toGiu

f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G &f rnft h csurf sm;ESihf

toGiu f al jymif;a&;umv_yD;aemuf}uHKawGŒ&rnfph rd af c:csurf sm;

&SvJ =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f

tkyq
f mvm wuUov
kd _f idrcf sr;f a&;ESihf yÉdyuQqikd &f mokawoeXme
 &Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f

toGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G &f rnft h csurf sm;ESihf
toGiu f al jymif;a&;umv_yD;aemuf}uHKawGŒ&rnfph rd af c:csurf sm;

&Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u f pG f
tkyq
f mvmwuUov
kd f _idrcf sr;f a&;ESihf yÉdyuQqikd &f mokawoeXme
wifjycsuf yxrydik ;f wGif Edik if aH &;pepftoGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;umv twGi;f Y
OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh }uHKawG@&Edkifaom jy\em
pdrfac:csufrsm;udk a,bl,sokH;oyfwifjyxm;ygonf? 'kwd,ydkif;rSmrl
toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemufydkif; umvrsm;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh
}uHKawG@&avh&Sdaom jy\emrsm;udkaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? txl;ojzifh
wm0efcaJG 0r_/ wm0ef,rl _ ydik ;f qdik &f mjy\emrsm;/ ppfav#maf =u;ESihf jyef
vnfxal xmifa&;qdik &f m jy\emrsm; jzpfygonf? aemufq;Hk tydik ;f wGirf l
tpkvu kd f aqG;aEG;r_rsm;. &vm'ftESpcf sKyfukd azmfjyxm;ygonf?

toGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGiOf ;D pm;ay;aqmif&u
G &f rnft
h csurf sm;
yÉdyuQrSefor#wdk@wGif a,bl,stm;jzifh tydkif;okH;ydkif;yg0ifygonf?
,if;wd@k rmS yÉdyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ yÉdyuQwiG ;f aqmif&u G =f uyHk
vlw@kd .tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf yÉdyuQqikd &f mvlw@kd .oabmxm; wd@k jzpfygonf?
,if;wdk@onf wcktay:wck tjyeftvSef=oZmoufa&mufr_rsm; &SdEdkif
ygonf? Oyrm — usaemfw@kd ppfqifa&;wck (yÉdyuQ tjyKtrl) vkyo f nfh
tcg ,if;ppfqifa&;u usefonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm;tay: =oZmouf
a&muf apygonf? Oyrm — jyif;xefaomoabmxm;rsm;jzifh wke@f jyefjcif;/
xdt
k wGuaf =umifyh if trke;f oHo&mvnfae&jcif;rsm; qufvufjzpfay:ap
ygonf? Ttqd;k oHo&mudk zsuq f ;D ypf&efqv kd #if usaemfw@kd onf yÉdyuQ
. tpdwftydkif;wckckudk ajymif;vJypf&ef vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;udpw
P &yfukd aqmif&u G &f eftwGuq f v
kd #if usaemfw@kd
taejzifh yÉdyuQ. tpdwt f ydik ;f ok;H ckv;Hk udak jymif;vJypfvu kd &f ef vdt k yf
ygonf? Tae&mwGif Edik if aH &;pepftoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv[kqo kd nfh
teuft"dy`g,frSm xdkyÉdyuQwGif yg0ifygwfoufaeaom t"duZmwf
aumifrsm;u ajymif;vJawmhrnf[k pdwyf ikd ;f jzwfxm;+yD;aemuf/ ajymif;

19
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

vJrt_ pDtpOfrsm; pwif tajcwnfrad omumvESihf tkycf sKyfa&;tm%m

opfw&yfukd pwifcsrw S tf aumiftxnfaz:Edik o f nfh tcsed u
f q
kd v
kd jkd cif;
jzpfonf? Oyrm tm;jzifh — zG@J pnf;ykt
H yk cf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'opf w&yfukd
a&;qGjJ cif;rsKd ; jzpfonf?
toGiful;ajymif;a&;wGif OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;
ta=umif; usaemfw@kd ajym=uonft
h cg/ OD;pm;ay;aqmif&uG pf &m vkyif ef;
rsm;udk tajccHta=umif;&if; (3) ckjzifh cGJjcm;owfrSwfygonf? T
ta=umif;t&if; (3) ckrmS —
• ‚if;vkyif ef;rsm;onf vkyaf qmif&efvt
kd yfonf[k rdru
d ,lq+yD;/
rdrq
d ifajcjzifh usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmo
f nf[,
k q
l aom vkyif ef;rsm;?
• 'kwd,ta=umif;&if;rSm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;rSm
orkwod abmqef+yD;/ rdrt
d uJjzwfcsut
f & (od@k r[kw)f rdrcd ,
H l
xm;aom tawG;tac:t& tajccHvkyfaqmifaomvkyfief;rsKd;
jzpfonf?
• wwd,tm;jzifh OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufp&mvkyfief;rsm;udk rdrdwGif
&Sad om vltm;aiGtm;tuef@towftay: tajccHI (Oyrm —
vlOD;a&rvkHavmufjcif;/ u|rf;usifr_t&tuef@towf&Sdjcif;/
odk@r[kwf pD;yGm;a&;&kyfb0t&tuef@towf&Sdjcif;) OD;pm;ay;
aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvudk zGJ@pnf;ykHoabmt&&_jrifjcif;
vl@tzG@J tpnf;trsm;pkukd zG@J pnf;r_qikd &f mt& tv$mok;H cktjzpfcjJG cm; &_jrif
Edik o
f nf? txufyikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ tv,ftvwfyikd ;f ESihf atmufajc
vlxrk sm;tydik ;f wd@k jzpfonf? Ttv$mtoD;oD;wd@k wiG f olw@kd . oufqikd &f m
acgif;aqmifrsm; &Sdygonf? tv,ftvwfydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
r[mAsL[mt& ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm olw@kd onf xdyyf ikd ;f acgi;f
aqmifrsm;jzpfzdk@tcGifhtvrf;&Sd+yD;/ atmufajcvlxktydkif;ESifh xdyfydkif;
acgif;aqmifrsm;udk qufpyfay;Edkifaoma=umifhvnf;jzpfonf? tv,f
tvwfyikd ;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;onf obm0t&udu k yif xdyyf ikd ;f ESihf atmuf
ajcudkqufoG,fay;olrsm;jzpfonf? atmufajcacgif;aqmifrsm;onf
20
 &Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f

jynfolvlxktrsm;pkudk xdawG@qufqHI rdrdrl0g'rsm;udkcsjy&ef tpGrf;

aqmifEikd q f ;kH aom tcGit hf vrf;&Sod nfh ta&;}uD;onfh tiftm;pkrsm;jzpf
=uonf? 'Drdkua&pDvl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf vnfywfa&;twGuf ta&;
tygqHk;aom tiftm;pkrsm;vnf;jzpf=uonf? Ttv$mokH;ckvkH;onf
EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg tusdK;oufa&muf
r_c=H u&+yD;/ ,if; jzpfpOf. tpdyt f ydik ;f rsm;tjzpfyg0ifvy_ &f mS ;=u&ygonf?
od@k a=umifyh if jrefrmh'rD u
kd a&pDvy_ &f mS ;r_ uJo h @kd aom awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_
rsm;onf tv$m (3) v$mvk;H udk tajymif;tvJEiS yhf gwo f ufI owif;ay;
&ef/ od&adS eap&ef vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif tv$m (3) ckpvH;k wGif jynfwiG ;f
jynfy qufpyfra_ umif;aumif;&Sad e&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ygonf? od@k ro S m
Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;r_jzpfvmaomtcg jrefrmEdik if v H rl t
_ odik ;f
t0dik ;f wckv;kH t&Sed tf [kejf zifh ajymif;vJrE_ iS thf nD vduk yf gaqmif&u G Ef ikd rf nf
jzpfonf?
tjcm;jy\emwckrmS tv$m (3) ckv;kH =um;wGif &Sad eaom yl;aygi;f
aqmif&u G rf u
_ pd rP sm; jzpfonf? atmufajctv$mrsm;ESihf tv,ftvwf
tv$mrsm;taejzifh txufydkif;acgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; oabmwlnDr_
&&Sdcsufrsm;/ EdkifiHa&;tajctae jzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifhygwfouf+yD;
owif;tcsut f vufrsm; tqufrjywf&&Sad e&ef vdt k yfygonf? od@k ro S m
EdkifiHa&;tajctae taxGaxGjzpfay:wdk;wufr_rsm;ESifh ygwfoufI
pdwt f m;xufoefpmG / taumif;jrifxm;um v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G Ef ikd =f urnf
jzpfonf? rdrw d @kd awmfveS af &;v_y&f mS ;r_twGuf ta&;ygaom r[mAsL[m
t& qk;H jzwfa&G;cs,rf o _ nf “atmufajcrS txufo@kd ” oGm;onfyh pkH rH sK;d jzifh
tajymif;tvJukd o,faqmifomG ;rvm; (od@k r[kw)f txufyikd ;f acgi;f
aqmifrsm;twGi;f oabmwlncD suu f kd t&if&atmif,rl vm;qdo k nfukd
a&G;cs,&f ef jzpfygonf? (od@k r[kw)f csO;f uyfry_ pkH H ESpcf v k ;Hk jzifv
h nf; aygi;f pyf
vkyu f ikd af om enf;vrf;udv k nf;a&G;cs,Ef ikd yf gonf?

