Internal Combustion
Engine
BY : NIPUN GOSAI
What is Heat Engine?
• The device which is able to derive heat energy from
the combustion of the fuel and able to transfer this
heat energy in to mechanical energy is known as a
heat engine.
• There are two types of heat engines.
External Combustion Engine
Internal Combustion Engine
E.C. & I.C. Engine
E.C. Engine I.C. ENGINE
Types of Engines
Classification of I.C. Engines
• Types of Fuel used as:
Petrol Engine
Diesel Engine
Gas Engine
• Nature of Thermodynamic cycle as:
Otto cycle Engine
Diesel cycle Engine
Duel cycle Engine
Classification of I.C. Engines
• Number of strokes per cycle as:
Four stroke engine
Two stroke engine
• Method of ignition as:
Spark ignition engine
Compression ignition engine
Classification of I.C. Engines
• Method of cooling as:
Air cooled engine
Water cooled engine
• Speed of the engine as:
Low speed engine
Medium speed engine
High speed engine
Classification of I.C. Engines
• Number of cylinder as:
Single cylinder engine
Multicylinder engine
• Position of cylinder as:
Inline Engine
V-Engine
Radial Engine
Opposed cylinder engine
Opposed piston engine
Classification of Engine
Inline Engine V Engine
Radial Engine
Classification of Engine
Opposed piston Engine
Opposed cylinder Engine
Engine Components
• Cylinder Carburetor
Fuel Pump
• Cylinder head Fuel injector
• Piston Spark plug
• Piston ring
• Piston pin
• Connecting rod
• Crank & Crank shaft
• Valves
• Flywheel
• Crank case
Engine Components
• Cylinder & Cylinder head:
It is the heart of the engine in
which the fuel is burnt and the power is
developed.
It has capacity to withstand very
high pressure and temperature because
the combustion of fuel is carried out
within the cylinder.
Therefore cylinder must be cooled.
The Inside diameter is called Bore.
Piston reciprocates inside the cylinder.
Cylinder head covers top end of cylinder. It provides space for valve
mechanism, spark plug, fuel injector etc.
Cylinder Layout In Engine
Engine Components
• Piston:
The function of the piston is
to transmit the gas force to the
connecting rod, hence to the
crank.
It slides in the cylinder.
Pistons are generally made of
aluminum alloys or cast iron.
Engine Components
• Piston rings:
The piston rings are metallic rings
inserted into circumferential grooves
provided at the top of the piston.
The Function of the rings is to maintain
gas tight joint between the piston and
the cylinder while piston is reciprocating
inside the cylinder.
Piston rings made of cast steel are
provided to prevent the leakage of gas
to crank case.
Upper rings are called compression
rings. Lower piston rings are oiling rings.
Engine Components
• Piston pin or Gudgeon pin:
It connects the piston to
small end of the
connecting rod.
It is made of hardened
steel in the shape of
spindle.
Engine Components
• Connecting rod:
As the name suggests, it
connects piston on one side
through piston pin and crankshaft
on other side through crank pin.
It forms the main link for
converting reciprocating motion
of piston in to rotary motion of
crankshaft.
It is usually made of steel
forging.
Engine Components
• Crank and Crank Shaft:
The crank is a lever that is
connected to big end of
connecting rod by pin joint with
its other end connected rigidly
to a shaft called crank shaft.
As piston reciprocates in
cylinder, crank rotates about
the axis of crankshaft.
Crankshaft is supported by
bearings.
Crank and Crank Shaft
Engine Components
• Valves and valve gear
mechanism:
Engine has intake valve
and exhaust valve.
They are operated by
valve gear mechanism.
Valves controls the flow
of intake mixture of air and
petrol, also exhaust gases
from engine cylinder.
Valves and valve gear mechanism
Engine Components
• Flywheel:
A heavy rotating mass
is attached to crankshaft
outside the crankcase
called flywheel.
The function of the
flywheel is to smooth
out the cyclic
fluctuations of torque
developed by the
reciprocating engine
during cycle.
Flywheel
Engine Components
• Crank case:
It is the lower part of the
engine, serving as an enclosure
of the crank shaft and also as a
sump for the lubricating oil.
• Carburetor:
It is used in petrol engine and
its function is to prepare proper
mixture of air and petrol.
• Spark plug:
It is used in petrol engine to
produce high intensity spark for
ignition of air petrol mixture in
the cylinder.
Engine Components
• Fuel Pump:
It is used in diesel engine for increasing
pressure of fuel and controlling quantity of
fuel supplied to injector.
• Fuel injector:
It is used to inject diesel in the form of
fine atomized spray in the cylinder.
DIESEL ENGINE COMPONENTS
I.C. Engine Terminology
• Bore (D):
The inner diameter of cylinder is called a bore.
• Dead Centres:
In case of vertical engines, Top most
position of piston is called top dead centre
(T.D.C.).
In case of vertical engines, Bottom most
position of piston is called bottom dead
centre (B.D.C.).
