HEATING, VENTILATION &

AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)
(T21)
Presented By :
AKHIL KUMAR PANDEY
JE (CIVIL)
Dossier ID – 31/C348/23
WHAT IS AN HVAC SYSTEM
The system of motors, ducts, fans, controls, and heat
exchange units which delivers heated or cooled air to
various parts of a facility.

 The purpose of the HVAC system is to add or remove heat

and
moisture in order to maintain the desired environmental
conditions.

 The HVAC also provides ventilation and air movement

even when no heating or cooling load is present.
 CONTINUES…..

Heating, Ventilating and Air

Conditioning, HVAC, is a huge
field. HVAC systems Cooling
equipment varies from the small
domestic unit to refrigeration
machines that are 10,000
times the size.
This Section will introduce the
fundamental concepts that are
used by designers to make
decisions about system design,
operation, and maintenance.
AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESS
Seven main processes required to achieve full air conditioning :-
1. Heating — the process of adding thermal energy the space for the
purposes of raising or maintaining the temperature of the space.
2. Cooling — the process of removing thermal energy from the space
for the purposes of lowering or maintaining the temperature of the space.
3. Humidifying — the process of adding moisture to the air in the space
for the purposes of raising or maintaining the moisture content of the air.
4. Dehumidifying — the process of removing moisture from the air in
the space for the purposes of lowering or maintaining the moisture content
of the air.
CONTINUE……
5. Cleaning — the process of removing particulates and biological
contaminants from the air delivered to the space for the purposes of
improving or maintaining the air quality.
6. Ventilation — the process of exchanging air between the outdoors
and the conditioned space for the purposes of diluting the gaseous
contaminants in the space. Ventilation can be achieved either through:
 Natural ventilation: it is driven by natural draft, like when you open a
window.
 Mechanical ventilation: Can be achieved by using fans to draw air in
from outside or by fans that exhaust air from the space to outside.
7. Air Movement — the process of circulating and mixing air through
conditioned spaces in the building for the purposes of achieving the proper
ventilation and facilitating the thermal energy transfer.
 TYPES
 These specifications cover the following types of air-conditioning, heating,
ventilation and cold room works:
I. Window AC , Split AC
II. VRV/ VRF type Air-conditioning System
III. Packaged type Air- conditioning plants
IV. Central air-conditioning system
V. Central heating system.
VI.Mechanical ventilation system :
I. General Ventilation
II. Basement Parking & Shaft Ventilation
VII.Evaporative type Air Cooling Plant.
VIII.Cold rooms.
 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM
An air-conditioning system is a means of cooling/ heating, dehumidification/humidification,
filtration and its distribution to the various conditioned spaces ,maintaining indoor air quality,
energy efficiency and other resources . Various types of air-conditioning systems commonly used
are:-
a) Unit type equipments, which may be a window type room airconditioner or a split type air-
conditioner.
b) Packaged type units, which may be fully self contained (factory assembled), or split type
units.
c) VRV/ VRF system
d) Central plants, which are of two types :-
i) Central DX-Plants with AHUs etc.
ii) Central chilled water plants with AHUs, Fan Coil Units, Chilled Beams, Embedded
chilled water pipes in slabs & walls, etc.
For each application there will specifically be only one system, which will be just right for it.
 WINDOW TYPE A.C.
Window A.C. are available in standard rating of 1,
1.5, 2 TR these are provided where-

• Window for fixing the AC is available or

necessary opening in wall is provided for the
purpose.

• Sound level of up to 50 dB inside the room is

acceptable.

• These types of A.C.s are efficient & easy to

maintain as compared to split A.C.

• BEE star rated WTACs are available. As far as

possible 5 star rated A.C. may be provided in all
new installation for conserving electrical energy.
 SPLIT TYPE A.C.
• Where window for installation of WTAC is not
available, Split Type AC are planned.

