WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT WHILE ALLOWING
OTHERS TO PASS THROUGH. THIS SELECTIVE LIGHT PROPAGATION IS DUE TO
THE PHOTONIC BAND GAP, A RANGE OF WAVELENGTHS THAT ARE REFLECTED
BY THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE.
 6. PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

APPLICATIONS
• OPTICAL FIBERS: ENHANCING THE TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES AND EFFICIENCY BY GUIDING
LIGHT PRECISELY AND REDUCING LOSS.
• LIGHT EMITTING DEVICES: IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF LEDS AND LASERS BY DIRECTING
LIGHT EMISSION MORE EFFECTIVELY.
• SENSORS: SENSING CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT BY DETECTING SHIFTS IN THE PHOTONIC
BAND GAP, USEFUL IN CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SENSORS.
• PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS: INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR CELLS BY BETTER MANAGING
THE FLOW OF LIGHT AND ENHANCING LIGHT ABSORPTION.
• OPTICAL COMPUTING: DEVELOPING COMPONENTS FOR OPTICAL COMPUTERS, WHERE DATA IS
PROCESSED USING LIGHT INSTEAD OF ELECTRICITY.
 6. PHOTONIC CRYSTALS

IMPORTANCE
• CONTROL OVER LIGHT: PHOTONIC CRYSTALS ALLOW UNPRECEDENTED CONTROL
OVER LIGHT, ENABLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHLY EFFICIENT OPTICAL
DEVICES WITH TAILORED PROPERTIES.
• ENERGY EFFICIENCY: BY GUIDING AND TRAPPING LIGHT MORE EFFICIENTLY,
THESE MATERIALS CAN LEAD TO MORE ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING AND SOLAR
ENERGY HARVESTING.
• NEXT-GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES: THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF PHOTONIC
CRYSTALS ARE PIVOTAL FOR ADVANCEMENTS IN QUANTUM COMPUTING,
TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AND BEYOND.
 LA FIN

THANK YOU!!!!!