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Introduction
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Definition & Reasons for D.D Reference Systems and Coordinates Types of Directional well trajectories Calculation of a well trajectory Directional Drilling Measurements Deflection Tools Principles of BHA
Directional Drilling presentation
The science of directing a well bore along a predetermined trajectory to intersect a designated subsurface target. The kick off point is defined as the point below surface location where the well is deflected from the vertical. A predetermined point in the reservoir that D.D should reaches to it.
Directional Drilling presentation
z Target: Target
z
Well classification
Vertical Well High Inclination Well Horizontal Well Extended Reach Well Designer Well Wells with less than 10 deviation Wells between 60 and 85 deviation Wells with more than 85 deviation Horizontal/TVD displacement greater than 2.5
Wells with significant turn in the horizontal plane of 30 to 180 degrees, and turn not restricted by inclination
Directional wells
Radius Classification Long Radius Medium Radius Intermediate Radius Short Radius Build Rate ( degrees/30 meter ) 1- 6 7 30 30 - 70 71 - 150 Radius (meter) 1719 286 285 57 56 24 23 - 11.5
Side-tracking existing well (because of hole problems or fish or reaching new targets) Restricted surface locations (inaccessible locations) To reach multiple targets To reduce number of offshore platforms Horizontal Drilling To reach thin reservoirs (using horizontal wells) Salt dome drilling (directing the well from the salt dome to avoid casing collapse problems) To avoid gas or water coning For intersecting fractures Relief wells For controlling vertical wells Shoreline drilling
D.D applications
Horizontal well
z
Horizontal wells
z
The Incl. reaches to 90 through reservoir section : z Fracture Limestone & Low permeability zone
Virtually all of the considerations for choosing a fluid for drilling a vertical hole apply to choosing a fluid for a directional hole:
z z z z z z z
Formation protection Hole cleaning Lubricity Inhibition Fluid weight required Economics Environmental impact
Depth references
z
Measured Depth (MD) Pipe tally, wire line depth counter, or mud loggers depth counter True Vertical Depth (TVD) calculated from the deviation survey data
z z
Inclination references
z
is the angle (in degrees) between the vertical and the well bore axis at a particular point.
TVD & MD
Azimuth references
z z z
Note:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Build and hold Build-hole-drop (S type) Build-hold-drop-hold (modified S type) Continuous build Deep Kickoff and Build
Features:
z z z z z z
Shallow kick-off point (KOP) Build-up section Tangent section Penetrate target at an angle equal to the Max buildup angle No major changes in incl. & azimuth After build up section Incl: 15 55 deg or may be more
Applications:
z z
Deep wells with large horizontal displacements Moderately deep wells with moderate horizontal displacement, where intermediate casing is not required
Modified S type
S type
Features:
z z z z
Applications:
z z z z z
Multiple pay zones Reduces final angle in reservoir Lease or target limitations Well spacing requirements Deep wells with small horizontal displacements
Build, hold &drop back to vertical (illustrated above) Build, hold, drop & hold (illustrated above) Build, hold & continuous drop through reservoir
Disadvantages:
z z z
Increased torque & drag Risk of key seating Logging problems due to inclination
Continuous build
z
Features:
z z z
Decrease in torque & drag Lowest risk of key seating Continuous build rate
KOP
Build Section
Applications:
z
This type occurs when using down-hole motors with bent sub.