21
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

rdrd.qef@usifzuftiftm;pkrsm; (aqG;aEG;bufrsm;)
rnfonfhtcsdefwGif tav#mhay;rnfenf;
yÉdyuQtajctaewGif &efzufjzpfae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm; aphpyfaqG;
aEG;yGJpm;yGJ0dkif;odk@ wufvmEdkifaom tajctaeudk &Sif;vif;jy&ef t,l
tqw&yf &Syd gonf? Ttajctaeudk “ESpzf uftxdemaeaom r#ajc
taetxm;” (Hurting stalemate) [kac:ygonf? oabmrSm ydak e+rJ
usm;ae+rJtaetxm;udk qufvufxed ;f odr;f xm;Edik &f eftwGuf ay;qyf
&rnfh wefb;kd rsm; rsm;onfxufrsm;vmaom tajctaejzpfonf? wcsed f
wnf;wGiyf if rdrt d ompD;&atmif tajctaeudk rvkyEf ikd /f wd;k wufajymif;
vJr,lEikd af wmhaom tajctaejzpfonf? xdt k aetxm;wGif taumif;
qHk;tajzrSm tajctaeudk vufawG@usus&_jrifwwfaom tiftm;pk
vufxYJ wnf&o dS nf? rdrad qG;aEG;buf (,cif&efzuf tiftm;pkrsm;xJr)S
aqG;aEG;ajyvnfEikd af om tiftm;pkuckd sO;f uyfI ol.t=urf;zufajz&Si;f
vdak omtjyKtrlukd ajymif;apI aqG;aEG;yGpJ um;0dik ;f qDo@kd wufvmap
a&;yif jzpfonf?

a&&Snfjzpfaeaom jynfwGif;ppfyGJudk tqkH;owfjcif;

(ausmif;oifcef;pm Oyrm)
EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvwckwGif ta&;;t}uD;qkH;
aom tydik ;f rSm xdv k rl t
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f u vk+H cKH a&;ESihf Edik if aH &; tajctaersm;
udk &_jrifyykH ifjzpfonf? T&_jrifyrkH sm;ESi, hf OS v f #uf tjcm;aomtoGiu f ;l
ajymif;a&;umvjzpfpOfrsm;onf oabmw&m;t&ajym&v#if tpDtpOf
wusjzpfay:wwfonfh oabm&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;
a&;wGif yxrOD;qHk; jzpfay:vmonfh tydkif;u¾rSm tajccHqdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsufrsm; &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;tjrifzuftydkif;t&
ajym&v#if yÉdyuQwiG f t"duyg0ifygwo f ufaeaom Edik if aH &;Zmwfaumif
rsm;u tajymif;tvJ}uD;}uD;rm;rm;vky&f ef oabmwlvu kd jf cif; jzpfonf?
tajccHusonfh oabmwlncD surf sm; jzpfay:vmaponfh ueOD;aqG;aEG;yGJ
pum;0dik ;f rsm;pwifEikd jf cif;onfyif tvGet f a&;ygvo S nfh atmifjrifrr_ sm;
jzpfonf? TaqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; jzpfxeG ;f atmifjrifz@kd qykd gu t"dupOf;pm;=u&

22
 &Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f

rnft h csurf mS oabmwlncD surf sm;&&ef rnfoal wGu t"duaqG;aEG;zuf

Zmwfaumifrsm;jzpfonfukd &SmazGowfrw S &f efjzpfonf? a,bl,s udik pf JG
oifah omenf;vrf;wckrmS oabmwlncD su&f +yD;ygu jyefvnfazguzf suf
Edik o
f ql ykd gu ToabmwlncD sucf srw S &f m aqG;aEG;0dik ;f Y ab;z,fxm;&ef
yifjzpfonf? vk+H cHKa&;buftydik ;f tjrifzufuajym&v#if tajccHoabm
wlncD su&f &ef qdo k nfrmS ae&ma'otm;vk;H Y typftcwfrsm;&yfpx J m;
a&;yifjzpfonf? vk+H cHKa&;r&Svd #if vltrsm;u qufvufp;kd &draf =umif=h u
ae=urnf jzpf+yD; xdo k o
H ,rsm;a=umifyh if aqG;aEG;yGrJ S xGucf gG omG ;=uonf
vnf; &SEd ikd yf gonf?
Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;wGif 'kw, d ta&;t}uD;qH;k
u¾rSm tpd;k &opfw&yfz@JG pnf;Edik &f eftwGuf jyifqif=ujcif; jzpfonf?
Edik if aH &;t&qdv k #if toGiuf al jymif;a&;umv =um;jzwftpd;k & trsKd ;tpm;
wckcu k kd zG@J pnf;avh&=dS uygonf? vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f t&qkyd gu wyfrawmfopf
ESihf &Jwyfz@JG opftwGuf wyfom;opfrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;ESihf avhusiahf y;jcif;
wd@k yg0ifavh&dS ygonf?
Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;wGif wwd,ta&;t}u;D qH;k
tydik ;f u¾rSm Edik if aH &;taqmufttkw H &yfukd zG@J pnf;qif,ifjcif; jzpfyg
onf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if a&G;aumufyGJrsm;usif;yjcif; zGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'opfw&yfukd twnfjyKjcif; ponfw@kd yg0ifonf?
vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f t&qdv k #if wyfrawmfopfEiS hf &Jwyfz@JG rsm;jyefvnfz@JG pnf;
ay;jcif;udprP sm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf?
Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;wGif pwkw?ta&;}uD;aom
tydik ;f u¾rSm Edik if aH &;qdik &f m taqmufttko H pfrsm;udk owfowfrw S f
rSwf zGJ@pnf;ae&mcsjcif;ESifh oufqdfkifygonf? EdkifiHa&;tydkif;t&qdkv#if
tpd;k &Xmersm;/ at*sipf rD sm;udk vdt k yfovdk xyfrzH @JG pnf;ae&mcsxm;jcif;
rsm;yg0if+yD; vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f t&qdv k #if vk+H cHKa&;wyfz@JG opfrsm;udk avhusihf
oifwef;ay;jcif;/ ynmay;jcif;jzifh t&nftaoG;jynf0h onf/h rdrv d yk if ef;
udok m u|r;f usiv f yk af qmifonft h iftm;pkrsm; jzpfvmap&ef aqmif&u G f
jcif; wd@k yg0ifonf?

23
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;vkyif ef;. ta&;}u;D aomyÌrtydik ;f

u¾rSm vlra_ &;t&/ Edik if aH &;t& ,k=H unfr&_ &Sv d map&ef wnfaqmuf
jcif; jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;tydik ;f t&ajymv#if tpd;k &opfonf t*wdvu dk pf m;
jcif;rsm;&Sd - r&Sd ? Edik if oH m;rsm;tay: w&m;r#r#wwESihf wef;wl&nfwl
qufqjH cif;&Sd - r&Sd qdo k nft hf csurf sm;ESio hf ufqikd yf gonf? vk+H cHKa&;tydik ;f
t&qdkv#if vkH+cHKa&;wyfzGJ@rsm;u vl@tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;vdkufemr_
&S&d efEiS hf w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf vGwv f yfpmG / Edik if aH &;=oZmESihf oD;jcm;
uif;vGwpf mG aqmif&u G cf iG &hf &dS ef jzpfonf? vl@tzG@J tpnf;w&yfwiG f ,kH
=unfr_wnfaqmuf=u&eftwGuf aemufqkH;jy\emrSm twdwfudk
rnfodk@em;vnfoabmaygufEdkif =urnfenf; [laomudpPjzpfonf?
tm;vkH;aumif;arGqdk;arGcHjzwfoef;cJh=uaom twdwfordkif;udk rnfodk@
rnfyt kH "dyg` ,jf zifh jyefvnfazmfjyrnfenf;[laom jy\emyifjzpfonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk a&S;&_onfhjzpfpOftwGif;}uHKawG@&rnfh
jy\em (3) ck —
• 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepftajymif;tvJ
twGuf v_y&f mS ;cJ=h uaom tzG@J tpnf;tm;vk;H taejzifh 'Dru kd a&pD
toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvjzpfaomtcg/ trSew f u,fajymif;vJr_
rsm; pwifaomtcg twlwuGvu kd yf gEikd f - rvduk yf gEikd q
f akd om
jy\emjzpfonf? olw@kd twGuf tusKd ;tjrwfwpkw H &m=unfI h
useaf eEdik of nf? od@k r[kwf a&omcdk avS}uHKvdu k of rl sm;&Sad eEdik f
onf? xdo k rl sm;udk rnfuo
hJ @kd uikd w
f , G qf ufqH =urnfenf;?
• awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;aepOfumvu awmfvSefa&;twGif;twl
&yfwnf &ke;f uefaejcif;uyif tcsi;f csi;f nD!w G rf E_ iS hf cGet
f m;udk
jzpfapygonf? TawmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_taejzifh (txl;ojzifh
wyfaygi;f pkjzifh pkz@JG vy_ &f mS ;r_rsK;d tajctaewGi)f &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik f
udka&muf&Sd&ef eD;uyfvmonfhtcsdefY oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;
}uHK&Edik yf gonf? tcsi;f csi;f wyfaygi;f pk pkz@JG vy_ &f mS ;&mrS vrf;cG=J u
&rnfh tajctaersK;d vnf; &SEd ikd yf gonf? xdo k @kd vrf;rcGrJ t D ajctae
rsK;d Y rnfo@kd aom atmifjrifr&_ onftxd twlwuG aqmif&u G f

24
 &Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f

oifo
h nf paomtcsuu f kd wif}uKd I oabmwlxm;&ef vdyk gonf?
Ttcsut f ay: pG+J rJpmG &yfwnfI wdu k yf .
JG aemufq;Hk tcsed t
f xd
v_y&f mS ;r_ukd tpGr;f uket f m;jznfo h mG ;=u&ef vdtk yfygonf?
• Edik if w
H ckwiG f rdrjd zwfoef;cJ&h aomtwdwu
f jkd yefvnf ok;H oyfEikd f
&eftwGuf Edik if aH &;ESiw
hf ukd &f u
kd rf oufqikd af om ae&mwck &S&d ef
vdktyfygonf? EdkifiHa&;pepf toGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOfwGif rdrd
qkyfudkif&yfwnfxm;csufrsm;udk vG,fvG,fpGef@ypfwwf/ wefzdk;
rxm;cH&aom tajctae}uHK&onfvnf;&Sd+yD; tjcm;aom
tiftm;pkrsm;. tjrifrsm;udv k nf; tav;xm;azmfjy&ef arhavsmh
aewwf=uygonf? od@k aomf tcsK@d aomjy\emrsm;onf tkypf k
wck. tusKd ;pD;yGm;/ vlrsK;d wrsK;d .tusKd ;pD;yGm;xufyI kd trsKd ;om;
w&yfvHk;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh oufqdkifaeaomudpPrsm; jzpfwwfyg
onf? ,if;jy\emrsKd;udk qufvufaqG;aEG; oifh=uygonf?
aemufaemifwiG f rD;yGg;rSr;D avmifonfEh , S f }uD;rm;onfh Edik if aH &;
jy\emrsm; jzpfrvmrD xdjk y\emrsm;.tajzud&k mS Edik &f eftwGuf
aqG;aEG; ES;D aESmtjrifzvS,Ef ikd af om “awG@qkaH qG;aEG;a&;pifjrif”h
wck zefw;D xm;ay;oifh ygonf?

toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv+yD;aemuf }uHKawG@&rnfh jy\em

pdrfac:csufrsm;
jrefrmjynfwGif tajymif;tvJudkjrifawG@vdkaom rdrdwdk@tiftm;pkrsm;
taejzifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG f Edik if aH &;pepftoGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&; jzpfay:vmygu
rnfonft h ajctaersm;}uHK&Edik rf nfukd ar#mrf eS ;f xm;oifo h nfh jy\em
wck jzpfygonf? Tod@k awG;qxm;csuo f nf jy\emtwGi;f ud, k w f ikd f
ud, k u f s yg0ifae&aom olrsm;.twGi;f ydik ;f tjrif&a_ 'gihf jzpfygvrd o hf nf?
odk@aomf jyifyu avhvmapmifh=unfhae=uaomolrsm;. tjrifwGifrl
Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvqdo k nfrmS raocsm ra&&maom
tvGeo f wd xm;+y;D apmif=h unfah e=u&rnfh umvwcktjzpf jrif=urnfjzpf
ygonf? toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvonf Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f & odwrf =umoifh
yg? ,if;umvonf “ykrH eS ”f tajctaersKd ;uJo h @kd vnf; rjzpfapoifah y?

