FORMWORK
Presented
By
K.Lavanya
M.Tech
1
DEFINITION:
Its is an artificial support provided below and around
the precast or cast insitu concrete work.
Formwork is commonly made of
Steel
wood
Formwork construction & casting is of prime importance
in concrete industry. It share a significant amount of
concrete cost.
Formwork is designed according to The ACI document
SP-4. 2
Qualities of formwork:
It should be water tight
It should be strong
It can be reusable
Its contact surface should be uniform
It should be according to the size of
member.
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Uses:
Formwork molds the concrete to
the desired shape and size, and
controls its position and alignment.
It is used to transfer the
temporary external loads.
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Major objectives considered in
formwork:
Quality
Safety
Economy
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Quality:
Forms must be designed and built with sufficient
stiffness and accuracy so that the size, shape, position,
and finish of the cast concrete are maintained.
Safety:
Forms must be built sufficient strength and factor of
safety so that they have the capable of all supporting
loads.
Economy:
Forms must be built efficiently, minimizing time
and cost..
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Requirements of formwork:
Material should be cheap and re usable,
It should be practically water proof, so that it
should not absorb water from concrete,
Swelling and shrinkage should be minimum,
Strong enough to with stand all external loads,
Deflection should be minimum,
Surface should be smooth, and afford easy striping,
Light in weight, so that easy to transfer,
Joints should be stiff, so that lateral deformation
and leak is minimum .
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THREE STAGES:
a) Assembly and erection
b) Concrete placement
c) Stripping and dismantling
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TYPES OF FORMWORK:
Temporary Structure
Temporary structure required to
safely support concrete until it reaches
adequate strength
Permanent Structure
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Formwork detail for different
structural members
In concrete construction formwork is
commonly provided for the following
structural members.
o Wall
o Column
o Slabs & Beams
o Stairs
o Chimneys
o Water tanks
o Cooling Towers
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Formwork for Wall
It consists of
• Timber sheeting
• Vertical posts
• Horizontal members
• Rackers
• Stakes
• Wedges
After completing
one side of
formwork
reinforcement is
provided at the
place then the
second side
formwork is
provided.
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Wall forms:
Wall forms principally resist the lateral pressure
generated by fresh concrete as a liquid or semi liquid
material.
The pressure can be quite large, certainly many times
the magnitude of live loads on permanent floors.
So design often involves closely spaced and well-
supported members.
Snap ties, flat ties, loop ties are single use ties usually
relatively low capacity 680 kg to 1450 kg.
Coil ties, he bolts, she bolts are left embedded in
concrete , or it can be reused.
The tension capacity of heavy ties around 27,230 kg.
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Wall forms:
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Formwork for Column
It consists of
the following
Side & End
Planks
Yoke
Nut & Bolts
Two end & two
side planks are
joined by the
yokes and bolts.
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Column
forms:
Column-forms materials tend to vary with the column
shape.
Wood or steel is often used with square or rectangular
column.
Round column forms more typically pre manufactured in a
range of standard diameters, are available in steel, paper
board, and fiber reinforced plastic.
Round column are more structural efficient compared to
square, since the internal pressures can be resisted by
the hoop membrane.
Round steel forms are generally used for larger columns
and bridge piers and come in diameters about 0.36m to
3mts..
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Formwork for columns
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Formwork for Slabs & beams:
It consists of
Sole plates
Wedges
Props
Head tree
Planks
Batten
Ledgers
Beam formwork
rests on head
tree
Slab form work
rests on battens
and joists
If prop height
are more than 8’
provide
horizontal
braces. 18
Lintel or Beam Formwork:
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FORMWORK FOR SLAB:
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FORMWORK FOR
STAIRS:
It consists of
Vertical &
inclined posts
Inclined
members
Wooden Planks
or sheeting
Stringer
Riser Planks
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FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:
The sheathing or decking for deck slabs is
carried on cross-joists which are in turn
supported on raking ledgers
The ledgers are generally of 7.5cm x 10cm size
.
The cross- joists may be 5cm x 10cm size
The riser planks are 4-5 cm thick and equal to
the height of riser
The riser planks are placed after the
reinforcement is placed in position 22
FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:
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FORMWORK FOR STAIRS:
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FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:
For tall chimneys two types of forms
techniques are in generally use in our
country
a) Jump form
b) Slip form
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Jump Form:
In this type jacking bars are either cast
in concrete or else are carried in tubes
which are cast in concrete.
After casting a lift, concrete is allowed to
set and then the forms are raised by
jacks and the next lift is cast.