• Almost Silent (Low dB level) operation of A.C is

important, considering VIP rooms, conference
rooms, etc.

• The length of connecting refrigerant pipes between

outdoor and indoor unit be kept to minimum feasible
at site. However it should not exceed 9 m , as the
efficiency of the unit gets severely affected on
increase of distance.

• The refrigerant pipes should be properly insulated

as per the recommendations of the manufacturer of
split type AC units. The insulation over refrigerant
pipes be examined once in a year and in case of any
deficiency/ defect the same may be replaced.
 CENTRAL PLANTS
• For capacities larger than 100 TR, it is generally economical to go in for central plants.
• Basic System components : Refrigeration unit (Central plant) comprising of compressor, condenser, expansion
valve, evaporator & interconnecting refrigerant piping. Hot water generators , Cooling towers, Condenser water
pumps , Chilled / Hot water pumps (Primary and Secondary System as applicable) ,Chilled / Hot water piping
(required in central chilled water system) ,Condenser water piping.
• Air handling units (AHUs) comprising of supply air blower, cooling coil and/ or heating coil, humidification
system (wherever specified), & filters (the room in which AHU is installed is called weather maker room).
• Air distribution system comprising of ducting, variable air volume (VAV) valves, fire control dampers, grilles &
diffusers.

• Treated fresh air system (TFA), Free Cooling System,

• Demand Control Ventilation System.

• Heat Recovery Wheel / Heat recovery pipe/any other measure for energy conservation for areas, requiring
high fresh air intake.

• Electric power supply & distribution.

• Controls & control wiring.

 CONTINUE…..
DX (Direct Expansion) type central plant

• In this type of central plant the evaporator(s) component of the central plant is
located in the air handling unit(s) & works there as DX-type cooling coil.
• When the air conditioning load is not very large say up to 100 TR & space for plant
room is available adjacent to AHU room(s).

• When the temperature to be maintained in air conditioning space is below 21˚C, the
use of DX type plant becomes technically essential due to the limiting factors of
evaporation temperature of the refrigerant.

Chilled water type central plant

• The chilled water type central plant becomes necessary when a number of smaller
zones require air-conditioning. In this case, the chilled water is generated in a
centrally located plant room and is piped to various AHUs, which in turn are
individually located near the space they air-condition.
 CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM
A central heating system is a means of heating the air in
a conditioned space with or without humidification.
Various methods used for central heating are:-

I. The most common method of heating is with the help

of a hot water generator. This is achieved by
circulating the hot water so generated either through: -
• Heat convectors or radiators positioned in the
conditioned spaces, or
• Heating coils of AHUs and circulating the heated
air through the conditioned spaces, analogous to the
central chilled water air conditioning system.

II. Reverse cycle by providing changeover valves in the

chilled and condenser water piping.
 CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PLANT

• RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
Reciprocating compressor shall be multi cylinder open type, semi-sealed (semi-
hermatic), or totally (hermetically) sealed type. It shall be using CFC/HCFC free
refrigerant only. The suction chamber of the compressor should be of generous
proportions and should have changes of direction of flow to ensure separation of
entrained oil and liquid refrigerant from the gas before it enters suction manifold.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
(CONSTANT SPEED AND VARIABLE SPEED)

• Centrifugal compressor shall be open/ semi-sealed/ totally sealed type.

• It shall be working on CFC and HCFC free refrigerant.
• The impeller shall be of shrouded design and made of cast aluminium
alloy of high strength and protected against corrosion.
• This shall be statically and dynamically balanced and over speed
tested so as to ensure vibration free operation.
• The compressor casing shall be of high strength ductile casting and
of such design that servicing can be carried out without disturbing
connections.
• The centrifugal compressor shall be preferably variable speed.
 CONDENSER

Covers the requirements of condensers suitable for reciprocating, and centrifugal types of refrigeration
machines for central air- conditioning and cold room applications.
Water cooled condensers

• Where a package condensing or water chilling unit is required, the condenser capacity shall match the
compressor capacity specified in the tender specifications. The condenser shall be selected for 4.2 deg. C
temperature rise of water through the condenser unless otherwise specified in the tender specifications.
• Unless otherwise specified, the condenser shall be designed for a entering water temperature of 32.2
deg. C.
Air cooled condensers
• The condenser shall be designed so as to hold 1.25 times the refrigerant charge in the system during
the idle periods.

