Thi Nghiem Vien Thong

TRNG AI HOC TON C THANG KHOA IEN IEN T
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MON HOC
TH NGHIEM VIEN THONG

GIANG VIEN: ThS. HOANG MANH HA
TRNG I HC TN C THNG
KHOA IN - IN T B MN IN T - VIN THNG
TI LIU HNG DN TH NGHIM
VIN THNG
Tp.H Ch Minh, thng 4 - 2010
TRNG H TN C THNG KHOA IN IN T ---------------------
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp - T do - Hnh phc **************
NI QUY
PHNG TH NGHIM IN-IN T
IU I. TRC KHI N PHNG TH NGHIM SINH VIN PHI: 1. Nm vng quy nh an ton ca phng th nghim. 2. Nm vng l thuyt v c k ti liu hng dn bi thc nghim. 3. Lm bi chun b trc mi bui th nghim. Sinh vin khng lm bi chun b theo ng yu cu s khng c vo lm th nghim v xem nh vng bui th nghim . 4. n phng th nghim ng gi quy nh v gi trt t chung. Tr 15 pht khng c vo th nghim v xem nh vng bui th nghim . 5. Mang theo th sinh vin v gn bng tn trn o. 6. Tt in thoi di dng trc khi vo phng th nghim. IU II. VO PHNG TH NGHIM SINH VIN PHI: 1. Ct cp, ti xch vo ni quy nh, khng mang dng c nhn vo phng th nghim. 2. Khng mang thc n, ung vo phng th nghim. 3. Ngi ng ch quy nh ca nhm mnh, khng i li ln xn. 4. Khng ht thuc l, khng khc nh v vt rc ba bi. 5. Khng tho lun ln ting trong nhm. 6. Khng t di chuyn cc thit b th nghim IU III. KHI TIN HNH TH NGHIM SINH VIN PHI: 1. Nghim tc tun theo s hng dn ca cn b ph trch. 2. K nhn thit b, dng c v ti liu km theo lm bi th nghim. 3. c k ni dung, yu cu ca th nghim trc khi thao tc. 4. Khi my c s c phi bo ngay cho cn b ph trch, khng t tin sa cha. 5. Thn trng, chu o trong mi thao tc, c thc trch nhim gi gn tt thit b. 6. Sinh vin lm h hng my mc, dng c th nghim th phi bi thng cho Nh trng v s b tr im th nghim. 7. Sau khi hon thnh bi th nghim phi tt my, ct in v lau sch bn my, sp xp thit b tr v v tr ban u v bn giao cho cn b ph trch. IU IV. 1. Mi sinh vin phi lm bo co th nghim bng chnh s liu ca mnh thu thp c v np cho cn b hng dn ng hn nh, cha np bo co bi trc th khng c lm bi k tip. 2. Sinh vin vng qu 01 bui th nghim hoc vng khng xin php s b cm thi. 3. Sinh vin cha hon thnh mn th nghim th phi hc li theo quy nh ca phng o to. 4. Sinh vin hon thnh ton b cc bi th nghim theo quy nh s c thi nhn im kt thc mn hc. IU V. 1. Cc sinh vin c trch nhim nghim chnh chp hnh bn ni quy ny. 2. Sinh vin no vi phm, cn b ph trch th nghim c quyn cnh bo, tr im thi. Trng hp vi phm lp li hoc phm li nghim trng, sinh vin s b nh ch lm th nghim v s b a ra hi ng k lut nh trng. Tp.HCM, Ngy 20 thng 09 nm 2009 KHOA IN-IN T ( k) PGS TS. PHM HNG LIN
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng
Bai 1
BI 1
IU CH V GII IU CH BIN (AM)

I. MC CH
Khi hon thnh bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th m t my pht tn hiu iu ch bin v gii thch tn hiu tin tc nh hng n hnh dng ca tn hin AM nh th no, tnh ch s iu ch v phn trm iu ch t cc tham s AM, m t iu ch 100%, qu iu ch, v hiu sut truyn. Sinh vin cng c th m t my thu AM, gii thch nh hng ca cc tng RF, IF n vic pht hin tn hiu AM, hiu c phng php gii iu ch AM bng cch tch sng ng bao.
II. C S L THUYT
1. Gii thiu iu ch bin (AM) l qu trnh kt hp tn hiu tin tc vi tn hiu sng mang trong bin ca tn hiu sng mang thay i theo tn hiu tin tc. Nh hnh 1-1 trnh by, AM to ra mt hnh bao iu ch m c dng sng tng t nh tn hiu tin tc. Cc s thay i bin ca tn hiu tin tc gy ra cc s thay i bin trong tn hiu sng mang tn s cao.
Hnh 1.1.
Khi tn hiu tin tc (fm) l sng sine, ph tn s ca tn hiu sng mang c iu ch (tn hiu AM) gm c ba thnh phn tn s: sng mang (fc), bin trn (USB = fc + fm), v bin di (ISB = fc - fm). Hnh 1-2 minh ha cc thnh phn ny. V d, nu tn hiu sng mang (fc ) l 2000 kHz v tn iu tin tc (fm ) l 4 kHz, tn s LSB s l 1996 kHz (fc- fm = 2000 - 4), v tn s USB s l 2004 kHz (fc + fm = 2000 + 4) .
Hnh 1.2.
1-1
Bai 1
Hnh 1.3
Ch s iu ch (m) l t s ca bin nh tn hiu tin tc trn bin nh ca tn hiu sng mang. Phng php tnh xc nh ch s iu ch (m) t tn hiu AM da vo hnh 1-3 v cng thc di y: M=
A B A+ B
Phn trm iu ch l ch s iu ch c biu din theo phn trm (m x 100).
Hnh 1.4
Dng sng AM trnh by trong hnh 1-4 l iu ch 100% (ch s iu ch bng 1); cc im trng tip xc vi ng chun zero. Cng sut v hiu sut trong truyn AM lin quan trc tip n ch s iu ch; iu ch 100% l nhm t cng sut bin ln nht.
Hnh 1.5.
Khi qu iu ch xy ra (ln hn 100%), c hai bin ca hnh bao iu ch bng qua ng chun zero, nh hnh 1-5. Trong truyn thng AM, qu iu ch gy ra cc tn s bin gi gi l bin splatter. Splatter ny gy ra mo trong my thu v nhiu vi cc trm radio khc. Khi ch s iu ch tng, mc cng sut ca cc bin (PSB) tng khi cng sut sng mang (PC) gi khng i. Bi v thng tin c ch c cha trong tn hiu tn s radio (RF) nm trong cc bin, do c th t cc i cng sut bin bng cch tng ch s iu ch mong mun. Tuy nhin, trong AM, ch s iu ch phi khng c ln hn 1, nu khng mo v nhiu s xy ra. Cng sut tng (PT) trong tn hiu AM l tng ca cng sut sng mang (PC) v cng sut bin di v bin trn (PSB). PT = PC + PSB 1-2
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng Hiu sut truyn () l phn s ca cng sut tng mc cha trong cc bin. =
PSB PT
Bai 1
Hiu sut truyn cng lin quan n ch s iu ch. = m2/ (2 + m2 ) 2. My pht AM
Hnh 1.6.
C nhiu cch to ra mt tn hiu AM. Nh hnh 1-7, mch tch hp b iu ch cn bng (IC), mt phn t phi tuyn, c th c chc nng iu ch bin . Cc tn hiu tin tc v sng mang l cc tn hiu vo mch iu ch bin .
Hnh 1.7
Mch iu ch bin trn tn hiu tin tc v sng mang dch tn s ca tn hiu tin tc: n dch tn hiu tin tc n tn s ca tn hiu sng mang. Hnh bao ca tn hiu sng mang l bn copy ca tn hiu tin tc v thay i ti cc tn s ging vi tn s tn hiu tin tc. B khuch i cng sut RF l phn cui cng trc khi n anten pht. N cung cp s khuch i cng sut cn thit cho anten bc x cc tn hiu RF trn cc khong cch di. Hnh 1-8 trnh by s ca mch khuch i cng sut trong khi mch AM/SSB TRANSMITTER. Vng ny gm c RF POWER AMPLIFIER (Q1) v ANTENNA MATCHING NETWORK c chc nng to tr khng ng ra Q1 cn thit truyn cng sut yu cu n anten tr khng thp (c m phng bi R5).
1-3
Bai 1
Hnh 1.8.
in dung C1 trong b chn cch ly in p cc nn DC bi in tr R1. Cc in tr R2 v R3 lm thnh mch chia p cung cp in p DC khng i cc nn khong 4.8V. B khuch i cng sut RF (Q1) l mt b khuch i E chung. Q1 lun c phn cc thun bi v in p DC cc nn Q1 khng i. Kt qu l Q1 hot ng nh mt b khuch i lp A.
Hnh 1.9.
Trong b khuch i lp A, dng cc thu dn 3600 cho tn hiu ng vo, v tn hiu ng ra khng b mo. Trong b khuch i lp B, dng cc thu dn 1800 cho tn hiu ng vo, v tn hiu ng ra b mo. Trong b khuch i lp C, dng cc thu dn t hn 1800 cho tn hiu ng vo, v tn hiu ng ra b mo ng k (xem hnh 1-9). i vi trng hp pht qung b, hiu sut l quan trng bc nht trong cc b khuch i cng sut bi v bt k suy hao cng sut u dn n t cng sut hn cho qu trnh bc x v tn hiu khng truyn c xa. Cc b khuch i lp C cung cp hiu sut tt hn lp B, v cc b khuch i lp B cung cp hiu sut tt hn lp A. 3. My thu AM Hnh 1-10 trnh by s khi n gin ca my thu AM qung b. Tng RF v b dao ng ni c iu chnh ng thi, tng RF s khuch i tn hiu AM. B i tn chuyn tn s AM thnh tn s IF (trung tn) 455 kHz, v tng IF lc v khuch i tn hiu trung tn IF. B tch sng khi phc li tn hiu tin tc t tn hiu IF, v cui cng tng audio khuch i tn hiu tin tc n loa.
