2 2 4
Electrical and electronic
experiment
Prof. Sun Kexue Date ： 2024.10
Content and
Requirements
Lesson 3
Instrument
Introduction
Experimental principle
Kirchhoff law and
Superposition Law
Experimental
content
Acceptance requirements
1 Content and Requirements
PART 01 Content and
Requirements
(1) Master the method of measuring circuit current and voltage
with a multimeter;
(2) Deepen the understanding of current and voltage reference
directions;
(3) Deepen the understanding of Kirchhoff's law and superposition
theorem in terms of their content and scope of application;
(4) Learn to use Multisum to verify Kirchhoff's law and
superposition theorem.
2 Instrument Introduction
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
DH1718E-4 Power supply
Constant
current status
indicator
Digital display
Output window
voltage
indicat
or Output
voltage
Output adjustment
Current Output
knob
limiting
adjust
ment
Power knob
Negativ
Positiv
e
e channel 1 channel 2
termina
termin
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
DF1723005TC Power supply
Constant
current status Output
indicator voltage
Digital display
indicat Power window
or Output
indep
enden
t/seri Current
es/par limiting
allel adjust Output
contr ment voltage
knob adjustment
ol
knob
Power channel 2 channel 1
Positiv
Negativ e
e termin
termina al
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
Power supply
Precautions :
The output cannot be short circuited.
Do not connect the wrong polarity when connecting the circuit,
and be sure to recognize the "+" and "-" signs below the
terminal block.
First preset and then press output.
If the constant current light is on and has entered the current
limiting state, adjusting the output voltage knob will not work
at this time.
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
Power supply
Example
Output 3V DC voltage
1 、 Preset output voltage
2 、 Select the output and observe whether the constant
voltage indicator light displays normally
3 、 Test the output voltage using a multimeter
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
SDM3055 5½ Multimeter
DCV DCI
𝑽𝛀
Ground
𝑨
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
1. Measure the continuity Measure the continuity
of the circuit
Insert the black probe into
the COM port and the red
probe into the VΩ port. Turn
the function rotary switch to
the buzzer position and
connect the probe to both
ends of the circuit to be
checked. If the resistance
value between the two points
being checked is less than
about 50 Ω, the buzzer will
sound.
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
2. Measure resistance Measure resistance
The red and black probes
are connected to the two
pins of the measured
resistor, and the resistance
value can be directly read
on the display screen.
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
3. Measuring diodes Measuring diodes
Set the switch to the diode
measurement mode, connect
the red and black probes to
the two pins of the diode
respectively, observe the
value on the display screen,
then swap the two probes and
observe the value on the
display screen again.
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
4. Measuring DC current Measuring DC current
Set the switch to the DCI
(Shift+DCV) measurement
mode, insert the black probe
into the COM port and the
red probe into the 10A port.
connect the red and black
probes to the circuit, observe
the value on the display
screen.
PART 02 Instrument
Introduction
DGDZ-5 Experimental Box
12V
9V
5V
𝟏𝒌𝛀
3 Experimental principle
PART 03 Experimental principle
Kirchhoff law
Kirchhoff's law is a fundamental law universally applicable to circuits. In
circuit analysis, Kirchhoff's law is combined with the volt ampere
relationship of components to form a general analysis method for various
complex circuits.
Kirchhoff's law is only related to the circuit structure (i.e. the number of
nodes, branches, and the connection relationship between each branch of the
circuit), and is not related to the specific volt ampere relationship of the
circuit components themselves.
Kirchhoff's law has two parts: KCL and KVL
PART 03 Experimental principle
Kirchhoff’s Current law (KCL)
KCL ： At any node in a circuit, the algebraic sum of the currents flowing
into (or out of) that node at any time is zero, i.e.:i=0
KCL originates from the conservation of charge.
Reference direction of current: The direction of current flowing into the
node is negative,
i1 i2
The direction of the current flowing out of the node is positive.
A i3
So for node A, it satisfies: (-i1)+i2+i3=0
PART 03 Experimental principle
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)
KVL ： In any circuit, at any time, the algebraic sum of the
voltage drops of all branches along that circuit is zero. That is,
u=0.
KVL originates from energy conservation.
Reference direction of voltage: Taking circuit A as an example, if
the direction of the black arrow is positive; So u2 and ux are
positive, and u1 is negative
PART 03 Experimental principle
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)
So the voltage of circuit A satisfies the following relationship:
u2 + ux +(-u1)=0
It can be solved ： ux =u1- u2
And for the B circuit ：
u2 + ux + u3 + uy =0 –
+
Get ： uy =- u2 - u3 - ux A B
+ u2 uy
– +–
u 1
+
–
ux
– + u3
PART 03 Experimental principle
Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)
Example: In the following figure, the box represents a general
component, and it is known that u1=3v ， u2=-4v ， u3=-2v. Use
KVL to calculate the branch voltages ux and uy.
Solution: Use KVL
Circuit A: u2 + ux +(-u1)=0 get ：
ux =u1- u2 =3-(-4)=7v + –
A u2 B uy
+
Circuit B: u2 + ux + u3 + uy =0 –
get ： u1 +
–
+
uy =- u2 - u3 - ux =-1v –
ux u3
– +
PART 03 Experimental principle
Superposition Law
The current or voltage of each component in a linear circuit can be
seen as the algebraic sum of the current or voltage generated on that
component by each independent source acting separately on the
circuit.
The superposition theorem only applies to voltage and current in
linear circuits. Power cannot be stacked.