25
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

,ckqufvuf aqG;aEG;r_wiG f toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvaemufyikd ;f wGif

rnfodk@ qufvufjzpfysufEdkifonf/ wufvmaom tpdk;&opftaejzifh
rnfonfjh y\emrsm; t"du&ifqikd =f u&rnfukd qufvufaqG;aEG; wifjy
rnfjzpfonf?

- ykHrSeftajctaejyefvnf jzpfay:apjcif;
EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;umvjzwfoef;+yD;onfESifh EdkifiHwum
todkif;t0dkif;taejzifh rdrdwdk@.ta&;udpPudkwajz;ajz; aemufwef;odk@
ydk@vdkuf=urnfjzpfonf? OD;pm;ay;tjzpf qufvufpOf;pm;=uawmhrnf
r[kwaf y? Tod@k jzifh rdrw d @kd uakd xmufcH yHyh ;kd aeaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; avsmh
enf;usqif;vmEdik af omtajctaewGif a&enf;enf;udk olaomufrnf
igaomufrnf qdo k nfh yÉdyuQrsK;d udk a&Smif&mS ;&eftwGuf wwfEikd o f I
apmpGm OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Guf&rnfhvkyfief;udpPrsm;udk }udKwifoabmwl
owfrw S x f m;Edik yf gu taumif;qH;k jzpfygonf? tvm;wlaumif;rGeo f nfh
enf;vrf;wckrSm rdrd.zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf udk,fydkifr[mAsL[m
csrSwfxm;jcif;ESifh EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;rsm; tvSL&SifEdkifiHrsm;/ tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;ESihf qufqaH &;aumif;rGeaf tmif xde;f xm;&efjzpfonf? od@k rS
om ykrH eS af xmufyu hH nl rD r_ sm;qufvuf&&Sad eatmif jyifqifxm; Edik rf nf
jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&opftzdk@ rdrd.b¾ma&;tajccHay:wGifyif
&yfwnf&Sifoef&rnfjzpfonf? xdktwGufa=umifh ,cktcsdefrSpI rdrd.
b¾ma&;tajccHukd pl;prf;avhvmxm;oifo h nfh tcsed jf zpfonf? toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;+y;D csed u f mvonf jrefrmEdik if t H zd@k Edik if wH umrdom;pk tv,f
wGif Edik if wH umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif wifw h ifw
h ,fw,f &yfwnf
oifah omtcsed t f cgvnf; jzpfoifyh gonf? Edik if w H umtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf
quf qH&mwGif rdrd&yfwnfcsufudk rdrdzmomjyXmef;Edkifaom rdrd.
tqifah e&mudk owfrw S jf yXmef;Edik af om Edik if w
H cktjzpf zefw;D ,l=u&rnf
jzpfonf?

26
 &Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f

- ppfavsmaf =u;ESihf ppfa=umifyh supf ;D &r_rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;udprP sm;

acwfopfjrefrmjynfordik ;f opfEiS hf ygwo f ufIvnf;aumif;/ ordik ;f qd;k arG
aumif;arGrsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tay: &dkufcwfcsufrsm;ESifh ygwfouf
Ivnf;aumif; rjzpfraeajz&Si;f =u&rnf jzpfygonf? TudprP mS toGiu f ;l
ajymif;a&;jzpfpOftwGi;f Yom oufqikd af om udpw P ckr[kwaf y? ESpaf ygi;f
rsm;pGm csI
D =umjrifah tmifajz&Si;f =u&rnfh pdraf c:csujf zpfygonf? xdt
k wGuf
a=umifhyif toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv aemufydkif;pdrfac:csuf jy\em
wcktjzpfxnfo h iG ;f azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf? ,cktcsed u f wnf; upI
Tpdrfac:csufrsm;udkajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf }udKwifjyifqifxm;=u&rnf
jzpfygonf? Tjy\emrsm;rSm —
• 'kuo
Q nfrsm;ESihf Edik if w
H iG ;f t"rRajymif;a&$@ae&mcsxm;jcif; cH=u&
aom olrsm;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;jcif;?
• tajccHtaqmuftODrsm;udk jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;?
• t=urf;zufrE_ iS hf vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh jzpfay:cJ&h aom
pdwaf omuESihf vlr'_ u
k rQ sm;udk udik w
f ,
G af jz&Si;f ay;jcif;?
• &efzufjzpfcahJ om ppfom;rsm;udk jyefvnfaygi;f pnf;apjcif; ponf
wd@k jzpfonf?
awmfveS af &;wyfrawmfrsm;xJwiG f ESp&f n S v f rsm; aexdik cf =hJ u&aom
&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;taejzifh ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm td;k tdrrf S cGcJ mG cJ=h u&olrsm;
jzpfovd/k b0twGuu f pd rP sm;pGmudk pGe@f vw
$ cf =hJ u&olrsm;jzpfonf? yk*Kd~ vf
wOD;csi;f taejzifh Twdu k yf t JG wGuf rsm;pGmqif;&J'u k aQ &mufco hJ rl sm;/ b0
tcGit hf a&;rsm;pGmudk qH;k &_;H cJ=h uolrsm;jzpfonf? ynma&;&yfqikd ;f cJ=h u&
onf? vkyif ef;cGio f ifwef;rsm;/ vkyif ef;cGiu f |r;f usirf r_ sm; vpf[if;cJ=h u
onf? T&Jabmfrsm;wGif pdwf"mwf}uHhcdkifr_jrifhrm;aomfvnf; yHkrSefb0
twGi;f jyef0ifa&;twGuf jyifqifre_ nf;olrsm;jzpfae=uonf? usiv f nf
aomvkyo f m;rsm; r[kw=f u? yHrk eS b f 0ESihf rpyfr[yf jzpfaeEdik o f nf? T
tiftm;pkrsm;onf ulnaD xmufyrhH _ r&&dyS gu jy\emjzpfvmEdik o f nf?
olw@kd tzd@k aemufxyfwzef jyefvnfvufeufpu JG ikd &f ef 0efav;rnf r[kwf
=uay?

27
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

- wm0ef,rl /_ wm0efcrH q
_ ikd &f mjy\em
txufuazmfjycsurf sm;Y yÉdyuQ. a,bl,stpdyt f ydik ;f (3) ck jzpfaom
yÉdyuQjzpfapaomjy\emrsm;/ yÉdyuQqikd &f m vlrsm;.tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf
yÉdyuQqikd &f mvlw@kd . oabmxm;rsm;ta=umif;udk azmfjycJ+h yD;jzpf onf?
Tt&mud p P r sm;ud k ajz&S i f ; &mY yÉd y uQ a jz&S i f ; enf ; trsd K ;rd s K;jzif h
vnf;aumif;/ vl@tzG@J tpnf;.tpdyt f ydik ;f rsm;tm;vk;H twGi;f Y wnf+idrf
vk+H cKH r_&apatmif pDru H ikd w
f ,
G jf cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ vlra_ &;t& ,k=H unfr_
&&Sdap&ef wnfaqmufay;jcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ ajz&Sif;oGm;=u&rnf
jzpfygonf? Edik if aH &;pepf toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvtwGi;f ESihf toGiu f ;l
ajymif;a&;umv+yD;onfh aemufyikd ;f wGif vlra_ &;t&,k=H unfr_ &ap&ef
twGuf rdrdwdk@ rjzpfraeajzqdk=u&rnfh ar;cGef;rSm “rnfonfhudpPrsm;
jzpfco hJ enf;” qdak omudpP jzpfonf? “jrefrmEdik if . H ordik ;f opfukd rnfol
awGua&;om;rnfenf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd jynfolrsm;tm;vHk;twGuf
(od@k r[kw)f tjcm; jynfe,frsm;rS jynfot l oD;oD;twGuf tm;vk;H u
vufcHEdkifaom ordkif;pmtkyfwtkyf jzpfay:vmEdkifrnfvm;” qdkonfh
ar;cGe;f rsm;yif jzpfonf?
ay:ayguv f mEdik af om tcufcqJ ;Hk jy\emrSm wm0efcrH /_ wm0ef,rl _
ydkif;qdkif&mjy\emyifjzpfawmhonf? jzpfysufcJh&onfh udpPjy\emrsm;
twGuf wpkw H OD;ay:rSmom wm0ef&ydS govm; [laomar;cGe;f rsK;d jzpfonf?
wm0ef&rdS E_ iS yhf wfoufI Edik if w
H um tjyifzufu jrifaomtjrifrsm; &SEd ikd f
ovd/k jynfwiG ;f vlxrk sm;u jrifaomtjrifrsm;vnf;&SEd ikd yf gonf? Tod@k
aom wm0efcrH /_ wm0ef,rl E_ iS yhf gwo f ufaomudp/P vlra_ &;t& ,k=H unfr_
wnfaqmufjcif;aomudpPESifh trsKd;om;tcsif;csif; jyefvnfoifhjrwf
a&;udprP sm;ESiyhf gwo f ufI ajz&Si;f ykH ajz&Si;f enf; trsm;tjym;&Syd gonf?
vl@usi0hf wftajcjyKr_p/H tedrhf - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ w&m;
Oya'tajcjyKr_pt H & tedrhf - tjrifh tay:rlwnfIvnf;aumif;/ rwl
uGjJ ym;aomudprP sm;udk csO;f uyfykH csO;f uyfenf; (4) rsK;d jzifh oH;k oyfq;kH jzwf
Edkifygonf?