1-4
Bai 1
Hnh 1.10.
Xem hnh 1-11. Tn hiu AM t anten my pht AM kt ni n in tr 1M (R8) gim cng sut ca tn hiu AM c nhn ti my thu. Tr khng ng vo b khuch i RF xp x 3 k. R8 ni n mt bin p t ngu L4 c t s vng l 7.7. Vi t s ny, tr khng ng vo ca b lc RF s xp x 50 khi b lc cng hng tn s 1000 kHz. CH : Ti tn s cng hng ca RF FILTER, XL4 = XC7 v mch c tr khng l in tr thun.
Hnh 1.11.
Nh c trnh by trong hnh 1-12, mch RF FILTER gm mt in cm v mt in dung c nh mc song song. l mch lc thng di LC song song. Tn s cng hng(fr) xy ra khi in khng v in dung bng nhau (XL = XC). Ti fr, tr khng RF FILTER l in tr thun v tn hiu ng ra l ln nht.
Hnh 1.12.
iu chnh RF FILTER cho tn s cng hng l 1000 kHz: iu chnh cun in cm (L4) sao cho tn hiu ng ra RF AMPLIFIER ln nht. RF AMPLIFIER khuch i tn hiu AM 1000 kHz n RF FILTER v tng mc cng sut ca n khong 72 dB ( li khong 16,000,000). Sinh vin iu chnh L5 cho mch RLC cc thu c cng hng 1000 kHz cho li cc i. Khi mch RLC cc thu c cng hng 1000 kHz, in dung v in khng trit tiu, v mch ch cn li in tr thun. Cc mc cng sut vo v ra ca RF STAGE v cc thnh phn khc ca mt my thu AM thng decibel (dB) lin quan n mc cng sut tham chiu. Thng thng s dng
1-5
Bai 1
miliwatt (mW). Biu thc di y cho quan h gia cng sut tnh bng dBm vi cng sut (P) tnh bng mW. dBm = 10 x [log10 (P/1 mW)] Mt dBm l mt lng cng sut tht s, khc vi dB i din cho t s cng sut. Cch dng ca dBm th thun li khi x l vi cc mch nhiu tng. Hiu s gia mc dBm ti ng ra v ng vo mt tng chnh l li cng sut tnh bng dB ca tng (hnh 1-13).
Hnh 1.13.
Loi IC dng cho b iu ch cn bng cng c dng cho b i tn (xem hnh 1-14). B i tn c hai ng vo: M (tin tc) v C (sng mang). Ng vo tn hiu RF ca b i tn (M) ly t ng ra b khuch i RF. Ng vo tn hiu dao ng ni ca b i tn (C) l mt tn hiu 1455 kHz c to ra t khi mch VCO-HI.
Hnh 1.14.
Bi v tn hiu ng vo RF n b i tn c ba thnh phn tn s, tn hiu ng ra b i tn cn bng s gm cc tn s tng v hiu ca ba thnh phn RF. Cc tn s ng vo RF khng c bin ng k trong ng ra. B lc IF l mt b lc s c bng thng 20 kHz, n loi b tt c cc tn s di 455 kHz v trn 465 kHz. cho b i tn to ra mt tn hiu vi tn s hiu l 455 kHz n b lc IF, tn s VCO-HI phi c chnh chnh xc 1455 kHz. B tch sng ng bao (xem hnh 1-15 v 1-16): trn na chu k dng ca tn hiu ng ra, t in np n in p nh ng vo. V th, in p qua R12 v C10 s bng in p ca tn hiu ng vo (tr st p diode) bi v diode (CR1) c phn cc thun. Khi tn hiu ng ra nh hn gi tr ny, diode (CR1) tt v t in (C10) bt u x t t qua in tr (R12) vi tc c xc nh bi thi hng RC.
Hnh 1.15.
1-6
Bai 1
Hnh 1.16.
Trn na chu k dng k tip ca tn hiu ng vo, CR1 dn v C10 c np in n gi tr mi c xc nh bi tn hiu ng vo. Qu trnh lp li mt cch t ng v lin tc. C mt gi tr ti u cho thi hng x ca RC. Nu thi hng x qu ln hoc qu nh, ng ra ca b tch sng s khng cng dng vi hnh bao ca tn hiu AM ng vo. nh hng ca thi hng qu ln hoc qu nh c trnh by trong hnh 1-17.
Hnh 1.17.
iu kh khn chnh ca b tch sng hnh bao l phi c mt in p xp x t 0.4 V n 0.6 V ri trn diode khi diode dn. Vn tr nn nghim trng i vi cc tn hiu nh hay cc tn hiu iu ch 100%. nh hng ca st p phn cc thun ca diode c trnh by trong hnh 1-18.
Hnh 1.18.
III. YU CU THIT B
B chn . Board mch ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS Ngun cung cp 15 Vdc Dao ng k hai knh My pht sng sine/vung
IV. TIN HNH TH NGHIM

1-7
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng 1. My pht AM Trnh t tin hnh A - Cc tn hiu AM
Bai 1
Trong phn TRNH T TIN HNH ny, bn s quan st tc ng ca tn hiu tin tc trn tn hiu AM. 1. Xc nh v tr cc khi mch AM/SSB TRANSMITTER v VCO-LO v kt ni mch nh trn hnh 1-19. Gn jumper v tr1000 kHz trn khi mch VCO-LO. t cc cng tc S1, S2, v S3 OFF.
Hnh 1.19.
2. Kt ni u d dao ng k knh 1 ti ng vo tn hiu tin tc (M) ca MODULATOR. Khi quan st tn hiu trn knh 1, iu chnh my pht tn hiu c mt tn hiu sng sine 0.2 Vpk-pk, 2 kHz ti M. 3. Kt ni u d knh 2 n ng vo tn hiu sng mang (C) ca MODULATOR. Khi quan st tn hiu trn knh 2, iu chnh VCO-LO cho mt tn hiu 0.2 Vpk-pk, 1000 kHz ti C. iu chnh tn s sng mang vi nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn , v iu chnh bin sng mang vi nm vn trn khi mch VCO-LO. 4. Kt ni u d knh 2 n ng ra ca MODULATOR. t VERT MODE ca dao ng k v tr ALT, v trigger trn knh 1 (tn hiu tin tc). 5. iu chnh nm in th MODULATOR cho dng sng AM trn knh 2 dao ng k l 2.0 V gia cc nh trn v di, nh hnh 1-20.
Hnh 1.20.
6. Hnh bao tn hiu AM (knh 2) c tn s v dng ging nh tn hiu tin tc (knh 1)? C Khng 7. Chnh tn s tn hiu sng mang (fc) bng 1000 kHz v tn s tn hiu tin tc (fm) bng 2 kHz. Cc tn s g hin din trn ph tn s ca tn hiu AM? ...................................................................................................................................................
1-8
Bai 1
8. Thay i chc nng tn hiu my pht t mt sng sine thnh mt sng hnh vung. Hnh bao ca tn hiu ng ra AM c thay i t mt sng sine thnh mt sng vung? C Khng 9. Chnh li chc nng my pht tn hiu cho mt sng sine. Khi quan st tn hiu ng ra AM trn knh 2, thay i nm iu khin AF FREQUENCY ca my pht tn hiu thay i tn s tn hiu tin tc. Tn s ca hnh bao tn hiu AM c thay i tng ng vi tn s ca tn hiu tin tc? C Khng 10. Chnh li tn s tn hiu tin tc n 2 kHz. Khi quan st tn hiu ng ra AM, thay i nm iu khin AF LEVEL ca my pht tn hiu thay i bin ca tn hiu tin tc. Bin ca hnh bao tn hiu AM c thay i tng ng vi bin ca tn hiu tin tc? C Khng Trnh t tin hnh B - Ch s iu ch v phn trm iu ch Trong phn TRNH T TIN HNH ny, bn s thc hin cc php o dao ng k ca tn hiu AM v tnh ch s iu ch (m) v phn trm iu ch (%Mod.).
Hnh 1.21.
11. Kim tra cc cng tc S1, S2, v S3: cc cng tc ny phi v tr OFF. 12. Trn knh 1 dao ng k, iu chnh in p nh-nh ca tn hiu tin tc n 0.2Vpk-pk. Nu cn, iu chnh nm in th MODULATOR sao cho dng sng AM trnh by trn knh 2 l 2.0 V gia cc nh trn v di (xem hnh 1-20). 2.0 V l s o A trong hnh 1-21. Trn knh 2 dao ng k, o cao dc ( volt) gia cc im trng trn v di (s o B trong hnh 1-21) ca dng sng c iu ch: B = ____________ V. 13. Tnh ch s iu ch: m = _________________________. 14. Tnh phn trm iu ch %Mod = _____________________.
Hnh 1.22.