4 Experimental content
PART 04 Experimental content
1 、 Verification of Kirchhoff's Law
• Figure 1 shows the experimental circuit, which has
6 branches, 4 nodes, 3 mesh holes, and 7 loops.
According to KCL, the algebraic sum of currents
collected at any node of a circuit is equal to zero.
According to KVL, the algebraic sum of the
voltage along any closed circuit is zero.
• This experiment verifies that the algebraic sum of
the currents collected at nodes B and C, as well as
the algebraic sum of the circuit voltages ABDA
and CBDEC, are zero.
• R1=2kΩ ， R2=
2kΩ ， R3=100Ω ， R4=1kΩ ， R5= 1kΩ ； Figure 1
• Us1= 5V ， Us2= 9V .
PART 04 Experimental content
1 、 Verification of Kirchhoff's Law
• 1. Calculate the current of each branch in the
circuit shown in Figure 1, IAB , IBC , IBD , IAC ,
ICE
• 2. Calculate the voltage of each circuit
component in Figure 1 UBC, UCE, UAB , UBD 。
• 3. According to the experimental task,
calculate the theoretical values of all tested
parameters and fill them in table 1.
Table 1
Figure 1
IAB IBC IBD IAC ICE UBC UCE UAB UBD
PART 04 Experimental content
1 、 Verification of Kirchhoff's Law
R3 2
List the mesh equation ： 100Ω
im1
R11im1 R12 im2 R13 im3 uSm1 R1 B R2
A 2000Ω
3
2000Ω
C
1
R21im1 R22 im2 R23 im3 uSm2 S1
5V R4
1000Ω
R5
1000Ω
E
im2 im3 4
R31im1 R32 im2 R33 im3 uSm3
S2
9V
D
0
(2000+2000+100)im1−2000im2 −2000im3=0
-2000im1 +(2000+1000)im2 −1000im3=5
Figure 2
-2000im1−1000im2 + (1000+2000+1000)im3=-9
PART 04 Experimental content
1 、 Verification of Kirchhoff's Law
R3 2
Get ： 100Ω
im1
A=-2.417mA B
R1 R2
A
3
C
mA 1
2000Ω 2000Ω
S1 R5
-3.758mA
5V R4 1000Ω
im2 1000Ω
im3 4 E
S2
=1.219mA; D
9V
=-1.341mA 0
=2.56mA; =-2.417mA
=-3.758mA;
=-2.682V; =-3.758V Figure 2
=2.438V; =2.56V
PART 04 Experimental content
1 、 Verification of Kirchhoff's Law
R3 2
100Ω
① Draw the wiring diagram of the experimental im1
circuit according to Figure 1, and indicate A
R1 3
B R2
C
points A, B, C, D, and E.
2000Ω 2000Ω
1
S1 R5
5V
② According to the circuit diagram, mark the
R4 1000Ω
1000Ω
im2 E
reference direction of current and voltage for im3 4
S2
each branch.
9V
D
③ Verify Kirchhoff's Current Law. 0
Measurement method: Select a node and
measure the current values of each branch
connected to the node, paying attention to the
positive and negative signs displayed on the
ammeter.
PART 04 Experimental content
Calculate whether the algebraic sum of the currents in each branch is zero.
∑+
∑
Table 2 KCL data
Measurement Node B Node C
project
∑ ∑
Theoretical
value
Multisim
value
Measurement
value
PART 04 Experimental content
④ Verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.
Measurement method: Select a R3 2
circuit, mark the direction of the 100Ω
circuit, measure the voltage drop of im1
B
each branch in the circuit, and pay A 1
R1
2000Ω
3 R2
2000Ω
C
attention to the sign of the voltmeter S1 R5
display value.
5V R4 1000Ω
1000Ω
im2 im3 4 E
S2
9V
D
0
PART 04 Experimental content
④ Verify Kirchhoff's Voltage Law.
Calculate whether the algebraic sum of the voltages of each branch is zero.
∑+
Table 3 KVL data
Measurement Circuit ABDA Circuit CBDEC
project
∑ ∑
Theoretical
value
Multisim
value
Measurement
value
PART 04 Experimental content
2 、 Verification of Superposition Law
• Us1 acts independently to measure the current
and resistance voltage drop of each branch,
and fill in the measured values in Table 4.
• US2 acts independently, measure the current
and resistance voltage drop of each branch,
and fill in the measured values in Table 4.
• US1 and US2 work together to measure the
current and resistance voltage drop of each
branch, and fill in the measured values in
Table 4. Figure 1
• Analyze the measurement results according to
Table 4 and verify the superposition theorem.
PART 04 Experimental content
2 、 Verification of Superposition Law
Table 4
Us1 acts Us2 acts Current and voltage after Us1 and Us2 work
independently independently superposition together
Unit(mA) + + +
Theoretical
value
Multisim
value
Unit(V) + + +
Theoretical
value
Multisim
value
PART 02 Circuit Editing
DGDZ-5 Experimental Box
12V
9V
5V
𝟏𝒌𝛀
𝟏𝒌𝛀
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀
5 Acceptance
requirements
PART 05 Acceptance requirements
Kirchhoff's law and superposition theorem acceptance requirements:
1. Build the Multisim circuit and actual circuit use experimental box and take photos.
2. Complete the measured values in Table 2, use the KCL theorem to list the ∑ I
formula.
3. Complete the measured values in Table 3, use the KVL theorem to list the ∑ U
formula, input the measured values for calculation.
4. Complete Table 4, calculate.
2 2 4
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