Jacks are usually placed about 2m apart
and are designed.
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Slip Form:
The slip form method of concrete
construction is used for forming both
horizontal and vertical concrete
structures.
It often used for forming highway
pavements as continuous operation.
Slip form methods is also been used for
forming various types of vertical concrete
structures. 28
FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:
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FORMWORK FOR CHIMNEYS:
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Removal of formwork:
Time of formwork removal depends on the following factors
1. Type of Cement
1. Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as
compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement)
2. Ratio of concrete mix
1. Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to
weak ratio concrete.
3. Weather condition
1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather conditions
as compared to cold and humid weather conditions.
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Time of Removal of
formwork:
Sr OPC Rapid
. (Ordinary Hardeni
N
Structural Member
Portland
Cement)
ng
o
Cement
1 Beam sides, walls & 2-3 Days 2 Days
Columns
2 Slab (Vertical Supports remains 4 Days 3 Days
intact)
3 Slab (Complete Formwork 10 Days 5 Days
removal)
4 Beams (Removal of Sheeting, 8 Days 5 Days
Props remains intact)
5 Beams & Arches (Complete 14 Days 5-8 Days
formwork removal) (up to 6 m span)
6 Beams & Arches (Complete 21 Days 8-10 Days
formwork removal) (more than 6 m
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span)
Maintenance of formwork:
Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel
plates surfaces become uneven and require
maintenance.
For wooden formwork use cardboard or
plastic fiber board. Bolt hole places must also
be repaired.
For steel formwork plates must be leveled by
mallet and loose corners must be welded.
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Cost of formwork
For normal works cost of formwork is about 30%-
40% of the concrete cost.
For special works cost of formwork is about 50%-
60% of the concrete cost.
Formwork cost is controlled by the following
factors
• Formwork Material cost
• Formwork erecting cost
• Formwork removal cost
• Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables)
• Labor charges. 34
Advantages of steel form work:
It can be used for a no. of times.
It is non absorbent.
Smooth finish surface obtained.
No shrinkage of formwork occurs.
Easy to use.
Its volume is less
Its strength is more.
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LOADS ON FORMWORK:
Formwork is subjected to following loads:
a) Dead weight of concrete
b) Hydrostatic pressure of the concrete
c) Live load due to working laborers
d) Impact effect at the time of pouring
concrete into the formwork
e) Vibrations transmitted to formwork
during pouring concrete
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FORMWORK DESIGN
Guiding points in the Design of formwork
For design purpose, temporary live load due to
labor and equipment including impact may be
taken from 3700N/m2 to 4000N/m2
Dead weight of wet concrete (26000 N/m 3)
Planks or boards used to form the vertical facing
of the columns or walls is known as sheathing
whereas those used for floor slabs are called
decking
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The hydrostatic pressure due to fluidity of concrete
in the initial stages of pouring depends upon
several factors such as amount of water, size of
aggregates, rate of pouring etc.,
The hydrostatic pressure is maximum at the time of
pouring, but after some time it starts decreasing, as
concrete starts setting and hardening. This
pressure is mainly dependent on the depth of
concrete poured before it starts setting
Deflection of the sheathing and joists should be
limited to a maximum value of 2.5mm
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Contd...
The minimum wind design pressure q not
less than 15 psf and bracing should be
designed for at least
w =46 kg/ft- length applied to the
top
The minimum lateral load w, for design of
bracing system would be greater than,
q .(h/2) or 46 kg/ft
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Contd...
For design practice the maximum pressure
is given by:
p = wh
Where,
p => lateral pressure of concrete,
w => unit weight of concrete,
h => depth of fluid or plastic
concrete.
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Contd...
For horizontal pressure of concrete is given by:
For walls constructing R less than 2.1m/hr;
p =150+9000(R/T)
For walls constructing R varies from
2.1m/hr to 3m/hr;
p = 150+(43,400/T)+2800(R/T)
For columns 3m/hr;
p = 150+9000(R/T)
Where, R => rate of vertical placement,
T => time for placement.
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DESIGN OF SLAB FORMWORK:
Design of slab forms can be summarized in the following design
steps:
Step 1: Estimate design loads
Step 2: Determine sheathing thickness and spacing of its
supports (joist spacing)
Step 3: Determine joist size and spacing of supports (stringer
spacing)
Step 4: Determine stringer size and span (shore spacing)
Step 5: Perform shore design to support stringers
Step 6: Check bearing stresses
Step 7: Design lateral bracing
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