1-9
Bai 1
15. Khi quan st tn hiu AM trn knh 2, tng bin ca tn hiu tin tc cho n khi dng sng ng bao ca tn hiu AM tip xc ng chun zero, nh trong hnh 1-22. Khong cch B trn dng sng tn hiu AM by gi l 0.0 V. 16. Trn knh 2 dao ng k, o (theo n v volt) khong cch dc gia cc nh trn v di ca dng sng c iu ch (s o A trong hnh 1-22): A = _____________ V. 17. Tnh ch s iu ch: m = _____________ . 18. Tnh phn trm iu ch: % Mod = _________. Trnh t tin hnh C - iu ch 100%, qu iu ch, v hiu sut truyn Trong phn TRNH T TIN HNH ny, sinh vin quan st trng thi iu ch 100%, quan st hin tng qu iu ch, v tnh hiu sut truyn (). 26. Cc cng tc S1, S2, v S3 v tr OFF. Chnh dao ng k mode NORMAL. Chnh li dao ng k VOLTS/DIV v TIME/DIV cho tn hiu AM trn knh 2 xut hin nh trn hnh 1-21. 27. Tng bin tn hiu tin tc trn knh 1 bng cch iu chnh nm AF LEVEL trn my pht tn hiu cho n khi tn hiu AM xut hin nh hnh 1-23. Tn hiu AM cha c iu ch hay qu iu ch? Cha c iu ch Qu iu ch
Hnh 1.23.
28. Ch s iu ch ca tn hiu AM ln hn hay nh hn 1? Ln hn 1 Nh hn 1 29. Tn hiu qu iu ch c c mong mun trong truyn thng AM? Ti sao? ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 30. Gim tn hiu tin tc cho tn hiu AM trn knh 2 c iu ch 100% (xem li hnh 1-22). 31. Tnh hiu sut truyn = m2/ (2 + m2) = ______________ . 32. Nu cng sut tng tn hiu (PT) l 50 kW, tnh cng sut bin (PSB) bng cch dng cc gi tr tnh c ca PSB = x PT = _______________. 2. My thu AM Trnh t tin hnh A - Kt ni mch my pht AM Trong phn TRNH T TIN HNH ny, bn s kt ni v chnh my pht AM v dng tn hiu ng ra ca my pht nh tn hiu ng vo ca my thu. 1-10
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng 1. Kt ni mch my pht AM, nh trnh by trong hnh 1-24.
Bai 1
Hnh 1.24.
2. Trn khi mch VCO-LO, ni jumper vo v tr 1000 kHz. 3. t cc cng tt S1 v S2 v tr OFF, S3 v tr ON. Khi S3 ON, ANTENNA MATCHING IMPEDANCE s t ng chnh n 330. 4. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n ng vo tn hiu sng mang ca MODULATOR (C). 5. Khi quan st tn hiu trn knh 1, chnh bin tn hiu sng mang n 0.1Vpk-pk bng cch iu chnh nm trn khi mch VCO-LO v iu chnh tn s tn hiu sng mang n 1000 kHz bng cch chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn . 6. Kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n ng vo tn hiu tin tc MODULATOR (M). 7. Khi quan st tn hiu trn knh 2 dao ng k, chnh tn hiu my pht tn hiu c tn hiu sng sine 0.1Vpk-pk, 2 kHz ti ng vo tin tc ca MODULATOR. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n ng ra ca anten (R5). t sweep n 0.1 ms/DIV, v trigger trn knh 2. iu chnh nm MODULATOR dng sng AM c iu ch 100%, nh trnh by trong hnh 1-22. Trnh t tin hnh B - B lc RF Trong phn TRNH T TIN HNH ny, bn iu chnh b lc RF cho tn s cng hng l 1000 kHz, l tn s ca tn hiu c pht. 8. Dng jumper kt ni TRANSMITTER n in tr 1M (R8) ti ng vo khi mch AM/SSB RECEIVER (hnh 1-25). Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n ng vo R8. Tn hiu AM c c pht n ng vo R8? C Khng
Hnh 1.25.
16. B nhng kt ni khng cn thit trong cc phn RF FILTER v RF AMPLIFIER ca mch my thu ngoi tr jumper kt ni mch TRANSMITTER, hnh 1-26 trnh by s RF FILTER v RF AMPLIFIER.
1-11
Bai 1
Hnh 1.26.
17. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n ng ra RF AMPLIFIER. iu chnh L5 im gia cho mt tn hiu xut hin trn knh 1. 18. iu chnh in cm L4 cho tn hiu nh nh cc i ti ng ra RF AMPLIFIER. Tn s cng hng (fr) ca RF FILTER l bao nhiu? ____________ kHz. 19. Vi tn hiu sng mang 1000 kHz v tn hiu tin tc 2 kHz, LSB m b lc RF phi cho qua l tn hiu g? Tn s bao nhiu? ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 20. Vi tn hiu sng mang 1000 kHz v tn hiu tin tc 2 kHz, bng thng (BW) ti thiu ca RF FILTER cn thit cho qua tn hiu AM thu c? ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Trnh t tin hnh C - B khuch i RF: li cng sut cc i Trong phn TRNH T TIN HNH ny, sinh vin s iu hng mch RLC trong mch khuch i cc thu RF sao cho li RF AMPLIFIER ln nht. Sau o tn hiu ng ra tnh cng sut ng ra rms v li cng sut ca tng RF. 21. Khi quan st tn hiu trn knh 1, iu chnh in cm R5 trong mch cc thu RF AMPLIFIER cho tn hiu sng mang nh nh ln nht ti ng ra RF AMPLIFIER. 22. Trn knh 1, o in p nh nh ca tn hiu sng mang ti ng ra RF AMPLIFIER (VRF(0)). Ghi li kt qu: ______________ V. 23. Chuyn i gi tr VRF(o)pk-pk tnh bc 22 thnh gi tr rms (VRF(o)rms = VRF(o)pk-pk x 0.3535). Dng kt qu ny thay vo biu thc di y tnh cng sut rms ca tn hiu sng mang ti ng ra RF AMPLIFIER. Tr khng ng ra RF AMPLIFIER l 2 k. Ghi kt qu theo n v microwatt. PRF(o) = VRF (o)2 / 2 k. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 24. Cng sut ng vo v ng ra ca tn hiu sng mang n v i khi tng RF (RF FILTER v RF AMPLIFIER) c trnh by. Tnh v ghi cng sut ng vo theo dBm. dBmRF(i) = 10 x [log10 (PRF(i) / 1 mW)] = ______________ dBm. 25. Tnh cng sut ng ra theo dBm. dBmRF(o) = 10 x [log10 (PRF(o) / 1mW)] = ______________ dBm. 26. T cng sut ng vo v ng ra theo dBm, tnh li cng sut ca tng RF theo dB.
1-12
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng APRF = dBmRF(O) dBmRF(i) = _____________ dB.
Bai 1
27. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n im M ti khi MIXER. Chnh L5 v im gia mt tn hiu xut hin trn knh 1. 28. Chnh in cm L4 cho tn hiu AM peak-peak ln nht ti ng ra RF AMPLIFIER. 29. Chnh in cm thay i (L5) trong mch cc thu RF AMPLIFIER sao cho tn hiu AM c bin nh -nh ln nht ti ng ra RF AMPLIFIER. Tin trnh thc hnh D - B i tn Trong phn TIN TRNH THC HNH ny, sinh vin s kho st nh hng ca b MIXER trn tn hiu AM bng cch quan st cc tn hiu ng ra v ng vo ca MIXER. 15. Kt ni ng ra ca khi mch VCO-HI 1455 kHz n ng vo dao ng ni (C) ca MIXER nh hnh 1-27. Chnh nm in th VCO-HI xoay mt vng theo chiu kim ng h. Kt ni ng ra MIXER n ng vo IF FILTER bng mt jumper.
Hnh 1.27.
16. Kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n ng ra ca MIXER. Vn nm iu chnh ca MIXER cho ti khi tn hiu ng ra xut hin nh trong hnh 1-28. S iu chnh ny lm trit i tn s VCO-LO 1455 kHz trong tn hiu ng ra.
Hnh 1.28.
17. Kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n ng ra ca IF FILTER. Khi quan st ng ra IF FILTER, chnh tn s VCO-HI 1455 kHz bng cch iu chnh nm POSITIVE SUPPLY trn b chn sao cho tn hiu c in p nh - nh ln nht. Nu vic iu chnh ny khng chnh xc, tn hiu AM s khng xut hin. Kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n ng ra ca MIXER, v kt ni u d knh 1 n ng vo M ca MIXER. 18. Chnh in th ca MIXER cho tn hiu ng ra c hnh dng r. So snh tn hiu ng ra trn knh 2 vi tn hiu ng vo trn knh 1 ca MIXER. C mt hnh bao iu ch khc ging nh tn hiu trnh by trong hnh 1-29, trong tn hiu AM ti ng ra MIXER khng? C Khng
1-13
Bai 1
Hnh 1.29.
19. Chnh sweep dao ng k n 1s/DIV v trigger trn knh 2. Tn hiu ng ra ca MIXER s ging vi tn hiu phc tp trnh by trn hnh 1-30. o thigian gia cc nh ca dng sng phc tp, l s o xp x ca chu k (T). Mi vch chia ngang l 1 s. T = _____________ s
Hnh 1.30.