28
 &Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f

vl@usifh0wf w&m;Oya'tajcjyKyHkpH
tajcjyK
edrhf jrifh

edrhf vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh (Oyrm- vlr_a&;t&n‡mwmcsrf;om

vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;) cGifhay;jcif; (Oyrm-rdkZrfbpf)

jrihf ppf&mZ0wfc&kH ;kH rsm; trSew

f &m;ay:ayguaf &;
(Oyrm-,l*dkqvm;AD;,m; aumfr&Sif (Oyrm-
EdkifiHa[mif;) awmiftmz&du)

- vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh
vufwiftar&duEdkifiHrsm;wGif vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhrsm; azmazm
oDoaD y;cJ=h uonf? tpd;k &a[mif;u tm%mrv$t J yfrt D csed Yf wm0ef&dS
cJo
h rl sm; rnfo@l urkd # w&m;pGq
J t
kd a&;,ljcif;rjyK&ef qk;H jzwfcsucf sxm;um
aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonf?

- vlr_a&;t& n‡mwmcsrf;omcGifhay;jcif;
tmz&duwdu k &f dS Edik if t
H csK@d wiG f (Oyrmtm;jzifh - rdZk efbpfEikd if w
H iG )f
Tenf;vrf;udk a&G;cs,fcJh=uonf? ta=umif;rSm ppfom;tjzpft"rR
pkaqmif;odr;f oGi;f jcif;cHc&hJ aom uav;oli,frsm;udk tjypf,I l r&/ olw@kd
. aus;&Gmrsm;wGio f mrmeft&yfom;rsm;tjzpf jyefvnfaygi;f pnf; aexdik f
Edkifap&ef TuJhodk@aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? Tuav;ppfom;rsm;udk
vlra_ &;t&n‡mwm vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGiahf y;vdu k o
f nf? olw@kd . vlrt _ odik ;f
t0dik ;f tajctaet& w&m;Oya'pHrsm;twdik ;f aqmif&u G &f ef rjzpfEikd af y?

- ppf&mZ0wfr_ckH&kH;
,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;Edik if aH [mif;. ppfyrJG sm;twGi;f jzpfymG ;cJah om tr_rsm;
twGuf ppf&mZ0wfc&Hk ;Hk rsm;udk Oa&mywGif ,cktcgusio hf ;Hk ppfaq;aqmif
&Guaf eqJjzpfonf? TcH&k ;kH rsm;onf w&m;Oya'pHt& aqmif&u G jf cif;om

29
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

jzpf+yD;/ vlru
_ si0hf wfyikd ;f qdik &f mpHt& aqmif&u G jf cif;rsK;d r[kwaf y? vlra_ &;
t& vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGirhf sKd ;/ cGiv hf w
$ jf cif;rsKd ; vnf;r&Sad y?
- trSefw&m;ay:aygufa&;aumfr&Sif
awmiftmz&duEdik if w H iG f zG@J pnf;cJo
h nfh ykpH w
H rsKd ;jzpfonf? vlru _ sihf
0wfptH & ajz&Si;f vdrk E_ iS hf w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& ajz&Si;f vdrk y_ pkH u H kd aygi;f pyf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf? “trSeu f zkd iG [
hf 0efcyH gu/ tjypfrS vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGijhf yK
rnfjzpf+yD;/ jzpfygG ;cJah om jy\emrsm;tay:wm0efcyH gu w&m;pGt J jypf
ay;jcif;rS oufomuif;vGwcf iG jhf yKrnfyh pkH jH zpfonf”?
txufazmfjyygyHkpHrsm;teuf twdwfumvujzpfysufcJhaom
aumif;usK;d qd;k jypfrsm;twGuf rnfonfeh nf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Si;f rnfqo kd nf
rSm xdEk ikd if H .a&G;cs,rf _ Edik if o
H m;wd@k . oabmqENEiS hf "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvm
tay: Yom rlwnfayonf? Edik if w H um Oya'rsm;taejzifrh l urBmw0Sr;f
vHk;wrl wnf; jzpfap&ef tm;xkwf}udK;pm;tm;xkwfaeaomfvnf;/
wm0ef&rdS E_ iS hf ygwo f ufI &Si;f vif;aom oabmxm;rsK;d csrw S af y;Edik &f ef
aqmif&u G af e aomfjim;vnf; a&G;cs,&f rnfeh nf;vrf;onf um,uH&iS f
Edik if o
H m;rsm;ESio hf m ydIk oufqikd yf gonf? wm0ef&rdS j_ y\emudk rnfonfh
enf;jzifh&Sif;&Sif;/ EdkifiHa&;pepftoGiful;ajymif;a&;jzpfpOf wpHkvkH;udk
rxdcdkufap&ef udkifwG,f ajz&Sif;oGm;&efrSm ydkIta&;}uD;aomudpPjzpf
ygonf? rnfonfu h pd rP qdk ajz&Si;f =u&mY tay;t,l&&dS dS aphpyfaqG;aEG;
=u&efvnf; vdktyfygonf? TudpPrsm;twGuf rdrdwdk@oHk;pGJae=uaom
pum;w&yf&ydS gonf? ‚if;rSm toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;qdik &f m w&m;r#wr_
(Transitional justice) yifjzpfygonf? 'Drdkua&pDonf yifrtajccH
jy\em jzpfygonf? xkt d wGuaf =umifh rnfo@kd aom tjcm;jy\emrsm;
urS 'Dru kd a&pDtaumiftxnfaz:aqmifa&; vkyif ef;pOfukd rxdcu kd af p
oifhay?

30
 &Sv
J =f atmfum aemh'u
f pG f

tkyfpkaqG;aEG;yGJ&vm'frsm;. tESpfcsKyf
twdkuftcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vkH;u vufcHEdkifaom ppftm%m&Sif
qef@usiaf &; bkrH [mAsL[mwckukd a&;qG&J efvt kd yfa=umif;/ tpkwpku
aqG;aEG;cJyh gonf? xdrk [mAsL[mt& vkyif ef;pOfwiG f Edik if w H umzdtm;
wd;k jr‡iahf p&ef aqmif&u G af &;vnf; vdt k yfygonf? xd@k tjyif jrefrmjynf
wGi;f &Sd Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;taejzifh ydI k vGwv f yfpmG v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G f Edik cf iG hf
&ap&ef/ ydI k ae&m&vmap&ef tm&kpH u kd zf efw;D oifah =umif;vnf; yg0ifyg
onf? Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0kid ;f od@k wdu k w f eG ;f ajymqd&k mY vuf&pdS pftpd;k &
onf Edik if u H t kd yk cf sKyfEikd pf rG ;f &Sad om tpd;k &wckr[kwaf =umif; oabmayguf
vmap&ef wdu k wf eG ;f pnf;&H;k oGm;&ef vdyk gonf? ppftpd;k & udk pD;yGm;a&;t&/
oHwrmefa&;t& ydwq f @kd ta&;,lrr_ sm;jzifh tiftm;enf;csed @J ap+yD;/ w+ydKif
eufwiG f vufeufuidk t f iftm;pkrsm;rS ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; t&Sed t f [kef
wd;k wufaqmifjcif;&Guo f mG ;&ef vdt k yfygonf? ukvor*~wiG f csO;f uyf
pnf;&k;H &mY jrefrmEdik if t H a&;udk vk+H cKH a&;aumifpt D qift h xd a&mufatmif
&nfreS ;f csux f m;I wd;k jr‡iahf qmif&u G o f mG ;oifyh gonf?
tjcm;aqG;aEG;csufwckwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ydkrdkus,fjyef@onfh
vkyyf ikd cf iG ahf e&mrsm; &&Sv
d mapa&;twGuf zefw;D =u&mY/ twduk t f cHacgi;f
aqmif (a':atmifqef;pk=unf — bmomjyefo)l taejzifh awG@qaHk qG;aEG;
a&;twGuf wdusaom rlupd rP sm; jyXmef;I aqG;aEG;yGpJ m;yGaJ y:od@k pwif
wifjya&;jzpfygonf? xdt k cg e0w (etz) ppftpd;k &taejzifh rjzpfrae
olr. tqdjk yKcsurf sm;udk wke@f jyefvm&awmhrnfjzpfonf?
jrefrmEdik if q
H ikd &f m ukvor*~txl;oHu, kd pf m;vS,rf S tqdjk yKaom
“trsdK;om;nDvmcH” wckusif;y&efqdkonfh tqdkjyKcsufrSmvnf;
pdw0f ifpm;zG,f jzpfygonf? Tudpu P kd Edik if aH &;xd;k ppfwckqifEikd &f ef tcGihf
tvrf;w&yftjzpf jrifoifhygonf? ratmifjrifonfh ,cif trsdKom;
nDvmcHuo kd m jrifIpOf;pm;ae=urnft h pm;/ rdrw d @kd twdu
k t
f cHtiftm;pk
rsm;taejzifh tjcm;nDvmcHwcktwGuf }udKwifjyifqifrr_ sm;/ tpDtpOf
rsm;udk jyifqifoifah yonf? rnfonft h a=umif;a=umifh rdrw d @kd wek @f qikd ;f
ae=u&rnfenf;? Todk@ rdrdwdk@upwifjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; abmvHk;u
rdrw
d @kd ajcxJ uefciG &hf onfh tajctaeudak y;vmrnfjzpfonf?

31
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

'Drukd &ufwpfjrefrmEdik if aH wmfopfwiG f pD;yGm;a&;b0tajctae ykrH eS f

jyefjzpfvma&;twGuf tajz&SmpOfpm;=uaomtcg trsm;pku jrefrmEdik if H
. pD;yGm;a&;tajccHonf v,f,mpdu k yf sKd ;a&;udo k m tajccHI a&S@quf
oGm;&efvdktyfonf[k jrif=uygonf? obm0ygwf0ef;usif rysufpD;ap
aom c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;udv k nf; zGiahf y;oif+h yD;/ Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrKwfErHS r_ sm;udk
vnf; zdwaf c:&ef vdt k yfrnf[k oH;k oyfaqG;aEG;=uygonf? jrefrmjynfonf
obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ºuG,f0qJjzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfe,frsm;.
0ifaiGonfvnf; TtajccHay:u &&SdEdkifao;onf[k jrif=uygonf?
jrefrmEdik if t
H zd@k Edik if tH csi;f csi;f tjyeftvSeaf cs;aiGEiS hf axmufyahH iGrsm;udk
&&Sad p&ef qGaJ qmifEikd zf , G &f m&Syd gonf? vuf&dS taumufceG q f ikd &f mOya'
rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyf+yD;/ jyifqifcsJ@xGif&efvnf; vdktyfygvdrfhrnff?
jrefrmEdkifiHtaumufcGefpepf/ Oya'rsm;udk jyefvnfjyifqifa&;qGJEdkif&ef
twGuf Edik if jH cm;rS u|r;f usio f yl *k Kd~ vfrsm;/ Edik if jH cm;tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm;udk
vnf; zdw=f um;tultnDawmif;oifo h nf[k jrif=uygonf?

