Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exercise 17
Stress-Strain Relations: Hooke's Law
17-1 Introduction
In Exercise 16, we've learned that, if we apply uniaxial normal forces along X-direction, the only nonzero stress components is X and the nonzero strain components are
X =
X and Y = Z = X = X E E
where E is the Young's modulus (16-3) and is the Poisson's ratio (16-4) of the material. For structural steel, E = 200 GPa and = 0.3. Similarly, if we apply uniaxial normal forces along Y-direction, the only nonzero stress components is Y and the nonzero strain components are
Y =
Y and Z = X = Y = Y E E
and the
Similarly, if we apply uniaxial normal forces along Z-direction, the only nonzero stress components is Z nonzero strain components are
Z =
Z and X = Y = Z = Z E E
Now, consider that we apply multiple normal forces along all three direction. The three normal stresses ( X , Y , Z ) are all nonzero and the three normal strains are
X Y Z E E E Y = Y Z X E E E Z = Z X Y E E E X =
(1)
Explanation of the above equations is easy. For example, the rst equation states that the normal strain X is a combination of three contributions: X , Y , and Z . Without loss of generality, we assume that all three stress are tensile, then the contribution of X is to elongate a strain of X E , the contribution of Y is to shrink an strain of Y E , and, similarly, the contribution of Z is to shrink an strain of Z E . Shearing (twisting) doesn't involve Poisson's effects. The relations between the shear stresses and the shear strains are simply
XY =
XY , YZ = YZ , ZX = ZX G G G
(2)
where G is the shear modulus (Section 16-5). Eqs. (1-2) are called the Hooke's law for an isotropic material. In this section, we will verify the Hooke's law using results of simulation conducted in Exercise 14 (the C-Bar).
2
17-2 Start Up
Strain Component
Strain Value (Dimensionless) 13.405 106 100.15 106 49.773 106 262.02 106 0 0 [2] The strain components.
X Y Z XY YZ ZX
[3] Right-click <Normal Stress> and select <Duplicate>. Repeat this step four more times.
4
[4] Highlight <Normal Stress 2> and select <Y Axis> for <Orientation>.
[5] Highlight <Normal Stress 3> and select <Z Axis> for <Orientation>.
[6] Highlight <Normal Stress 4> and select <Shear Stress> for <Type>.
[7] Highlight <Normal Stress 5>, select <Shear Stress> for <Type>, and select <YZ Axis> for <Orientation>.
[8] Highlight <Normal Stress 6>, select <Shear Stress> for <Type>, and select <XZ Axis> for <Orientation>.
[9] Select six stress results objects and right-click-select <Rename Based on Denition>. [11] Solve.
[10] Results objects for six stress components. [13] Highlight <Y Axis - Normal Stress Path-Y>. Y = 22.767 MPa . [12] Highlight <X Axis - Normal Stress - Path-Y>. X = 9.4217 MPa .
6
[14] Highlight <Z Axis - Normal Stress Path-Y>. Z = 0.29805 MPa , which is a very small, yet theoretically a nonzero value.
[16] Highlight <YZ Plane Shear Stress - Path-Y>. YZ = 0 . Although it is displayed as a nonzero value due to the numerical nature, it is theoretically a zero value.
[17] Highlight <XZ Plane Shear Stress - Path-Y>. XZ = 0 . Although it is displayed as a nonzero value due to the numerical nature, it is theoretically a zero value.
Stress Component
X Y Z XY YZ ZX
[19] The stresses applied on the material. 22.767 MPa 20.156 MPa
20.156 MPa 9.4217 MPa 9.4217 MPa 20.156 MPa Y 20.156 MPa X 22.767 MPa
X 9.4217 22.767 0.29805 Y Z = 0.3 0.3 = 13.405 106 E E E 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 22.767 0.29805 9.4217 Y = Y Z X = 0.3 0.3 = 100.15 106 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 E E E 0.29805 9.4217 22.767 Z = Z X Y = 0.3 0.3 = 49.773 106 E E E 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 X =
and the shear strains are
X =
The above calculations are consistent with the strain components tabulated in 17-3[2]. Note that the shear modulus G is calculated by ANSYS using G= E 200, 000 = = 76, 923 MPa 2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.3)
Wrap Up