20. T chu k (T), tnh ton tn s ca dng sng phc tp (f =1/T) theo n v kilohertz. f = __________ kHz 21. chng t cc thnh phn tn s trong khong tn s 2455 kHz c hin din, chnh sweep dao ng k n 0.2 /DIV. Tn hiu trn knh 2 s xut hin. o v ghi tn s (f). Mi vch chia l 0.2 s. f = ______________ kHz. Tin trnh thc hnh G - B lc IF Trong phn TIN TRNH THC HNH ny, sinh vin s quan st tn s ca b dao ng ni nh hng n tn hiu ng ra bng cch so snh cc tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca b lc IF . 23. Kt ni u d knh mt dao ng k n ng ra IF FILTER. Knh 2 s kt ni n ng vo IF FILTER. Chnh sweep dao ng k n 0.2 ms/DIV. Trigger trn knh 2. 24. So snh ng ra IF FILTER trn knh 1 vi ng vo IF FILTER trn knh 2. C mt hnh bao iu ch khc xut hin trong tn hiu ti ng ra IF FILTER khng ? C Khng 25. Khi quan st tn hiu ng ra IF FILTER trn knh 1, thay i mt t tn s ca tn hiu 1455kHz n b MIXER bng cch iu chnh vng chnh tinh ca nm POSITIVE SUPPLY trn b chn .
1-14
Bai 1
26. Ti sao tn hiu ng ra IF FILTER bin mt khi tn s ca tn hiu 1455 kHz n MIXER b tng hoc gim mt t? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... Tin trnh thc hnh H - B tch sng hnh bao Trong phn TIN TRNH THC HNH ny, sinh vin s quan st tn hiu ng ra ENVELOPE DETECTOR ca my thu v so snh n vi tn hiu tin tc c gi n my pht kim tra ng ra ca my thu c tht s l tn hiu tin tc hay khng. 27. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n ng vo tn hiu tin tc MODULATOR trn khi mch AM/SBB TRANSMITTER, v kt ni u d knh 2 n ng ra ENVELOPE DETECTOR. 28. Tn hiu ti ng ra ENVELOPE DETECTOR c tn s ging nh tn hiu tin tc khng? C Khng 29. Ti my pht tn hiu, thay i tn s ca tn hiu tin tc 2 kHz. Tn s ng ra ENVELOPE DETECTOR c thay i theo tn s ca tn hiu tin tc? C Khng 30. Cc nh m b xn phng do mo ca tn hiu tin tc c gy ra do tn hiu iu ch 100% n ENVELOPE DETECTOR. Gim ch s iu ch ca tn hiu AM pht bng cch xoay t t nm iu chnh trn khi MODULATOR theo ngc chiu kim ng h, ng thi quan st cc nh m ca tn hiu tin tc c khi phc tr li bnh thng. 31. Ti my pht tn hiu, thay i bin ca tn hiu tin tc 2 kHz. Bin ng ra ENVELOPE DETECTOR c thay i theo bin ca tn hiu tin tc? C Khng Bt cng tc CM 9 (chuyn sang v tr ON) thay i thi hng x RC ca mch ENVELOPE DETECTOR. Quan st tn hiu tin tc c khi phc. S tng hay gim cng tt CM 9 c thay i thi hng x RC? (sinh vin c th bt cng tc CM 9 ng v m xem s khc nhau.)
VI. KT LUN
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
1-15
Bai 2
BI 2
IU CH V GII IU CH GC (FM V PM)

I. MC CH
Hon thnh bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th m t qu trnh iu ch v gii iu ch gc bng cch dng cc khi mch VCO-LO, PHASE MODULATOR, v QUADRATURE DETECTOR trn board mch ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS.
II. C S L THUYT
1. iu ch Qu trnh iu ch gc gm hai dng: iu ch tn s (FM) v iu ch pha (PM). FM v PM c lin h vi nhau; khi ci ny thay i th ci kia cng thay i theo. Nh hnh 2-1(a) minh ha, khi bin tn hiu tin tc l zero, khng c thay i tn s sng mang FM; tn hiu c tn s ti tn s trung tm ca n, tc l tn s sng mang cha iu ch. Cc thay i dng hay m trong tn s sng mang so vi tn s trung tm ca n c gi l lch tn s hay di tn. Sau y l ba khi nim iu ch tn s (FM) m sinh vin cn nh: 1. Tn s tn hiu sng mang ch thay i t l vi bin tn hiu tin tc. 2. Tn s ca tn hiu tin tc khng nh hng n lch tn s ca tn hiu sng mang nhng nh hng n tc lch. 3. Bt k cc thay i bin ca sng mang FM u khng cha thng tin ca tn hiu tin tc; ch cc lch v tn s mi cha thng tin. Nh minh ha trong hnh 2-1, lch tn s sng mang (cng hoc tr) trong tn hiu FM l ln nht khi bin ca tn hiu tin tc c gi tr nh ln nht hay nh nht. Khi tn hiu tin tc l zero, lch tn s sng mang l zero, bi v sng mang ti tn s trung tm ca n.
Hnh 2.1.
Quan st hnh 2-2. Bi v cc thay i bin FM khng cha bt k thng tin ca tn hiu tin tc, bin ca sng mang FM c th c gii hn trong khong gi tr mong mun. Kt qu l cc gai bin nhiu c th c gim bi cc mch gii hn. Cc b khuch i lp C hiu sut cao, ch nh hng bin nhng khng nh hng tn s, c th c dng trong thit b FM. Truyn FM c kh nng loi nhiu ngu nhin tt hn truyn AM. Bi v s loi nhiu tt hn my thu, FM c th truyn trn khong cch ln hn AM vi cng mt tn s v cng sut my pht
2-1
Bai 2
Hnh 2.2.
di tn ca tn hiu FM l lch ti a ca tn s tn hiu FM so vi tn s sng mang.
Hnh 2.3.
Ch s iu ch FM (MI) l t s ca di tn trn tn s tn hiu tin tc (fm) = / fm V d, nu tn hiu tin tc 5 kHz (fm) gy ra lch tn s sng mang l 10 kHz (), MI s l 2. = 10/5 = 2 Phn trm iu ch (% Mod) l t s gia di tn vi tn s sng mang. Tn s trung tm ca tn hiu sng mang l tn s sng mang khng c iu ch: tn s khng c tn hiu tin tc (bin l zero). Khi lch sng mang l t hn 75kHz qui nh bi FCC cho iu ch 100% (hnh 2-4), phn trm iu ch cng gim. V d, lch ca 56.25 kHz (3/4 ca 75 kHz) l iu ch 75%. lch ca 37.5 kHz (1/2 ca 75 kHz) l iu ch 50%.
Hnh 2.4.
2-2
Bai 2
Ging nh AM, cc bin tn hiu sng mang FM cha thng tin tn hiu tin tc (hnh 2-5). Ph ca tn hiu FM gm mt vch ph tn s f c ng vi thnh phn tn s sng mang v cc cp vch ph bn cc tn s f c f m , f c 2 f m , . . . ln ca cc vch ph ny c tnh da vo hm Bessel.
Hnh 2.5.
Bng thng ca tn hiu FM l di tn s m trong tp trung 99% cng sut tn hiu FM. Bng thng ny ph thuc vo hai thng s : bin v tn s tn hiu tin tc. Carsson a ra cng thc tnh gn ng bng thng tn hiu FM, gi l quy tc Carsson, nh sau: BW 2( + f m ) vi f m l tn s tn hiu tin tc. Bng sau y ch ra s lng cc vch ph (k c vch ph trung tm) nm trong bng thng tn hiu FM ng vi gi tr cho trc ca ch s iu ch: Ch s iu ch S vch ph 1 7 2 9 3 13 4 15 5 17 6 19 7 23 8 25 9 27 10 29 (3)
Bng 2.1.
Trong PM, tn hiu sng mang thay i pha ca n (v tn s) theo thay i trong bin v tn s tn hiu tin tc (hnh 2-6). dch pha t l vi bin tn hiu tin tc. Khi pha ca sng mang thay i, cng xy ra s lch tn s. lch tn s ( di tn) t l vi tc v lng dch pha. Tc dch pha t l vi tn s ca tn hiu tin tc. V th lch tn s trong PM i xng trc tip vi bin v tn s ca tn hiu tin tc.
Hnh 2.6.
i vi FM, s thay i tn s tn hiu tin tc khng gy ra cc lch tn s trong tn hiu sng mang. Ch khi bin tn hiu tin tc thay i mi gy ra s lch tn s sng mang (xem hnh 2-7).
2-3
Bai 2
Hnh 2.7.
c t s tn hiu trn nhiu tt trong iu ch pha v tn s, ngi ta thng dng cc b khuch i lp C hiu sut cao bi v mo bin khng nh hng cht lng tn hiu. Cc nhc im ca pht thanh FM v PM l bng thng rng v s cn thit phi thit lp ng truyn thng (line-of-sight) cho cc tn hiu FM.
2. Gii iu ch
Cc b gii iu ch FM cn gi l cc b tch sng hay cc b tch pha. B tch sng cu phng l mt trong cc mch gii iu ch FM. Cc mch gii iu ch FM khc gm b tch sng Foster-Seeley, b tch sng t s, b tch sng m xung, v b tch sng dng vng kho pha. Tt c cc mch ny chuyn s thay i tn s FM thnh bin v tn s ca tn hiu tin tc. Phn u ca my thu FM rt ging vi my thu AM hay SSB. Nh hnh 2-8 trnh by, phn u ca my thu FM gm mt tng RF, mt b i tn, b dao ng ni, v mt tng IF. Ngoi ra c th c thm mch t ng iu chnh khuch i (AGC). Tn s chun cho tng IF l 10.7 MHz, thay v 455 kHz nh iu ch AM. Tng RF FM, b i tn, v tng IF ca my thu FM rt ging vi cc mch thu AM tng ng. Bi v cc khi ny c kho st trong phn AM nn chng khng hin din trong my thu FM trn board th nghim (qu trnh gii iu ch).