32
 Edik if w
H umtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/
Edik if aH bmifausmaf umfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb
k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ?
tem*gwfprd af c:r+rsm;ESit hf jcm;tjrif&a+ 'gifrh sm;
a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvv
f kd
Focus on Global South
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

Edik if w
H umtzGŒJ tpnf;rsm;/
Edik if aH bmifausmaf umfyakd &;&Si;f }uD;rsm;ESihf *vdb
k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ?
tem*gwfprd af c:r+rsm;ESit hf jcm;tjrif&a+ 'gifrh sm;
a'gufwm a0:vf'ef bJvv
f kd
Focus on Global South
wifjycsuyf xrydik ;f wGif urBmvk;H qdik &f mpD;yGm;a&;pepfEiS fh urBmw0Sr;f quf
pyfaeaompD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;wd@k ukd wifjyxm;ygonf? 'kw, d ydik ;f wGif
t"duEdkifiHwumaiGa=u;b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom EdkifiH
wumaiGa=u;&HyaHk iGtzG@J / urBm@b%f ESihf urBm@uek o f , G af &;tzG@J / ta&S@
awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;toif; (tmqD,)H wd@k . jzpfay:vmyHo k rdik ;f tusO;f
ESihf zG@J pnf;yHw
k @kd ukd wifjycJyh gonf? wwd,tydik ;f rSm jrefrmEdik if w H ;kd wuf
zGH@+zdK;a&;twGuf jzpfEdkifzG,f&m&Sdaom tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;udk
t=urf;zsO;f wifjyxm;ygonf? aemufq;Hk tydik ;f wGirf l tkypf v k u
kd af qGaEG;r_
&vm'frsm; tESpcf sKyfukd az: jyxm;ygonf?

urBmvk;H qdik &f mpD;yGm;a&;pepf - t"du xl;jcm;csuv

f uQ%mrsm;ESihf
tm;enf;csufrsm;?
Edik if w
H umEdik if aH &;tcif;tusi;f . vGecf ahJ omtESpif g;q,fukd a,bl,s
tm;jzifh ppfat;acwfEiS hf 1989 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f rSpI ppfat;vGeaf cwf
[lIcGjJ cm;owfrw S =f uygonf? rnfo@kd qakd pumrl urBmvk;H qdik &f m pD;yGm;a&;
tjrift&qdv k #if ,if;umvudyk if vGecf ahJ om 1940 ckEpS rf sm; rS 1980
0ef;usit f xd “*vkb d ,fvukd af Z;&Si;f t}udKacwf” ESihf 1980 rS ,ae@
umvtxdukd “*vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f acwf” [lI t=urf;zsO;f tm;jzifh
cGjJ cm;owfrwS Ef ikd yf gonf? *vkyb f ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f t}udKacwf. a,bl,s
az: jycsufrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. v$rf;rdk;cs,fvS,fr_atmuf&Sd
trsdK;om;t&if;&Sifpepfacwf jzpfygonf? urBmhajrmufjcrf;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;
(odk@r[kwf) zGH@+zdK;+yD;EdkifiHrsm;. *vkdb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;t}udKacwf
pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeudk jyefavhvm=unfhygu atmufygxljcm;csuf
vuQ%mrsm;udk awG@&rnfjzpfonf?

35
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

• vuf0g;}uD;tkyt
f &if;. v$r;f rd;k r_/
• A[dktpdk;&. cdkifrmaomaps;uGuftay: xdef;csKyfxm;onfh
pnf;rsO;f rsm;ESihf aps;uGut
f ay:tpd;k &rS 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufvyk u
f ikd f
aer_/
• vkyt
f m;ESihf t&if;t=um;&Sd vlra_ &;t&tjyeftvSef tay;t,l
jyKr_ ponft
h csurf sm;jzpfonf?
zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if rH sm;ud=k unfyh gu xdEk ikd if rH sm;udk wDxiG x
f m;aom a0g[m&
t& “EdkifiHawmfu taxmuftyH@jyKxm;aom t&if;&Siftpdk;&rsm;”
owfrw S af z: jyavh&=dS uygonf? TEdik if rH sm;. t"duxljcm;csuv f uQ%m
rsm;rSm -
• vltzG@J tpnf;wGif t"duv$r;f rd;k xm;aom vlwef;pm;rSm ajrydik f
&Sif}uD;rsm;/ urBmhajrmufjcrf; (zGH@+zdK;+yD;) EdkifiHrsm;. t&if;ESifh
r[mrdwf zG@J xm;=uaom b¾mt&if;&Si/f ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
vkyif ef;&Sif vlwef;pm;rsm;omjzpfonf?
• ,if;pD;yGm;a&;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSoGif;ukefudktpm;xdk;Edkif&ef
twGuf pufrx _ al xmifa&;udvk yk af qmif=uonf? jynfwiG ;f 0,fvkd
tm; (aps;uGu)f udk jznfq h nf;ay;&ef&nf&, G o
f nfh xkwvf yk af &;
pepfrsK;d jzpfonf? oGi;f uket
f ay: tcGet f aumufukd tqrwef
jr‡ifhxm;um oGif;ukefyrm% (udkwm) uef@owfaompepfudk
toHk;jyKavh&Sd=uonf?
• Edik if aH &; ta&miftaoG;rnfo@kd yif&o
dS nfjzpfap/ Edik if aH wmf (tpd;k &)
. tcef;u¾onf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif tvGefta&;ygcJh
onf? ukex f wk vf yk jf cif;rSonf ukepf nfzvS,jf cif;/ ukepf nfjzef@jzL;
jcif;txd pD;yGm;a&;b0. e,fy,freS o f r#wiG f tpd;k &u0ifa&muf
pGufzufonf?
1980 0ef;usirf pS I aemufyikd ;f *vdb
k ,fvu
kd af Z;&Si;f acwfukd ajymif;
vmaomtcg t"duusaom xl;jcm;csuv f uQ%mrsm;ajymif;vmonf
udk awG@=u&onf? ‚if;wd@k rmS —

36
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

• Edik if w
H umukeo
f ,
G rf t
_ wGuf t}uD;tus,cf sKyfuikd rf r_ sm; avsmh
csay;jcif; (wHcg;zGiahf y;jcif;) 1 ESihf trdsK;om;pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;udk
umuG,af y;onfh ud, k uf sKd ;pD;yGm;umuG,af &;eH&rH sm; +ydKusomG ;
jcif;/
• b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ t}u;D tus,cf sKyfuikd rf r_ sm;avsmch sI vGwv
f yf
vmjcif;2/ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_ukd tuef@towfjzpfapaom twm;
tqD;rsm;udk z,f&mS ;ypfvmjcif;f /
• Edik if w
H um wdu
k &f u
kd &f ifE;DS jrKwfErHS r_ sm; vGwv
f yfpmG pD;qif;cGi&fh
vmjcif;/
• odk@aomfvnf; vkyftm;rsm;a&G@ajymif;r_tay: wif;=uyfonfh
uef@owfcsurf sm; qufvufwnf&adS ejcif; wd@k jzpfygonf?
txl;ojzifh zGH@+zdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m
(EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ Oya'a&;&m) jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpD
tpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) [kac:onfh tpDtpOf
rsm;atmufwiG f ,if;ok@d aom ukeo f ,G af &;vGwv f yfr/_ b¾ma&;pD;qif;r_
vGwv f yfvmjcif;ESihf &if;ES;D jrKwfErHS _ vGwv f yfvmjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm=u
jcif;jzpfonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmuf
a&;tpDtpOf” udk ajrmufurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;rSma&m/ awmifurBmjcrf;Edik if H
rsm;rSmyg aqmif&u G cf =hJ uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;wGif Tjyefvnf
zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufr_ tpDtpOfudk (a&*if0g'§oufcsm0g') [kac:=u
onf? Tt,ltqt& tpd;k &uvlrz_ v l akH &; udprP sm;wGif aqmif&u
G af y;
aer_ &yfqdkif;ap&efjzpf+yD;/ aps;uGuftwGif; tpdk;&u0ifa&mufpGufzuf
aer_ukd z,f&mS ;&efjzpfonf? xd@k tjyif vkyt f m;ESihf t&if;t=um; tjyef
tvSef ndE‡ i_d ;f r_utkd qk;H owfap&efEiS hf t&if;&So d zl ufu tompD;&ap&ef
jzpfonf?
awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;wGifrl EdkifiHawmfuaxmufyHhxm;aom
pDru
H ed ;f vkyif ef;rsm; 1980 ckEpS rf sm;tapmydik ;f umvwGif aºuG;+rDtusyf
wnf; ESihf &ifqikd v f m&aomtcg acs;aiGEiS hf taxmuftyHrh sm;&&eftwGuf
“tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdu k ef mvkyaf qmifc=hJ ujcif;
37
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