Target
Features:
z z z
Applications:
z z z
Salt dome drilling Sidetracking Appraisal wells to assess the extent of a newly discovered reservoir
Disadvantages:
z
z z
Formations are harder so the initial deflection may be more difficult to achieve Harder to achieve desired tool face orientation with down hole motor deflection assemblies (more reactive torque) Longer trip time for any BHA changes required Build up rate is more difficult to control
1 q
= arc sin
r1 X 3 arc tan D D 2 2 ( r X ) ( D D ) + 1 3 1 3 3 1
The length of arc, section DC: L DC = r1 Or LDC = q 180 Horizontal departure at the end of build section:
X 2 = r1 (1 cos )
Directional Drilling presentation
D M = D1 +
z
r1 tan
D 2 = D 1 + r1 sin
z
CP = ( D D1 r1 sin )
Another way of expressing maximum inclination angle, in term of r1, D1, D3 and X3 for X3<r1 is: D D1 = arc tan( 3 ) r1 X 3
arc cos
r1 D 3 D1
) sin arc
D3 D1 tan r X 3 1
Directional Drilling presentation
The maximum inclination angle, can be calculated by: D 3 D1 = 180 arc tan X r 3 1
= arc tan(
arc cos
D4 D1 ) r1 + r2 X 4
D D
r1 + r2 D 4 D1
Total horizontal departure= 4500 ft True vertical depth (TVD)= 12500 ft Depth of KOP= 2500 ft Rate of build of inclination angle= 1.5 deg/100ft Type 1 well (build-hold)
A. B.
Determine the maximum hole angle? What is the total measured depth?
Ans.
z
D D
=26.29 deg
D M = D1 +
r1 tan
DM=2500+1753+9264=13517 ft
Acceleration method Average angle method Angle-averaging method Backward station method Balanced tangential method Circular arc method Compensated acceleration method Mercury method Minimum curvature method Quadrant method Radius of curvature method Secant method Tangential method Terminal angle method Trapezoidal method Vector averaging method
n i i =1 Li = DMi . sin( i ). cos( i ) n M i = DMi . sin( i ). sin( i ) M n = M i i =1 Di = DMi . cos( i ) n Li= latitude north/south Dn = Di Mi= latitude east/west i =1 Di= TVD segment i= inclination angle
DMi= course length i= direction angle
the tangential method uses only the inclination and direction angles at lower end of the course length. n It is inaccurate among other methods: L = L
the angle averaging method is the simple average of the angles at the top and bottom of course length.
n i + i 1 i + i 1 ). cos( ) Ln = Li Li = DMi . sin( i =1 2 2 n i + i 1 i + i 1 ). sin( ) M n = M i M i = DMi . sin( 2 2 i =1 n i + i 1 ) Di = DMi . cos( Dn = Di 2 i =1
cos i = cos ( i i 1 ) {sin i 1 . sin i (1 cos ( i i 1 ))} F = 2 . tan i 2 i D Mi Mi = .(sin( i 1 ). sin ( i 1 ) + sin i . sin i ).Fi 2 D Li = Mi 2 .(sin( i 1 ). cos ( i 1 ) + sin i . cos i ).Fi D Di = Mi 2 .(cos( i 1 ) + cos i ).Fi
n Ln = Li i =1 n M n = M i i =1 n D n = Di i =1
Total vertical depth & North displacement & differences from actual (ft) differences from actual (ft) 1628.61 1653.61 1654.18 1653.99 1653.99 1653.63 -25.38 -0.38 +0.19 0.0 0.0 -0.37 998.02 954.72 955.04 954.93 954.93 954.89 +43.09 -0.21 +0.11 0.0 0.0 0.04
Dogleg Severity
z
Large angle changes occurring over a short course length can place high bending stresses on the pipe. In addition, these doglegs can cause key seating problems. Most operators place a limit on the amount of angle change allowable over a 100-ft segment. The limit is 4-6 deg per 100 ft.
Procedure:
load film into instrument activate timer (activate stopwatch) make up the tool drop the tool retrieve tool (wire line or drill pipe)
Are capable of taking numerous survey records in one run. May be dropped down the drill pipe or run on wire line in open hole. The unit contains a watch that is spring wound and uses the power of the spring to operate a timer cam.
z z
The multishot tool is usually dropped down the drill pipe and landed in the nonmagnetic drill collar. During the trip out, a survey is taken every 90 ft, i.e. every stand.
z z
More closely spaced stations could be obtained by stopping the pipe more often, and waiting for a picture. z A stopwatch at the surface is synchronized with the instrument watch.