Hnh 2.8.
Hnh 2-8 trnh by my thu FM gm mt mch hn bin v mt b tch sng. B tch sng l mt thit b lc ra tn hiu tin tc t cc thay i tn s hay pha ca tn hiu sng mang. Thut ng mch tch sng thng c dng thay cho thut ng b gii iu ch FM. B tch sng to ra tn hiu tin tc c ln ph thuc vo lch tn s sng mang: tc thay i ca tn s sng mang xc nh tn s ca tn hiu tin tc, v lch tn s khng i xc nh bin ca tn hiu tin tc. Mch deemphasis mang phn tn s cao ca tn hiu tin tc tr li thnh cc tn s thp hn vi chnh xc cao. Tng audio khuch i v iu khin m lng cho tn hiu tin tc c khi phc. Thut ng cu phng din t quan h v pha gia hai tn hiu c tn s bng nhau v vung pha 900. Trn board mch th nghim, khi mch QUADRATURE DETECTOR thc hin chc nng b tch sng: gii hn v gii iu ch tn hiu FM. B tch sng FM chuyn 2-4
Bai 2
lch v tc thay i tn s thnh bin v tn s ca tn hiu tin tc. S n gin ca b tch sng cu phng c trnh by trong hnh 2-9.
Hnh 2.9.
Ti ng vo ca b tch sng cu phng, tn hiu FM chia thnh hai ng. Mt tn hiu FM i n b gii hn / b dch pha, c tc dng chuyn di tn thnh di pha vi gi tr lch pha khong 900. Cc tn hiu c gi l cu phng khi chng c pha lch nhau 900. Tn hiu FM ban u v tn hiu FM dch pha l hai ng vo ca b tch sng pha, tc b iu ch cn bng. B tch sng pha to ra mt tn hiu vi tn s bng hai ln tn s FM v mt in p DC thay i theo s lch pha gia hai ng vo. Bi v s lch pha gia cc tn hiu ng vo b tch sng pha thay i theo lch tn s ca tn hiu FM nn in p ng ra DC ca b tch sng pha thay i theo bin v tn s ca tn hiu tin tc FM. Mt b lc thng thp ti ng ra ca b tch sng pha loi b tn hiu tn s cao v cho qua in p ng ra DC thay i, chnh l tn hiu tin tc c khi phc.
III. YU CU THIT B

B chn F.A.C.E.T. Board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2 Ngun cung cp 15 Vdc Dao ng k hai knh My pht sng sine V.O.M
IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

1. iu ch FM v PM Tin trnh thc hnh A iu ch tn s (FM)
Trong phn TIN TRNH THC HNH ny, sinh vin s iu ch tn s tn hiu sng mang, o cc thng s ca n, v quan st cc c tnh ca n. Tn hiu FM c pht bi khi mch VCO-LO. Trong bi ny, sinh vin s t jumper v tr 452 kHz. (cha thc hin lc ny). Nm iu chnh trn khi mch VCO-LO dng iu chnh bin ng ra. iu chnh tn s ng ra VCO-LO, sinh vin s iu chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn phn bn tri ca b chn . S n gin ca khi mch VCO-LO c trnh by trong hnh 2-10. Tn s b dao ng c xc nh bng cch iu hng mch LC. Sinh vin c th iu hng mch LC bng cch thay i gi tr in th NEGATIVE SUPPLY ti anode ca diode varactor CR2. Gi tr ca in p m tc ng n in dung ca CR2, do tc ng n tn s cng hng ca mch LC. Khi in p NEGATIVE SUPPLY tr nn m hn th tn s ng ra ca VCO-LO
2-5
Bai 2
tng. Ti 0V DC, tn s ng ra khong 310 kHz. Ti 10 V DC, tn s ng ra khong 510 kHz.
Hnh 2.10.
1. Trn khi mch VCO- LO, ni jumper v tr 452 kHz (hnh 2-11). Xoay nm chnh bin mt vng theo chiu kim ng h. 2. Kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n (FM) OUT trn VCO-LO. Chnh knh 2 n 200 mV/DIV v TIME/DIV n 0.5 s/DIV. 3. Chnh voltmeter ch o in p DC. Kt ni voltmeter DC n T trn khi mch VCO-LO. 4. thay i tn s VCO-LO, chnh NEGATIVE SUPPLY n gi tr 4.0 V DC ti im T. 5. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n T. Chnh knh 1 n 1.0V/DIV v Vertical Mode n v tr DC. Hnh 2-11
6. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 dao ng k cc dng sng xut hin nh trong hnh 2-12. Tn hiu DC knh 1 (ti T - ch th4.0V) s nm trn vch chia th hai t nh ca mn hnh dao ng k.
Hnh 2.12.
7. o chnh xc chu k (T) gia cc nh ca tn hiu sng mang FM khng c iu ch trn knh 2. Ghi kt qu theo n v ms: T = _________ ms. 8. T chu k (T), tnh ton tn s trung tm (f) ca tn hiu sng mang FM khng c iu ch. Ghi kt qu theo n v kHz: f = 1/T = ___________ Hz. 9. Sinh vin thay i in p m phng s thay i bin tn hiu tin tc (mt tn hiu sine). Quan st mn hnh dao ng k, chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY theo chiu kim 2-6
Bai 2
ng h v sau theo ngc chiu kim ng h cho in p DC trn knh 1 thay i khong 1V DC. Trn knh 2, tn s sng mang FM c thay i khi cc in p DC trn knh 1 thay i khng?
C
Khng
10. Xc nh lch tn s ca sng mang FM khi bin tn hiu tin tc thay i 1V DC. Chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY theo chiu kim ng h thay i in p ti T trn khi mch VCO-LO n 5.0 V DC. 11. o chnh xc chu k (T) gia cc nh ca tn hiu sng mang FM c iu ch trn knh 2. Ghi kt qu theo n v s: T = _________ s. 12. T T, tnh ton tn s ca tn hiu sng mang FM c iu ch. Ghi kt qu bng kHz. f = ____________ kHz 13. Tnh lch tn s FM khi bin ca tn hiu tin tc thay i 1V. Tn s trung tm FM l gi tr sinh vin tnh c trong bc 8 v tn s ca tn hiu tin tc -1 V DC l gi tr sinh vin va tnh ton trong bc 12: = _________ kHz 14. chnh tn s sng mang tr li gi tr tn s Hnh 2-13 trung tm, chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY theo chiu kim ng h thay i in p ti T trn khi mch VCO-LO t -5.0 V DC n -4.0 V DC. 15. By gi sinh vin s quan st nh hng ca tn hiu tin tc 2 Vpk-pk, 5 kHz i vi tn s sng mang FM. Kt ni SIGNAL GENERATOR n (M) trn khi mch VCO-LO, nh trong hnh 5-15. 16. Chnh SIGNAL GENERATOR to mt sng sine 2.0Vpk-pk, 5 kHz ti T. iu chnh ny tng ng vi thay i in p ti T l 1V. 17. Chnh TIME/DIV n 0.5 s/DIV, v trigger trn knh 2. Quan st trn knh 2 thy tn hiu FM. Khi bin tn hiu tin tc l 1V, in p ti T gim n 5V v tn s tng t tn s trung tm n gi tr sinh vin tnh ton c trong bc 12. Khi bin tn hiu tin tc l 1V, tn s s gim so vi tn s trung tm. 18. Tnh ton ch s iu ch (MI) cho mt tn hiu FM vi lch tn s (fcd) sinh vin xc nh bc 13 v vi mt tn hiu tin tc 5 kHz (fm) (MI = fcd /fm). ......................................................................................................................................... 19. Dng gi tr MI tnh ton c bc 18, tnh s vch ph c trong bng thng tn hiu FM (xem bng 2-1). Nu MI khng phi l s nguyn, dng MI cao nht k tip tnh s lng cc vch ph. S vch ph = ________ . 20. Vi mt tn hiu tin tc 2.0 Vpk-pk, 5 kHz, cc cp ph bin chim khong 5 kHz trn mi bin ca tn s trung tm. Tnh ton bng thng (BW) ca tn hiu tin tc. Ghi kt qu theo n v kilohertz. (BW = SSB x 5 kHz x2 = _______ kHz)
Tin trnh thc hnh B S iu ch pha (PM)

Trong phn TIN TRNH THC HNH ny, sinh vin s thc hin iu ch pha mt tn hiu sng mang, o s thay i pha, v quan st cc c tnh ca n.
2-7
Bai 2
Sinh vin dng khi mch PHASE MODULATOR, nh trong hnh 2-14(a), to ra mt tn hiu PM. S n gin ca khi mch PHASE MODULATOR c trnh by trong hnh 2-14(b).
Hnh 2.14(a)
.Hnh 2-14(b).
Vic iu hng mch LC xc nh s dch pha ca tn hiu sng mang. Sinh vin iu hng mch LC bng cch thay i gi tr ca in p POSITIVE SUPPLY ti cathode ca diode varator CR5. Gi tr ca in p POSITIVE SUPPLY xc nh in dung CR5, t nh hng n tn s cng hng ca mch LC. Sinh vin s chnh in p POSITIVE SUPPLY ng ra ca MODULATOR (ng vo LIMITER) l cng pha vi tn hiu sng mang.