jzpfEikd zf , G &f ydS gonf? ,if;Edik if tH awmfrsm;rsm;onf 1980 ckEpS f apmapm

ydik ;f rwdik cf ifu tqrwefacs;,lxm;cJ=h uaom olw@kd . aºuG;+rDrsm;udk jyef
ray;qyfEdkif=uawmhay? xdktcg +rD&Sifb¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk
jyefvnfay;qyfEdkif&eftwGuf wckwnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm EdkifiHwum
b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &vrf;omjzpfawmhonf? acs;aiGopfrsm;
&&SEd ikd zf @kd qvkd #if ,if;Edik if rH sm;wGif xda&mufonfh pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_
rsm;vkyf=u&ef EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ urBmhb%frsm;rSaeI
awmif;qdkcJhonf? jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rvkyfygu aiGacs;&efrjzpfEdkif? T
urBmhb%fESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;&HyHkaiGtzGJ@wdk@.wGef;tm;aemufwGif
tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k oabmxm;ygonf? Tod@k awmif;qdck ahJ om
“tajccHtaqmuftODqikd f &mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
(Structural Adjustment Program) wGif tydik ;f (3) ydik ;f yg&o dS nf?
• ukeo
f ,
G af &;pepfukd xda&mufpmG xde;f csKyfrr_ sm; avsmch say;jcif;ESihf
wHcg;zGifhvGwfvyfr_ay;jcif;/
• ukex f wk vf yk rf /_ ukepf nfzvS,rf E_ iS hf ukepf nfjzef@jzL;r_w@kd wiG f Edik if H
awmf. yg0ifpu G zf ufaer_tcef;u¾udk odoo d mom av#mch sEikd f
apjcif;/ xdef;csKyfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk y,fzsuf
ay;jcif;/
• Edik if aH wmfyikd f pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f +yD;/ ,cifu Edik if H
awmfyikd u f ¾rsm;udk yk*v ~ u
d ydik t
f jzpfvaJ$ jymif;ay;tyfjcif;/ Edik if yH ikd f
pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;udk zsufodrf;apjcif; paomudpPrsm;
yg0ifonf?
xdktcsdefu tm;tenf;qkH;a'orsm;rSm awmifurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiH
rsm;jzpfonf? tmz&duwdu k &f EdS ikd if rH sm;ESihf vufwiftar&duEdik if rH sm;wGif
“tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf; wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
(Structural Adjustment Program) udk vdu k ef maqmif&u G cf =hJ u&+yD;/
T'%fukd tqd;k qk;H cHc=hJ u&onf? tmz&duwdu k Ef iS hf vufwiftar&duwd@k
wGif ,cktcsdeftxd pD;yGm;a&;xdkif;rd_if;aejcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; (vlwef;pm;)
rnDr#r_ tvsit f jref}uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ qif;&JcsKd @wrhJ o _ wfrw S rf sO;f atmuf
usa&mufonfh vlOD;a&tcsdK;tpm;}uD;rm;vmaejcif;wdk@u xdkjyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&; tpDtpOfrsm;. qd;kf arGa=umif[ h k owfrw S af zmfjycJ=h uonf?
38
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

TjzpfpOfY urBmay:wGif c|i;f csux f m;&rnfh a'owckawmh&cdS o hJ nf?

‚if;rSm ta&S@tm&SEiS hf ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm; jzpf=u+yD;/ “pD;yGm;a&;
usm;Edik if rH sm;” [kwifpm; ac:qdck =hJ uonf? ,if;a'oEdik if rH sm;. pD;yGg;a&;
pepf zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ykrH mS vufwiftar&duESihf cyfqifqifw+l yD;/
tpd;k &. yg0ifpu G zf ufra_ &m/ ud, k uf sKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf umuG,af y;xm;r_
oabmvuQ%mrsm;yg qifw=l uonf? od@k aomfvnf; usm;Edik if rH sm;u
yd@k uek w f ify@kd a&;udk wGe;f tm;ay;vkyaf qmif=u+yD;/ tpd;k &rsm;u Tyd@k uek f
wify@kd a&;twGuf pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;udk axmufyu hH sm;uefyyhH ;kd ay;=uonf?
usm;Edik if rH sm;onf vkyt f m;aps;aygayg& aoma=umifh vkyt f m;tajcjyK
xkwfvkyf&aom xkwfukefrsm;udkxkwfum wifydk@a&;udk xufxufoef
oefvyk af qmif=uonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif vkyt f m;tajcjyKpepfrS tqifjh rifh
onfh t&if;tESD;tajcjyKxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;udkxkwfvkyfvm
Edik o
f nf? xdx k u
G u f ek rf sm;udk ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;aps;uGurf sm;od@k wify@kd
=uonf? ajrmufurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;u ta&S@ESifh ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiH
rsm;rS wifoiG ;f ukerf sm;tay:uef@owfrr_ sm; wke@f jyefc=hJ uaomtcg usm;
Edik if rH sm;tcuf}uHK&awmhonf? usm;Edik if rH sm;u (1980) ckEpS u f mvrsm;
twGi;f u vGwv f yfaomaps;uGujf yKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;vky&f ef Edik if w H um
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS ay;vm onfh zdtm;rsm;udk tmcHEikd cf o hJ nft h a=umif;rSm
*syefEikd if rH S t&if;tES;D rsm;pD;0ifvmaejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf?
tar&duefESifh Oa&myukefoG,fzufrsm;u (*syefEdkifiHrSukefoG,fr_
&Si;f wrf; tqrwefyakd iGjyaeonft h ay: zdtm;ay;&eftwGu)f ,ef;aiG
wefb;dk jyefvnfowfrw S &f ef zdtm;ay;cJ=h uonf? Tod@k jzifh 1985 ckEpS f
wGif wd;k jrifv h maom *syef,ef;aiG.wefb;kd u *syefurk % ` rD sm;twGuf
jynfwGif;Yukefxkwfvkyf&ef tukeftusrsm;apcJhonf? *syefukr`%Drsm;
taejzifh Edi_ ;f ,SOcf sut f &qdv k #if vkyt f m;coufomaom w&kwjf ynf/
wdik 0f rfEiS hf awmifu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if rH sm;od@k xkwu f ek v
f yk if ef;rsm; oGm;a&muf
xkwv f yk &f ef ta=umif;jzpfapcJo h nf?
1990 ckESpfwGif *syefwdk@.&if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_twdkif;twm wajz;ajz;
avsmeh nf;usqif;vmcJoh nf? od@k aomfvnf; xdt k csed w
f iG f a&*if§oufcsm
acwftwGif;jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_rsm;a=umifh ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiH
rsm;wGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;od@k p;D qif;&ef aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm; apmifq h ikd ;f
39
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

aecJ=h uonf? xdak iGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;u tcsed jf refjrefEiS hf a&wdt k wGi;f

tjrwfrsm;rsm; &&Sad &;twGuf &if;ES;D jrKwfEEHS ikd rf nfh ae&mud&k mS vm=uonf?
avmif;upm;qefaom aiGa=u;udak ps;upm;onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;
(Speculative Funds) &Sdvm=uonf? tqdkyg pDyGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.
zdtm;a=umifh tar&duefb¾ma&;0ef}uD;XmeESifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;
&HyaHk iGtzG@J / ta&S@awmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;&Sd tpd;k &rsm;taejzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJ
r_rsm;vkyfaqmifvm=u&onf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif EdkifiHawmfu
yg0ifpGufzufxdef;csKyfr_udkavsmhcsvm=u&+yD;/ aiGa=u;t&if;pD;qif;r_ESifh
ygwo f ufI xde;f csKyfxm;aompnf;rsO;f rsm;udk z,f&mS ;ay;cJ=h u&onf?
1994 ckEpS Ef iS hf 199& ckEpS u
f mvt=um;rSmyif aiGa=u;aps;upm;onfh
t&if;aiG (tar&duefa':vm bDv, D H 100) cef@ ta&S@tm&SEiS hf ta&S@
awmiftm&S a'orsm;ok@d p;D 0ifc+hJ yD; tdr, f majrvkyif ef;/ pawmhaps;uGuEf iS hf
ajra&mif;0,fa&;aps;uGuf wdk@uJhodk@aom aiGjzpfvG,faomvkyfief;
u¾rsm;wGif &if;ES;D jrKwfEcHS =hJ uonf? vkyif ef;u¾tenf;i,fwiG f pk+yHKI
aiGv;kH aiG&if;jzifh &if;ES;D jrKwfEaHS eaomtcg a&mif;vdt k m;enf;I 0,fvt kd m;
rsm;+yD; aps;uGuyf suaf wmhonf? ,if;vkyif ef;u¾rsm;udyk g +ydKvJysupf ;D
apcJyh gonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajcysuo f mG ;jcif;ESit
hf wl &if;ES;D jrKwfEo
HS rl sm;u
txdww f vef@jzpfc=hJ uonf? 1997 ckEpS f aEG&moDwiG f aiGa=u;upm;onfh
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;u Ttajctaeudt k cGit hf aumif;,lI tjrwfxw k f
Edik &f efqufvuf vkyaf qmifc=hJ uygonf? (tar&duefa':vm bDv, D H 100)
udk ,if;a'orS &kwfw&ufjyefvnfxkwf,lum tjcm;ae&mrsm;odk@
a&$@ajymif;xm; vdkufonf? xdktcg xdkEdkifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;bHk;bHk; vJ
awmhonf? +rDpm;aºuG;,lxm;olurk % ` rD sm;u xdak ºuG;aiGrsm;udk jyefrqyf
Edik af wmhojzifh aemufq;kH enf;vrf;rSm tpd;k &rsm;u xdpk ;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;
rsm;udk EdkifiHydkifodrf;cJh=u&+yD;/ olwdk@.taºuG;rsm;udk vufv$Jajymif;,l
vdu k =f u&awmhonf? tpd;k &rsm;taejzifv h nf; xdo k @akd qmuf&u G Ef ikd &f ef
twGuf "etiftm;vnf;rvHkavmufaoma=umifh EdkifiHwumaiGa=u;
&HyaHk iGtzG@J (IMF) u ay;vmrnfh “u,fq,fa&;&HyakH iG” rsm;udak pmifh
qdkif; =u&awmhonf? T “u,fq,fa&;&HyHkaiG” rsm;ESifhtwl ,cif
apmapmydkif;u tmz&duESifhvufwiftar&duwdkuf&Sd EdkifiHrsm;wGif
aqmif&u G cf =hJ u&aom “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f m jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnf

40
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

aqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program) udv k ukd ef m

aqmif&Guf =u&awmhonf? “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&m jyefvnf
zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment Program)
rsm;rS vGwfajrmufaecJhonf urBm.wckwnf;aoma'ojzpfaom T
a'oonfvnf; trsm;enf;wl Tvrf;a=umif;ay: vdu k =f u&jyefawmh
onf?
*vdb k ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ESihf vpfb&,fvukd af Z;&Si;f ac: wcg;zGio hf nfh
pD;yGm;a&;pepfw@kd u pD;yGg;a&;bmom&yfjzifyh gwo f uf+yD; ‚if;wd@k . aumif;
uGuu f akd xmufjyjiif;ckef avh&=dS uygonf? aps;uGuu f kd vGwv f w G vf yfvyf
cGijhf yKxm;jcif;tm;jzifh aps;uGuu f OpPm"eudk trsm;od@k jzef@caJG &muf&adS p
Edik +f yD;/ ydIk csr;f omºuG,0f aom b0jzpfapatmif zefw;D ay;Edik v f rd rhf nf[k
qd=k uygonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap TonfrmS oabmw&m;a&;&mt& jiif;ckH
r_w&yfomjzpf+yD;/ Toabmw&m;onfvnf; rnfonfh vlwef;pm;.
tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuftusKd;aqmifay;aeaom oabmw&m;jzpfa=umif;
oabmayguef m;vnfxm;&ef rsm;pGmta&;}uD;ygonf?