While drilling it is possible to transmit to the surface down hole information on:
Inclination Direction tool-face gamma ray Resistivity temperature weight on bit angle torque on bit sonic velocity
Inclination, direction, and tool-face angle are of particular interest in directional drilling. A lower cost MWD tool can be used if only directional drilling information is required.
Information is typically transmitted through the mud column by: +ve or - ve pressure pulses, or pressure pulse modulation
Directional Drilling presentation
Deflection Tools
z
Hole angles are usually kicked off by jetting, whip stocks or some type of bent sub, down hole motor tools. Geology affects the decision as well as the desire to use a steering tool.
z 1.
Jetting: It was a widely used technique several years ago. It involved the use of a large bit jet and two smaller jets. After washing 6-8 ft rotary was used to drill the rest of the joint Whip stock is a very simple device used to kick off the well.
i. ii.
2.
3.
Bent subs: are used with down hole motors. The sub has 1/2 -5/2 degree of bend in it that will deflect the motor in the desired direction.
Jetting
z
A standard soft formation tricone bit, with one very large nozzle and two smaller ones. Important parameter:
z
Geology:
z z
S.S & oolitic limestone (best) Unconsolidated S.S & very soft rock (good) Very soft rocks erode too much (bad) z As a rough rule of thumb, ROP>24m/hr using normal drilling parameters
Hydraulic energy
z
A rule of thumb: mud velocity through the large jet should be at least 500 ft/sec.
Advantages z Same BHA to change trajectory & drilling ahead z Simple and cheap method in soft formations. z Dogleg severity can be partly controlled from surface by varying the number of feet jetted each time. z The survey tool is not far behind the bit. z Orientation of tool face is fairly easy
Disadvantages z Only works in soft formation and therefore at shallow depths. z high dogleg severities are often produced. Deviation is produced in a series of sudden changes, rather than a smooth continuous change. For this reason, it is normal practice to jet an under gauge hole and then open it out to full gauge, which smoothes off the worst of the doglegs.
Some movies about D.D: Movie 1 (bottom trip W.S) Movie 2 (section milling) Movie 3 (section milling) Movie 4 (retrieving a W.S) Movie 5 (cement type W.S) Movie 6 (Casing W.S)
Directional Drilling presentation
Whip stocks
z
Permanent Casing Whip stock z used where a window is to be cut in casing for a sidetrack z advantage
z
operation usually takes less time. gives a sharp dogleg Casing window is too short. Numerous trips & long hours of rotation can wear or damage the casing, difficult to trip out the BHA through the casing window
disadvantage
z z
Was developed in 1966, and 2 years later the PDM began to be used in the US PDM & turbine + Bent Sub + Bent Housing or eccentric stabilizers
PDM:
z
The directional driller can use pump pressure as a weight indicator longer bit life
z
Turbine:
z z
z z z z z z z z z
Gauge and placement of stabilizers Diameter and length of drill collars Weight -on-bit Rotary speed Bit type Formation anisotropy and dip angle of the bedding planes Formation hardness Flow rate Rate of penetration
Directional Drilling presentation
PDM accessories
PDM accessories
PDM accessories
PDM accessories
Turbine accessories
References
z z z z z z z z z
Applied drilling engineering Adam T.bourgoyne, spe text book,vol 2. Oil well drilling engineering H. Rabia, univ. of newcastle,1985. Advanced directional drilling drilling services, computalog, Texas. Drilling engineering N.J Adams, pennwell books, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Drilling engineering workbook baker huges INTEQ,80270H rev. B, Dec 1995. IADC Drilling manual, e-book version(11),2000. Well engineering & construction Hussein Rabia, e-book version. Introduction to directional drilling schlumberger hand out, 1998 Directional drilling training manual, schlumberger handbook, 1996
That was all I knew about D.D Thanks for your attention