Hnh 2-15
Khi in p POSITIVE SUPPLY tng, ng ra ca MODULATOR sm pha hn ng vo. Khi in p POSITIVE SUPPLYgim, ng ra ca MODULATOR chm pha hn ng vo (hnh 2-15). Khi mt tn hiu tin tc sng sine c a n M, ln ca n lm cho pha ca ng ra MODULATOR thay i. V bin ca tn hiu PM khng cha bt k thng tin g ca tn hiu tin tc, cc gai nhn tn hiu b gy ra do nhiu c th b ct b ci thin t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca tn hiu PM. Mch LIMITTER gi bin ca tn hiu PM trong phm vi mong mun (hnh 2-16). Mch LIMTTER gm mt opamp vi li l 1.0 v hai diode Schottky (CR6 v CR7) c ni t ng ra n ng vo. Chiu phn cc ca cc diode b ngc nhau: cc anode ni n cc cathode. Cc diode phn cc ngc gii hn cc nh m v dng ca tn hiu n gi tr in p thun ca diode. Khi nh tn hiu PM tin n khong 0.2 V, diode vi anode ca n c ni n ng ra dn v duy tr in p nh dng PM ti gi tr khong 0.2 V. Tng t, diode cn li duy tr in p nh m PM ti 0.2 V. Cc in p khng mong mun trn v di 0.2 V b loi b bi mch LIMTTER. CH : Diode Shottky c st p thun thp trong khong t 0.2 V n 0.4 V.
Hnh 2.16.
2-8

21. Trn khi mch VCO-LO, ni jumper vo v tr 452 kHz. 22. Kt ni (FM) OUT trn khi mch VCO-LO n im C ca khi MODULATOR trn khi mch PHASE MODULATOR (hnh 2-17).
Bai 2
23.Trong phn THC HNH ny, cc Hnh 2-17 u d dao ng k nn chnh n v tr X10 v tn hiu b suy hao nhiu. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n im C trn khi mch PHASE MODULATOR. Chnh knh 1 ti 200mV/DIV v TIME/DIV bng 1.0 s/DIV. 24. Vn nm iu chnh trn khi mch VCO-LO chnh bin tn hiu ti C bng 600mVpk-pk. 25. Chnh volmeter ch o in p DC. Kt ni volmeter DC n im T trn khi mch VCO-LO. 26. Chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY gc trn bn tri b chn c in p -4.5V DC ti T, tc l gi tr tn s tn hiu ti C khong 475 kHz. 27. Kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n im gia MODULATOR v LIMITER. Chnh knh 2 n 200 mV/DIV.
Hnh 2.18
28. thay i tn s VCO-HI, chnh nm POSITIVE SUPPLY gc trn bn phi ca b chn tn hiu ng ra MODULATOR (knh 2) cng pha vi tn hiu VCO-LO (knh 1), nh trong hnh 2-18. 29. Khi quan st mn hnh dao ng k vn t t nm POSITIVE SUPPLY trn b chn theo chiu kim ng h v sau theo ngc chiu kim ng h. Thay i in p POSITIVE SUPPLY tc l thay i bin tn hiu tin tc. 30. Khi in p POSITIVE SUPPLY thay i, quan h pha gia tn hiu ng ra MODULATOR trn knh 2 vi tn hiu ng vo knh 1 c thay i khng?
C
31. Chnh in p POSITIVE SUPPLY cc tn hiu trn knh 1 v knh 2 cng pha. 32. Quan st nh hng ca mt tn hiu tin tc 3Vpk-pk, 5 kHz i vi tn s sng mang PM. Kt ni SIGNAL GENERATOR n im M trn MODULATOR. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n M, nh trong hnh 2-19. chnh knh 1 n 1 V/DIV v TIME/DIV bng 0.1 ms/DIV. 33. Chnh SIGNAL GENERATOR to mt sng sine 3Vpk-pk, 5kHz ti M trn khi MODULATOR.
Khng
34. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n C, v kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n im gia MODULATOR v DETECTOR. Cc u
Hnh 2-19
2-9
Bai 2
d nn v tr X10. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 n 200mV/DIV, v chnh TIME/DIV n 1s/DIV. Trigger trn knh 1 v chnh VERT MODE v tr ALT. 35. Knh 1 hin th sng mang khng c iu ch, v knh 2 hin th tn hiu iu ch pha. Cc tn hiu ny nh th no? ......................................................................................................................................... 36. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n ng ra LIMITER. So snh cc tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca LIMITER. LIMITER c lm gim bin ca tn hiu PM khng?
C 2. Gii iu ch
Khng
Tin trnh thc hnh A - B dch pha v mch hn bin

Trong phn TIN TRNH THC HNH ny, sinh vin s quan st b dch pha lm thay i pha ca tn hiu sng mang FM nh th no v mch hn bin lm gim bin ca tn hiu sau khi dch pha nh th no. Mch gii hn/dch pha gm mt b khuch i, mt t in, mt mch LC, v mt mch hn bin. Tn hiu FM chia thnh hai ng ti ng vo ca b tch sng cu phng. Mt tn hiu FM l ng vo n b khuch i Opamp o vi li bng 2. T in c tc dng dch pha tn hiu FM i 900. Bi v tn s cng hng (fr) ca mch LC bng tn s trung tm FM nn tn s trung tm FM, mch LC tr thnh in tr thun. Do s dch pha 900 ca tn s trung tm khng b nh hng bi mch LC. Tuy nhin, cc tn s ln hn hay nh hn fr u b dch pha t hay nhiu hn 900 mt cch tng ng, so vi tn hiu FM ban u. Tn hiu FM sau khi dch pha c a n b gii hn. Nh hnh 2-20 trnh by, mch hn bin gm c hai diode c ni t ng ra xung t vi cc cc ca n c b tr ngc nhau: cc anode ni vi cc cathode. Cc diode c cc ngc nhau lm gii hn bin ng ra v ti thiu ho bt k s iu ch AM no m b dch pha c th gy ra.
Hnh 2.20.
Hnh 2.21.
1. Trn khi mch VCO-LO, ni jumper v tr 452 kHz (hnh 2-21).
2-10
Bai 2
2. Kt ni (FM) OUT trn khi mch VCO-LO n ng vo FM trn khi mch QUADRATURE DETECTOR. 3. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n ng vo FM trn khi mch QUADRATURE DETECTOR. Chnh knh 1 n 100 mV/DIV v TIME/DIV bng 1s/DIV. Vi nm iu chnh trn VCO-LO, chnh tn hiu sng mang FM cha iu ch ti ng vo FM n 300 mVpk-pk. 4. Ko nm vn TIME VARIABLE dao ng k ra, v iu chnh tn hiu knh 1 cho mt chu k (3600) chim 8 vch chia ngang, nh trong hnh 2-22. Mi vch chia ngang dao ng k bng 450. 5. Kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n ng ra Hnh 2-22 ca PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER trn khi mch QUADRATURE DETECTOR. Chnh knh 2 n 200mV/DIV. Chnh tn s FM bng cch iu chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY gc trn bn tri ca b chn cho n khi tn hiu trn knh 2 c bin ln nht. Nu cn thit, chnh li tn hiu knh 1 cho mt chu k (3600) chim 8 vch chia ngang. 6. Khi bin ng ra ca PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER l ln nht, tn s trung tm FM bng vi tn s g:
Tn s cng hng mch LC (fr)
Mt na tn s ca tn hiu FM gc?
7. lch pha gia tn hiu sng mang FM cha iu ch trn knh 1 v tn hiu ng ra PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER trn knh 2 l bao nhiu? = ____________ 8. Trong mch PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER, thnh phn no gy ra dch pha 900 gia cc tn hiu ng vo v ng ra:
B khuch i
in dung
Mch LC
Mch hn bin?
9. Chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn mt vng theo chiu kim ng h v sau theo ngc chiu kim ng h thay i tn s FM. Ti sao s lch pha gia cc tn hiu ng ra v ng vo tng v gim trong khi bin lun lun gim: do mch LC gy ra dch pha khi tn s FM thay i hay do dch pha 900 gy ra bi t in thay i? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 10. Nu mt tn hiu tin tc iu ch sng mang FM, ng ra PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER s thay i pha tu theo lch tn s ca tn hiu FM c iu ch? .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. 11. Ti sao tn hiu ng ra PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER trn knh 2 c cc nh v trng bng phng?
Mch hn bin hn ch bin ca tn hiu ng ra Tn hiu ng ra khng cng pha vi tn hiu ng vo?
2-11
Bai 2
12. Khi quan st tn hiu ng ra PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER (knh 2), gim bin ca tn hiu ng vo (knh 1) n khong 100 mVpk-pk v sau tr li n 300 mVpk-pk bng cch vn nm iu chnh trn khi mch VCO-LO theo chiu kim ng h v sau theo ngc chiu kim ng h. 13. Khi gim bin tn hiu ng vo n 100 mVpk-pk, tn hiu ng ra PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER (knh 2) c tr thnh mt sng sine hay bng phng hn khng?
C
Khng
Tin trnh thc hnh B B tch sng pha v b lc

Trong PHN TIN TRNH THC HNH ny, sinh vin s kho st b tch sng pha v b lc khi phc tn hiu tin tc.
Hnh 2.23.