I.C. Engine Terminology
• Dead Centres:
In case of horizontal engines, inner most
position and outer most position of the
piston are called inner dead centre (I.D.C.)
and outer dead centre (O.D.C.)
respectively.
• Stroke (L):
Travel of piston from one dead centre to
other is termed as stroke.
I.C. Engine Terminology
• Clearance Volume (Vc ):
The volume between cylinder head and
piston when piston is at top dead centre is
called clearance volume. It is denoted by
Vc.
I.C. Engine Terminology
• Stroke Volume:
The volume displaced by the piston, when
it moves from TDC to BDC is called stroke
volume. It is denoted by Vs.
Vs = π/4 × d2 × l
Where,
d = Bore dia
l = Length of Stroke
I.C. Engine Terminology
• Compression Ratio (r):
The ratio of cylinder volume to clearance
volume is called the compression ratio of
the engine.
I.C. Engine Terminology
Vc
Vs
I.C. Engine Terminology
• Piston speed:
It is the average speed of piston. It is equal to 2LN.
Unit is m/min.
Where,
N = Speed of crank shaft in rpm,
Piston speed, Vp = 2LN/60 m/sec
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine
• The cycle of operation in a four stroke petrol
engine is completed in two revolutions of
crank shaft or four strokes of piston.
• There are basic four strokes:
a) Suction stroke
b) Compression stroke
c) Expansion stroke (Working stroke)
d) Exhaust stroke
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine
a) Suction stroke : Exhaust
valve close
Inlet valve opens & Exhaust valve closed.
Charge of air and fuel enters into the
cylinder.
Piston moves from T.D.C To B.D.C.
a) b) Compression stroke :
Inlet valve & Exhaust valve both are closed.
Charge is compressed.
Piston moves from B.D.C To T.D.C.
As a result of compression Pr. & T. of the
charge increases.
One complete revolution of crankshaft
completed.
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine
c) Power stroke :
Before piston reaches to TDC during compression Spark
Firing
charge is ignited with spark plug.
It suddenly increases Pr. & T. of the product of
combustion.
Due to rise in pressure piston pushes down from
T.D.C To B.D.C.
The hot gases expands and heat energy
transforms into mechanical work.
d) Exhaust stroke :
Exhaust valve open as piston moves from B.D.C To
T.D.C.
Piston pushes the products combustion to atm
through exhaust valve.
Another complete revolution of crankshaft
completed.
Actual Indicator Diagram
Suction stroke1-2 line is below Atm Pr. line
It is the Pr. Differnce which makes the Charge of air and fuel enters
into the cylinder.
The inlet valve offers some resistance with throttle valve placed to
the incoming air so, that charge can not enters into the cylinder
suddenly.
Thus Pr. inside the cylinder remains below atmospheric due to the
pistons downward movement towards BDC.
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Petrol Engine
During the compression inlet valve closed but little beyond Early point 2 or
BDC and Pr. Increases.
Shortly before the end of compression or at TDC, the charge is ignited with
the spark plug.
Due to ignition increasing Pressure & temperature of the combustion
product meanwhile volume remain constant (process 3-4).
Now expansion process is shown by 4-5 in which exhaust valve open a
little before point 5 or BDC.
also the pressure difference which makes the burnt gases flow out from
the cylinder.
ACTUAL VALVE TINMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE
PETROL ENGINE
Inlet valve opens before piston reaches TDC or while piston moving up
before suction stroke.
IVO opens 10- 20 before TDC.
Now,piston reaches to the TDC & actual suction stroke starts.
Piston reaches to BDC again start moving up.
IVC closes 30- 40 after BDC.
Then inlet valve closes, When crank moved little beyond the BDC till
incoming charge continuous to flow into cylinder.
Now the charge is compressed and ignited by the spark plug shortly
before the end of compression.
IGN opens 20- 30 before TDC.
This is done as the charge require some time to ignite. By the time
piston reaches TDC.
Now the burnt gases pushes piston downwards and expansion stroke
takes place.
Meanwhile exhaust valve opens before the piston reaches to BDC.
Exhaust valve EVO opens 30- 50 before BDC. And burnt gases start
leaving the cylinder.
Now piston reaches to the BDC and starts moving upwards thus
performing exhaust stroke.
ACTUAL VALVE TINMING DIAGRAM FOR FOUR STROKE
PETROL ENGINE
The inlet valve opens before piston reaches up to TDC to start
suction stroke.
Fresh charge pushes burnt gases then piston reaches to the TDC
and the suction stroke starts again.
The exhaust valve closes after the crank has moved little beyond
TDC.
EVC closes 10- 20 after TDC.
It may noted that the small fraction of crank revolution, both the
inlet & outlet valves are open. This is known as Valve Overlap.
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine
Four Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine
Comparison of Petrol & Diesel Engine
Comparison of Petrol & Diesel Engine
two stroke engine
• To be Countinue…