• The air velocity over the condenser coil shall be maintained upto 200 m/min maximum.

• Condensers should be located in such a manner that there is no restriction to the air flow around the
condenser coils, there is no short-circuiting of discharge air to the intake side
 CHILLER

• For reciprocating type units the chiller shall be Direct expansion (DX) Type.
• For centrifugal type units the chiller shall be of Flooded type or falling film type.
• In a package water chilling machine, the chiller shall match the compressor capacity
specified in the tender specifications. The chiller shall be selected for 4.4 degree C
temperature drop of water through the chiller for reciprocating compressor &
5.5.deg C for centrifugal type compressors.
• The flooded chillers shall have water boxes designed for multipass flow. The DX
type chillers shall be provided with adequate number of properly spaced baffles so
that the water passes through the tube bundle many times.
 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
• The air handling unit shall be of double skin construction, draw through type in
sectionalised construction consisting of blower section, coil section,
humidification section (where specified), filter section and insulated drain pan.
• Unless otherwise specified, the unit shall be horizontal type.
• All AHU fan motors shall be provided with variable frequency drive where VAVs
(Variable Air Volume control) are provided in the ducts.
• For energy efficiency of system, where VAVs (Variable Air Volume control) are
provided in the ducts, VFD, in place of starter shall be provided in Air Handling
Units. VFD with harmonics filters should be specified. Whenever VFD is fitted,
direct shaft driven motors are normally used.
• The air outlet velocity from the blower fan shall not exceed 610 m/min.
• Noise level at a distance of 2M from AHU shall not exceed 75 dB.
 INSPECTION, TESTING AND COMMISSIONING
• Compressors
Salient features such as model, capacity control, type of lubrication etc. shall be
verified against the requirements visually without opening the compressors.
• Condenser
Salient features like number of tubes, inside diameter of tubes (from which the gauge
of the tube can be verified), no. of passes, material of fins, length of condenser,
provision of fittings like safety valve, water, gas connection shall be verified during stage
inspection. The tube thickness shall be checked.
Salient features like type of chiller, number and inside diameter of tubes (from which
gauge of the tubes can be verified), material of tubes, type, material and the number
of fins, wherever applicable, diameter and length of chiller and provision of fittings be
verified against requirements specified in the contract during stage inspection. Tube
thickness shall be checked.
 CONTINUE…
• Chilling unit (Water cooled only)
Full load test shall be carried out to verify the capacity and IKW / Ton. (For air
cooled chilling units this test shall be carried out at site)
• Air Handling Units
Salient features such as model, size, physical dimensions, and other details of
various sections, fan motor details, fan dia, static pressure etc. shall be verified
against the contract requirements.
NOTE : Manufacturer‘s internal test certificates for the all the above units shall
be furnished and scrutinized as per contract requirements
FINAL INSPECTION

• After completion of the entire installation as per specification in

all respects, the AC contractor shall demonstrate trouble free
running of the AC equipments and installation for a period of
minimum 120 hours of running
GUARANTEE

• The contractor shall guarantee the complete system to maintain the specified
conditions under all conditions of ambience and internal loads. All
equipments shall be guaranteed for a period of 12 months from the date of
acceptance and taking over of the installation by the Department against
unsatisfactory performance and/or breakdown due to defective design,
material, manufacture, workmanship or installation.
• Any leakage of refrigerant and/or oil due to defective design,
manufacture, workmanship or installation during the guarantee period shall
be made good by the contractor free of charge.
THANK
YOU