Tn hiu FM ban u v tn hiu FM dch pha 900 t mch hn bin c kt hp vi nhau b tch sng pha, l mt b iu ch cn bng (hnh 2-23). B iu ch cn bng ny kt hp cc tn s ng vo FM to ra cc thnh phn tn s tng hiu. Do cc tn hiu ng vo c tn s bng nhau nn tn s tng bng 2 ln tn s FM v thnh phn tn s hiu tr thnh in p DC thay i theo lch pha so vi gi tr trung tm l 900. Tn hiu tin tc gy ra cc lch pha tn s FM, v c chuyn thnh s khc nhau v pha, do thnh phn in p DC (hiu) ng ra b tch sng pha thay i trc tip theo tn hiu tin tc. V th, ng ra ca b tch sng pha cha thnh phn tn s tng v thnh phn tn hiu tin tc. Mch RL ti ng ra ca b tch sng pha l mt b lc thng thp c tc dng loi b thnh phn tn s tng v cho qua thnh phn tn hiu tin tc. 15. Kt ni mch v cc u d dao ng k knh 1 v knh 2 nh hnh 2-24.
Hnh 2.24.
Hnh 2.25
16. iu chnh cc tn hiu trn dao ng k knh 1 v knh 2, nh hnh 2-25.
TN HIU KNH 1: iu chnh 300mVpk-pk. iu chnh dao ng k mt chu k (3600) chim 8 vch chia. TN HIU KNH 2: iu chnh nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn cho dng sng trn knh 2 vung 900 so vi pha ca tn hiu knh 1.
2-12

17. Kt ni u d knh 2 n ng ra PHASE DETECTOR. 18. Tn hiu ng ra ca PHASE DETECTOR trn knh 2 l g?
Bai 2
Thnh phn tn s tng Tn s trung tm FM Cc thay i tn s
Thnh phn tn s hiu Mt in p DC Cc thay i pha
19. Thnh phn tn s hiu ng ra ca PHASE DETECTOR l g? 20. Yu t no thay i in p ng ra DC ca PHASE DETECTOR (thnh phn hiu)? 21. Kt ni u d knh 2 n ng vo ca PHASE DETECTOR. Nu cn thit, chnh tn s FM bng nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY cho lch pha gia cc tn hiu ng vo trn knh 1 v 2 l 900 (xem bc 16). 22. Chnh voltmeter o cc in p DC. Kt ni dy dn ca voltmeter n ng ra ca PHASE DETECTOR, v kt ni dy chung n t. Vi s khc pha 900 gia cc tn hiu ng vo, o v ghi in p DC ti ng ra ca PHASE DETECTOR (V900 = _______ V) 23. iu chnh lch pha gia cc tn hiu trn knh 1 v 2 bng 1350 bng cch chnh nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY theo ngc chiu kim ng h (hnh 6-31(a)). Vi lch pha1350 gia cc tn hiu ng vo, o v ghi in p DC ti ng ra ca PHASE DETECTOR: V1350 = _________ V
Hnh 2.26(a).
Hnh 2.26(b).
24. iu chnh lch pha gia cc tn hiu trn knh 1 v 2 n 450 bng cch chnh nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY theo chiu kim ng h (xem hnh 2-26(b)). Vi lch pha 450 gia cc tn hiu ng vo, o v ghi in p DC ti ng ra ca PHASE DETECTOR: V450 = ______ V 25. Khi lch pha tng hay gim t gi tr 900, in p ng ra DC c thay i khng?
C
Khng
26. iu chnh s khc nhau v pha gia cc tn hiu trn knh 1 v 2 tr li 900 (hnh 6-8) bng cch chnh tn s FM vi nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY. 27. Sinh vin s iu ch sng mang FM bi mt tn hiu tin tc 300 mVpk-pk, 3 kHz. Kt ni SIGNAL GENERATOR n (M) trn khi mch VCO-LO (hnh 2-27).
2-13
Bai 2
Hnh 2.27.
28. Kt ni u d knh 1 n T trn VCO-LO. y nm TIME VARIABLE trn dao ng k vo, v xoay n mt vng theo chiu kim ng h. Chnh knh 1 n 100 mV/DIV, chnh TIME/DIV n 0.1 ms/DIV, v trigger trn knh 1. 29. Chnh SIGNAL GENERATOR pht mt sng sine 300mVpk-pk, 3 kHz ti im T trn VCO-LO (knh 1). 30. Kt ni u d knh 1 n ng vo FM ca QUADRATURE DETECTOR. Kt ni u d knh 2 n ng ra PHASE SHIFTER/LIMITER. Chnh knh 1 n 100mV/DIV, v chnh knh 2 n 200mV/DIV. Chnh TIME/DIV n 0.5 s/DIV. Chnh VERT MODE v tr ALT, v trigger trn knh 1. 31. So snh cc tn hiu ti hai ng vo PHASE DETECTOR. Pha ca tn hiu FM trn knh 2 c ang thay i theo tn hiu trn knh 1?
C
Khng
32. Kt ni u d knh 2 n ng ra ca PHASE DETECTOR quan st tn hiu tn s tng. Trn knh 2 mc DC, tc ng chun zero (im gia) ca tn hiu tn s tng, c thay i?
C
Khng
33. Chnh TIME/DIV ca dao ng k n 0.2 ms/DIV. Kt ni u d knh 1 n im T ti khi mch VCO-LO quan st tn hiu tin tc. Trigger trn knh 1. Quan st cc thay i DC ca tn hiu ng ra PHASE DETECTOR trn knh 2. 34. So snh tn hiu tin tc trn knh 1 vi cc thay i DC ca ng ra PHASE DETECTOR trn knh 2. Cc thay i DC ca ng ra PHASE DETECTOR c tn s ging nh tn hiu tin tc khng?
C
Khng
35. Kt ni u d knh 2 n ng ra ca FILTER. Chnh knh 2 n 50mV/DIV. Quan st tn hiu tin tc trn knh 1 v ng ra FILTER trn knh 2. Thay i tn s v bin tn hiu tin tc. Tn hiu tin tc c khi phc trn knh 2 c thay i theo bin v tn s tn hiu tin tc trn knh 1 khng?
C C
Khng Khng
36. FILTER c loi b tn s tng hay tn s tn hiu tin tc khng?
V. KT LUN
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2-14
Bai 3
BI 3
M HA NG TRUYN (Line Coding)

I. MC CH
Khi han tt bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th m t c ba k thut m ha ng truyn thng dng trong thng tin s l NRZ, RZ v Manchester, v gii thch c u nhc im ca tng loi. Sinh vin cng hiu c cch m ha ng truyn bng mt trong ba phng php trn cng nh cch gii m v nhng yu cu cn thit gii m my thu.
II. C S L THUYT
KNH TRUYN
Hnh 3-1 Vic truyn d liu gia hai thit b vin thng c thc hin theo mt trong hai phng thc: truyn tn hiu di nn (cn gi l tn hiu bng gc) v truyn tn hiu bng di (passband). Trong truyn tn hiu di nn, tn hiu tin tc s c truyn trc tip trn knh truyn m khng cn iu ch. Khi truyn tn hiu di nn th cc c tnh ca tn hiu phi ph hp vi knh truyn. Cc c trng ca tn hiu bao gm: thng tin nh thi, s dch mc DC do chui 0 hoc chui 1 ko di v ph tn s ca tn hiu. 1. M ha M ha l thay i cch thc truyn d liu trn ng truyn. Cc k thut m ha khc nhau u c mt s trao i gia cc yu t: p ng tn s, bng thng, vn nh thi v s dch mc DC.
Cc k thut m ha c kho st trong bi th nghim ny bao gm: NRZ (non-return-to-zero), RZ (return-tozero) v Manchester. a) M ha NRZ: Cc mc in p nh phn ca d liu NRZ c gi nguyn trong sut mt chu k bit v khng tr v 0 trong sut chu k bit. b) M ha RZ: Cc mc nh phn ca d liu c biu din bng mc in p tng ng trong na chu k bit, sau tr v 0 trong na chu k bit k tip. c) M ha Manchester:
3-1
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng Cc bit 1 v bit 0 ca d liu c biu din bng mc in p tng ng trong mt na chu k bit u, v bng mc in p ngc li na chu k bit sau.
Bai 3
C s la chn k thut m ha thch hp l da vo ba c trng ca tn hiu nu trn. Cc c trng ny c chn sao cho ph hp vi knh truyn v m bo s ng b gia bn pht v bn thu. Mt s phng php m ha c kt hp thng tin v xung clock ngay trong d liu truyn, mt s phng php khc i hi phi truyn c xung clock v d liu. Khi c s chuyn i mc cc chu k bit th my thu c th da vo khi phc xung clock. Nu cc tn hiu d liu truyn i khng c s chuyn trng thi trong cc chu k bit th buc phi truyn thm xung clock ring ng b. V phng din ny, m Manchester c u im nht v n m bo t nht mt ln chuyn i mc trong mt chu k bit. V cch biu din cc mc logic bng in p, c hai dng sng tn hiu c dng: dng n cc (5V v 0V) v dng lng cc (+5V v -5V). C th thc hin giao tip vi cc knh truyn bng hai cch: ghp trc tip hoc ghp AC. Trong h thng ghp AC, thnh phn DC b chn v cc thnh phn tn s thp b suy gim. Nhiu phng tin truyn c c tnh tn s ging nh mt b lc thng di, ch cho php truyn tn hiu trong mt di tn t f C1 n f C 2 .
Hnh v di y th hin cc thnh phn nng lng ca cc k thut m ha nu trn. Phng php NRZ lng cc c nhc im l hu ht cc thnh phn nng lng ca n tp trung khong tn s zero (DC). Trong khi , phng php Manchester di cc thnh phn nng lng ln vng tn s cao hn nn c th truyn c c trn cc knh truyn c p ng b chn vng DC. Tuy nhin, i li, phng php Manchester li lm tng bng thng ca tn hiu, do c th dn n li khi truyn trn knh c bng thng gii hn.