41
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

Edik if w
H umaiGa=u;b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;rsm; —
‚if;wdk@. vkyfief;wm0efrsm;ESifh awmifurBmbufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;
tay:tusKd;oufa&mufapr_?

Edik if w
H umaiGa=u;&HyakH iGtzG@J (tdik -f trf-tufz)f /
urBmb h %f/ urBmu
h ek of ,
G af &;tzG@J ('AvsL-wD-td)k ESihf
ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; (tmqD,H)

EdkifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (tdkif-trf-tufzf)

'kw, d urBmppf+yD;umvwGif tdik -f trf-tufzf tzG@J ukd zG@J cphJ Ofumvu
&nf&, G cf surf mS aiGa=u;pepftrsK;d rsK;d t=um; wnf&adS eaom zvS,rf E_ e_ ;f
xm;udk wnf+idrrf &_ adS p&ef aqmif&u G af y;&efjzpfonf? Tpepfonf a&$
wefb;kd tay:tajcjyKxm;+yD;/ a':vmwefb;kd ESihf csw d qf ufxm;ygonf?
(odk@jzifhtar&duefa':vmonf urBmht&HaiGa=u;jzpfoGm;apcJhygonf?)
1972 ckEpS w f iG f tar&dueforRw &pfcswef pfqifvufxufY a':vmESihf
a&$wefzdk;csdwfqufxm;jcif;udk jzwfawmufvdkuf+yD;/ aiGa=u;wefzdk;udk
vGwv f wG v f yfvyfar#mxm;aom aiGa=u;avmuudk pwifcyhJ gonf? tdik -f
trf-tufzf onf ‚if;. rlvwm0efr&Sd awmhaomfvnf;/ wm0eftopf
tcef;u¾opfwckukd &cJyh gonf? rdrw d @kd . xkwu
f ek w
f efb;kd xuf ydrk I kd
Edik if jH cm;rSwifoiG ;f ae=u&aom Edik if rH sm;taejzifh aiGpm&if;&Si;f wrf;wGif
vkad iGpm&if;jy vmcJ=h uygonf? Tvdak iGuakd y;qyf&eftwGuf jyifyb%f
rsm; od@k r[kwf Edik if w H umpD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aiGacs;,lIay;cJ=h u&
ygonf ? td k i f - trf - tuf z f tzG @ J t aejzif h xd k z G H @ +zd K ;qJ E d k i f i H r sm;.
ukefoG,fa&;wGif rwefwqukefoG,fwifoGif;jcif;rjyKap&ef/ wenf;
aiGa=u;pm&if; &Si;f wrf;rsm;ESiyhf gwo f ufI vdak iGjyr_ rrsm;ap&ef/ paom
csrSwfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk vdkufem-rvdkufemonfudk
apmif h = unf h & aom wm0ef u d k , l & ygawmh o nf ? td k i f - trf - tuf z f
tzG@J taejzifh Twm0efu, kd cl hJ &jcif;rSm pD;yGm;tajcrysuaf pa&;twGuf
ta&;ay:acs;aiGrsm; xkwaf y; Edik pf rG ;f &Sad oma=umifv h nf; jzpfonf?

42
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

1980 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f u tdik -f trf-tufzf tzG@J . vkyif ef;aqmifwm

rsm;udk wdk;csJ@cJhonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vGwfvyfr_&Sda&;/ xdef;csKyfuef@owf
r_rsm;udk avsmhcsay;a&;ESifh zufpHkvkyfief;rsm;yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyfa&;wdk@udk
wGef;aqmfaom wpHkvHk;t&qdkv#if “tajccHtaqmuftODqdkif&mjyef
vnfzGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” (Structural Adjustment
Program) udk t"dutaumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf&ef armif;ESifae
onfh ud, k pf m;vS,Xf me jzpfvmonf? T “tajccHtaqmuftODqikd &f m
jyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf” taejzifh rdrw d @kd .vlaer_pepf
vnfygwaf qmif&u G af eyHk yHpk .
H twGi;f usustxd 0ifa&mufI ajymif;vJr_
rsm; jzpfaponf? tajccHusaom rdu k u f &dpk ;D yGm;a&;ESihf rufu&dpk ;D yGm;a&;
ay:vpDrsm;ajymif;vJa&;udk awmif;qdv k #uf vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;twGi;f rsm;pGm
ajymif;vJ&u kd cf wfrr_ sm; jzpfapcJo h nf?
1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpktpdk;&. zdtm;ay;
awmif;qdkcsufa=umifh/ tdkif-trf-tufzftzGJ@wGif aemufxyft"du
aqmif&Guf&rnfh vkyfief;wm0ef&vmcJhonf? ,if;vkyfief;rSm aiGa=u;
t&if;tESD;rsm;udk uef@owfxdef;csKyfxm;r_rS uif;vGwfapa&;twGuf
wGe;f tm;ay; a&;jzpfonf? Oyrm — aiGa=u;t&if;tES;D rsm;tm; vk;H 0
O\kH vGwv f yfpmG pD;qif;cGiahf y;a&;/ t&if;tES;D aiGa=u;rsm;.b%fpm&if;
(Account) ESifh oufqdkifaomudpPrsm;wGif vkH;0vGwfvyfapa&;ESifh
t&if;pD;qif;r_ukd uef@owfxm;r_rsm;z,f&mS ;ypfa&;wd@k jzpfonf?

43
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

urBmb
h %f (World Bank)
1950 ckESpfrsm;wGif ppf'%fcHcJh&aom Oa&myjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;
&nf&, G cf sujf zifh zG@J pnf;cJah om tzG@J r&S nf&,G cf suaf jymif;vJum urBmb h %f
jzpfay:vmcJo h nf? ‚if;.&nf&, G cf surf mS ajrmufurBmjcrf;rS t&if;tjrpf
rsm; awmifurBmjcrf;Edik if rH sm;od@k pD;qif;apa&;ESifh zG@H +zdK;a&;tultnDrsm;
ay;onfh tzG@J tpnf;wcktjzpf aqmif&u G af &;jzpfonf? urBm@b%fwiG f
ajrmufurBmzufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;onf t"duusaomEdkifiHrsm;jzpf+yD;/
ta=umif;rSm t&if;xnfh0ifa=u;pepft& trsm;pkxnfh0ifxm;aom
a=umifh jzpfonf? urBmb h %fwiG f tqH;k tjzwfjyKvkyo f nft
h cg rJay;Edik f
onfh tiftm;onf xnf0h ifonft h &if;tay:tajccHxm;I qH;k jzwfcsuf
ay;ydik cf iG &hf o
dS nf?
1960 ckESpfrsm;aESmif;ydkif;ESifh 1970 ckESpfrsm;a&mufaomtcg
urBmb h %f. axmufyahH &;bwf*suaf iGyrm% tqrwef }uD;rm;vmcJh
onf? zufpzkH @HG +zdK;a&;pDru H ed ;f rsm;udk wm0ef,al qmif&u G &f aom yifrtzG@J
tpnf;}uD;jzpfvmcJhonf? urBmhb%f. taxmuftyHhtrsm;pkonf
tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh jzwfoef;oGm;=u&onf? 1980 ckESpfrsm;twGif;
a&mufvmaomtcg tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&vmonfh
vufsm*dk%f;/ vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfudk axmufcHtm;ay;
olrsm;u urBmhb%ftay: a0zefar;cGef;xkwfvmcJh=uonf? wcsKd@u
qdv k #if urBmb h %fuzkd suo f rd ;f ypf&efyif aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf? ta=umif;rSm
urBmhb%ftaejzifh tpdk;&rsm;rSwqifh tultnDay;aoma=umifh
cdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&rsm;jzpfvmap&ef zefwD;ay;ae+yD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'
usio hf ;kH &eftwGuf tajctaeESit hf cGit
hf vrf;rsm;udk zefw;D ay;aeonf[k
jrifvm=uaom a=umifhjzpfonf? aemufqkH;Y urBmhb%ftaejzifh
“tajccHtaqmuftOD qdik &f mjyefvnfz@JG pnf;wnfaqmufa&;tpDtpOf”
rsm;udk ‚if;.vkyfief;pOfwGif xnfhoGif;jyXmef;apjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;.vkyfief;
wm0efrsm;udk ajymif;vJapv#uf urBmb h %fukd zsuo f rd ;f rcH&apa&;twGuf
u,fwifEikd v f u kd f =uonf? rlvwm0efjzpfaom zG@H +zdK;r_tultnDay;a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;tpm;/ urBmb h %fonf pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGiahf y;apa&;twGuf
armif;ESiw f ukd w f eG ;f aeaom tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvmcJo h nf?

44
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@ (WTO)
urBmu h ek of , G af &;tzG@J onf 1948 ckEpS u f xJu ay:ayguv f mcJ&h ef&adS omf
vnf;/ aemuftESpf (50) t=um 1995 ckEpS u f sroS m wu,ftaumif
txnfay:vmcJo h nf? TumvtawmtwGi;f *wf (GATT)3 ac:
oGi;f ukeq f ikd &f m taumufceG Ef iS hf ukeo f , G af &;qdik &f mtaxGaxG oabm
wlnDcsuftzGJ@ taejzifh&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:
aqmif&u G Ef ikd rf _ rsm;pGmtm;enf; cJo h nf? 1980 ckEpS rf sm; tapmydik ;f wGif
tar&duefjynfaxmifp. k pD;yGm;a&;onf ukeo f , G rf t
_ ay:ydrk kd rSw
D nfvm
+yD; yd@k uek rf sm;twGuf aps;uGurf sm;vdt k yfvmcJo h nf? TtajctaewGif
ukefoG,fr_udk }uD;=uyfxdef;csKyf&eftwGuf ydkrdkcdkifrmawmifhwif;aom
urBmhtzGJ@tpnf;w&yf&Sd&rnfqdkonfh t,ltqjyefvnftouf0if
vmcJo h nf? &SpEf pS =f um ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;cJ=h u+y;D aemuf O&ka*G;pm;yG0J ikd ;f tpnf;
ta0;t+yD;wGi/f urBmu h ek o
f ,G af &;tzG@J }uD; ('AvsL-wD-td)k udk zG@J pnf;cJh
=uonf ? urB m h u k e f o G , f a &;tzG J @ }uD ; . oabmwl n D c suf r sm;t&
ukefoG,fr_wGif ta&twGuft&uef@owfr_rsm;udk w&m;r0ifa=umif;
owfrw S jf yXmef;cJ+h y;D jzpfovd/k ,if;wd@k tpm; oGi;f uket f ay:pnf;=uyfonfh
tcGepf epftjzpfom ajymif;vJowfrw S Ef ikd =f uawmhonf?
urBmu h ek of , G af &;tzG@J }uD;taejzifh oabmwlncD surf sm;wGif e,f
y,fus,fus,fjyef@jyef@udk v$rf;+cHKxm;+yD;/ pdkufysdK;a&;xGufukefqdkif&m
ukeo
f ,
G rf v_ yk if ef;rsm;ESihf 0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;qdik &f mukeo
f ,G rf _ (a&&&Sad &;
rSonf ynma&;0efaqmifrv _ yk if ef;rsm;txd) rsm;txdyg0ifonf? 'AvsL-
wD-tdk tzG@J onf ukeo f ,G af &;vkyif ef;rsm;tjyif ukeo f ,G rf E_ iS q
hf ufE,G f
aom jy\emrsm;udyk g v$r;f +cHKaqmif&u G v f mcJo h nf? Oyrmtm;jzifh —
• ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom &if;ESD;jrKwfESHr_y%mrqdkif&m
oabmwlncD surf sm; (TRIMs)4
• ukefoG,fa&;ESifhoufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m
oabmwlncD surf sm; (TRIPs)5 ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
ukeo
f ,G af &;ESio
hf ufqikd af om &if;ES;D jrKwfErHS y_ %mrqdik &f m oabm
wlncD surf sm; (TRIMs) t&qdv k #if a'oqdik &f mzlvakH &;twGuf owf
rSwaf omcGwJ rf;pepfrsK;d udk xlaxmif&efrjzpfEikd af wmhay? pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;

45
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

xlaxmifa&;twGuf (rdrv d yk if ef;tusK;d pD;yGg;udu

k muG,af y;aom) udpP
rsm;udkvnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;jyKEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay? ukefoG,fa&;ESifh
oufqdkifaom enf;ynmqdkif&m rlydkifcGifhqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm;
(TRIPs) onf enf;ynmjyef@ygG ;r_ukd umuG,&f ef&nf&, G o
f nfh vky&f yfrsK;d
jzpfonf? (txl;ojzifh tm&SEdkifiHrsm;twGuf xdef;csKyf&ef&nf&G,fjcif;
jzpfonf) wif;usyfonfh enf;ynmrlydkifcGifhqdkif&m rSwfykHwifpnf;rsOf;
rsm;jyXmef;jcif;jzifh enf;ynmrsm;jyef@ESHaer_udkwm;qD;onf? (TRIPs)
onf pufre_ nf;ynmrsm;wkyI pufrv _ yk if ef;xlaxmifjcif;rsK;d udk Oya'
t& wm;jrpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf obm0t& todynmrsm;
jyef@E@HS ru
_ u
kd ef@owfvu
kd o
f jzifh topfzefw;D xm;aom Oya'rsm; jzpfonf?
zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if rH sm;.tjrift&qdv
k #if pdu
k yf sd K;a&;qdik &f m oabmwlnD
csurf sm;onf ta&;t}uD;qk;H jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm tar&duefEiS hf
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;&Sd pkdufysKd;a&;xGufukefqdkif&maps;uGufrsm;udk vGefpGmrS
umuG,w f m;qD;ay;r_rsm; aqmif&u G xf m;+yD;/ zG@H +zdK;qJEikd if rH sm;wGirf l ‚if;wd@k
ydkv#HaomxGufukefrsm;udk pk+yHKwifydk@Edkif&ef aps;uGufrsm;udk twif;zGifh
ay;cdik ;f aeaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
urBmu h ek o f , G af &;tzG@J }uD;taejzifh “wEdik if /H rJwrJ” pepft& xde;f
csKyfxm;onfqakd omfvnf; vufawG@q;Hk jzwfcsucf s&mwGirf l tiftm;}uD;
Edik if H (4) Edik if EH iS hf tjcm;Edik if H (17) Edik if /H (18) Edik if w
H @kd u cs,v
f ,
S q
f ;kH jzwf
aeaoma=umifjh zpfonf? trSew f u,f ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG;=uonfh ae&mwGirf l
“tcef;pdr;f vkyif ef;pOf” (The Green Room Process) [kac:qdak e=u
onfh aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odk@ vufa&G;pifEdkifiHtcsKd@udkom zdwf=um;aqG;aEG;
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csae=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf?

46
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

tmqD,HtzGJ@ (ASEAN)
tmqD,HtzGJ@.tjzpfqdk;rSm pD;yGm;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;ut+rJwap EdkifiHa&;
udpPrsm;. vufatmufa&mufoGm;wwfjcif; jzpfonf? tmqD,Hudk
pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;tzGJ@wcktjzpf zGJ@pnf;cJhjcif;jzpf
onf? tmqD,t H zG@J twGi;f Y tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf r[mAsL[mt&udk
xifxif&mS ;&Sm;uGjJ ym;r_rsm; &Sad e=uonf? Edik if t H csK@d (Oyrm- tif'ekd ;D &Sm;/
rav;&Sm;) u tmqD,u H kd tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;t=um; vGwv f yfaom ukef
oG,af &;pepf xlaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh aqmif&u G vf o kd nf? tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;
t=um; ,cif “usm;Edik if rH sm;” .atmifjrifrp_ epfukd jyef@ygG ;ap&efaqmif
usO;f ay;onfh ykpH w H cktjzpfjrif=uonf? tjcm;Edik if rH sm; (puFmyl) url
tmqD,u H kd Edik if wH umvGwv f yfaomukeo f ,G af &;. a&S@ajy;tzG@J wck[k
&_jrif=uonf? tmqD,. H a'oqdik &f m yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;pDrcH sut f &
tm&Svw G vf yfaom ukeo f , G af &;a'o6 (Asia Free Trade Area) udk
xlaxmif&efjzpfaomfvnf;/ wu,fwef; (AFTA) jzpfajrmufvmap&ef
avmavmq,ftm;jzifh rnforl # trSew f u,ftm;xkwrf r_ sK;d r&Sad y?
tmqD,t H zG@J . wlnaD omtajccHjy\emrSm Ta'otwGi;f ae
xdik =f uaom jynfov l xl rk sm;u tmqD,pH rD cH suu f kd olw@kd EiS hf roufqikd f
ovdk oabmxm;ae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? tmqD,o H nf Edik if aH &;xdyyf ikd ;f
acgif;aqmifwpkESifh wwfodynm&Sif xdyfydkif;wpk. pDrHcsuftjzpfom
qufvufwnf&Sdae+yD;/ tmqD,HtzGJ@twGif; 'Drdkua&pDenf;us jyKjyif
ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vnf; aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif;vnf; r&Sad o;ay? tmqD,t H zG@J
u tcsed jf zKef;aecsed w f iG f tjcm;a'oqdik &f mtzG@J rsm;u rsm;pGmtaumif
txnfay: c&D;a&mufcJh=u+yD;/ w&kwfEdkifiHtaejzifh urBmvkH;qdkif&m
pD;yGm;a&;.wu,fhtiftm;w&yftjzpf ay:xGef;vmcJhonf? tmqD,H
Edik if rH sm;twGuf ar;p&mar;cGe;f rSm — rdrw d @kd Eikd if rH sm;tzd@k w&kwEf ikd if .H
xkwu f ek yf pPn;f rsm;twGuf aps;em}uD;wcktjzpf ajymif;ae+yDvm; qdo k nfh
ar;cGef;yifjzpfawmhonf? tmqD,HuJhodk@aom a'oqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsdK;&Sdzdk@awmh vdktyfygonf? odk@aomfvnf; xda&mufonfh
jyKjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm; rvkyaf qmifEikd yf gu tmqD,o H nf bmr#tok;H us
vdrrhf nf r[kwaf y?

47
jrefrmEdkifiHzHGŒ_zdK;wdk;wufa&;tjcm;enf;vrf;

jrefrmEdik if t
H wGuf tjcm;a&G;p&mvrf;a=umif;rSm rnfonfv h rf;jzpfEikd o
f
enf;? a&G;cs,&f mwGif rnfonft h csurf sm;udk tajccHIa&G;cs,f rnfenf;?
jrefrmEdik if t H aejzifh “t}uHwv l #iaf emufvo l mp+rJqokd nfh tusKd ;tjrwf
rsKd ;” &&eftcGit hf vrf;&Syd gonf? ta=umif;rSm aemufusrjS yKjyifajymif;vJ
cGiv hf yk &f aoma=umifh a&S@rvS rf;xGiof mG ;olrsm;. aumif;usK;d qd;k jypfrsm;udk
oifcef;pm,lEikd af om a=umifjh zpfonf? vGecf o hJ nf (25) ESpf =umumv
rsm;twGif; awmifurBmjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;udkwGef;tm;ay;cJhaom zGH+zdK;r_ykHpH
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48
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49
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kd f jy\emawG@vmawmhrnf jzpfonf?

50
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51
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52
 a0:vf'efb,fvkd

oifth wGuf aºuG;+rDrsm;wifvmvdrrhf nf? tjcm;jzpfEikd af om enf;vrf;wck

rSm tcGeaf iGrsm;udk pepfwusaumufc+H yD; 0ifaiGpak qmif;jcif;ESihf &onfh
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a&mufEiS hf pepfwusraumufcEH ikd =f ujcif; jzpfonf?

NOTES:

1. Liberalization of International Trade.

2. Liberalization of Financial flows.
3. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
4. Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
5. Trade Related Property Rights (TRIPs)
6. Asian Free Trade Area (AFTA)

53