3-2
Bai 3
Vi tn hiu NRZ, chui bit 1 di s lm tng mc DC ca tn hiu, cn chui bit 0 di li lm gim mc DC ca tn hiu. Trn knh truyn ghp AC, c tnh gii hn tn s cao lm cho dng xung tn hiu b mo. Cc vn trn dn n tng sai s khi khi phc d liu.
Thay v dng cc mc in p c nh cho chui bit 1 hoc bit 0, phng php Macnchester dng mt chui cc chuyn i mc. iu ny lm cho mc DC ca tn hiu khng bi thay i v gn bng 0. 2. Gii m D liu m ha khng th c truyn t my pht n my thu mt cch ng tin cy m khng c s ng b gia xung clock ca my pht v my thu. Trong thc t, cc tn hiu d liu v tn hiu clock c th c truyn trn hai ng truyn ring bit.
Lu : tn hiu m ha RZ c th c to ra bng cch s dng cng AND vi hai ng vo l tn hiu NRZ v tn hiu clock.
gii m d liu RZ my thu tr v dng NRZ, ta dng mt Flip-Flop loi D.
3-3
Bai 3
Nu ng vo ca cng XOR, ta t tn hiu NRZ v tn hiu xung clock th ng ra ca n s l tn hiu m ha Manchester.
gii m tn hiu m ha Manchester v dng NRZ, ta li dng mt cng XOR my thu.
Khi truyn trn khong cch xa, s kt ni trc tip gia my pht v my thu l khng kh thi. Do s khng c ng tn hiu clock chung. D liu truyn i phi c iu ch bng cc k thut nh ASKM, FSK, v s c gii iu ch ti my thu. ng thi, my thu phi c mt b phn ng b xung clock khi phc tn hiu clock t d liu pht.
III. YU CU THIT B
B chn F.A.C.E.T. Board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2 Ngun cung cp 15 Vdc Dao ng k hai knh My pht sng sine V.O.M
IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

1. M ha Trnh t tin hnh A M ha NRZ 1. Xc nh v tr khi mch ENCODER. Kt ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k vi im CLK v knh 2 vi im SYNC. 2. Ni u d EXT vi im SYNC ng b cc tn hiu quan st vi nhau. Ni GND ca dao ng k vi im GND trn board mch.
3-4
Bai 3
Hnh 3-1 3. iu chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k v tr 5V/DIV v time base v tr 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca ng vo EXT. 4. Chnh dao ng k c dng sng nh hnh 3-2.
Hnh 3-2 5. o chu k xung clock trn knh 1: T = ___________ ms. 6. C bao nhiu chu k xung clock gia cc xung ng b? S chu k clock = __________. 7. Di chuyn u d knh 2 n v tr NRZ. Khng thay i cc thng s ca dao ng k.
Hnh 3-3 8. Mi chu k xung clock ng vi 1 bit d liu. Hy xc nh chui bit nh phn (8 bit) c pht? Data = _____________. 9. Quan st dng sng NRZ, tn hiu c gi nguyn mc in p (cao hoc thp) trong sut chu k bit? C Khng 10. Thng tin nh thi l mt c trng quan trng ca cc phng php m ha ng truyn. Mt c trng khc cng rt quan trng l tc truyn d liu. Tc baud (tc truyn d liu) c nh ngha l nghch o ca khang thi gian ca mt phn t tn hiu ngn nht.
Hnh 3-4
11. Chu k xung clock c o bc 5: T = _____ms. Vy tc baud ca tn hiu NRZ quan st c l bao nhiu: baud rate = ________ baud.
3-5
Bai 3
12. Tc truyn d liu cng c nh ngha theo s bit truyn c trong 1s, gi l tc bit. Tc bit v tc baud c th bng nhau hoc khc nhau, ty vo phng php m ha v cc phn t tn hiu. 13. Tc bit (tnh bng bps) ca tn hiu NRZ nu trn l bao nhiu: R = _______ bps. 14. Tc bit v tc baud ca tn hiu NRZ quan st c c bng nhau khng? Ti sao? __________________________________________________________________________. Trnh t tin hnh B M ha RZ 15. Tho tt c cc jumper v dy ni trn board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2. 16. Ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k n v tr CLK v knh 2 n v tr SYNC, u d EXT cng ni vi v tr SYNC. 17. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k 5V/DIV v TIME/DIV = 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT.
Hnh 3-5 18. iu chnh dao ng k quan st c dng sng nh hnh 3-6.
Hnh 3-6 19. Di chuyn knh 2 dao ng k n v tr RZ.
Hnh 3-7 20. Da trn tn hiu RZ quan st c, hy xc nh chui bit nh phn pht i? _________. 21. Quan st tn hiu RZ trn knh 2. Tn hiu ny mang thng tin v xung clock: mt cch y ch mt phn khng mang thng tin g 22. Tc baud ca tn hiu RZ trn knh 2: baud rate = ________ baud.
3-6
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng 23. Tc bit ca tn hiu RZ quan st c trn knh 2? R = ________ bps. 24. Tc bit v tc baud ca tn hiu RZ khng bng nhau? V sao?
Bai 3
__________________________________________________________________________. Trnh t tin hnh C M ha Manchester 25. Tho tt c cc jumper v dy ni trn board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2. 26. Ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k n v tr CLK v knh 2 n v tr SYNC, u d EXT cng ni vi v tr SYNC.
Hnh 3-8 27. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k 5V/DIV v TIME/DIV = 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT. 28. iu chnh dao ng k quan st c dng sng nh hnh 3-9.
Hnh 3-9 29. Di chuyn knh 2 dao ng k n v tr MAN.
Hnh 3-10 30. Tn hiu trn knh 2 biu din chui bit nh phn (8 bit) no? ____________. 31. Quan st tn hiu RZ trn knh 2. Tn hiu ny mang thng tin v xung clock: mt cch y ch mt phn khng mang thng tin g 32. Tc baud ca tn hiu m ha Manchester trn knh 2: baud rate = ________ baud. 33. Tc bit ca tn hiu m ha Manchester quan st c trn knh 2? R = ________ bps. 34. Tc bit v tc baud ca tn hiu RZ khng bng nhau? V sao? __________________________________________________________________________.
3-7
Bai 3
Lu : mt khi nim lin quan n baud rate l bng thng tn hiu. Tn hiu c tc baud cng cao i hi bng thng cng rng. 35. Di chuyn knh 1 v v tr NRZ. Quan st v o tc baud ca tn hiu NRZ? baud rate = ________ baud. 36. Gia hai tn hiu NRZ v Manchester, tn hiu no c bng thng ln hn? NRZ Manchester Trnh t tin hnh D Tn hiu n cc v lng cc 37. Tho tt c cc jumper v dy ni trn board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2. 38. Ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k n v tr CLK v knh 2 n v tr SYNC, u d EXT cng ni vi v tr SYNC. 39. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k 5V/DIV v TIME/DIV = 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT. 40. iu chnh dao ng k quan st c dng sng nh hnh 3-9. 41. Kt ni jumper khi MODULATORS nh hnh v 3-11. Di chuyn u d knh 1 v v tr NRZ v u d knh 2 v v tr POLAR (hnh 3-11).
Hnh 3-11 42. Chnh vertical mode v GND cho c hai knh. Sau iu chnh v tr ng chun ca hai knh nh hnh 3-12.
Hnh 3-12
Hnh 3-13
43. Chnh vertical mode tr v DC. Knh 1 hin th tn hiu NRZ dng n cc cn knh 2 hin th tn hiu NRZ lng cc (hnh 3-13). 44. Quan st tn hiu n cc. Mc nh phn 1 c biu din bng in p dng cn mc 0 c biu din bng in p zero. Dng sng tn hiu nm pha trn ng chun. o mc in p dng biu din bit 1: V1 = _______ V. 45. Quan st tn hiu lng cc. Mc 1 biu din bng in p dng v mc 0 biu din bng mc in p ngc li. Dng sng tn hiu nm v hai pha ca ng chun. o mc in p m biu din bit 0: V0 = _______ V.
3-8
Bai 3
46. Tho knh 2 ca dao ng k ra khi mch v chuyn knh 1 n v tr POLAR trn khi MODULATORS (hnh 3-14). Knh 1 s hin th chui bit 10110100 dng NRZ lng cc .
Hnh 3-14 47. Dng ng h o DC o thnh phn DC ca tn hiu NRZ lng cc ni trn. DC = ___________ mVDC 48. Hiu chnh mch chuyn d liu nh phn thnh 01000100. Dng ng h o DC o li thnh phn DC ca tn hiu NRZ lng cc mi. DC = __________ VDC 49. Tho jumper khi v tr NRZ trn khi MODULATORS. Dng dy dn ni t v tr MAN trn khi ENCODER sang khi MODULATORS nh hnh 3-15.
Hnh 3-15 50. Dng ng h o DC o thnh phn DC ca tn hiu Manchester lng cc ni trn. DC = ___________ mVDC 51. Hiu chnh mch chuyn d liu nh phn thnh 01000100. Dng ng h o DC o li thnh phn DC ca tn hiu Manchester lng cc mi. DC = __________ mVDC 52. T kt qu o, cho bit phng php m ha no c thnh phn DC nh nht (khng quan tm n data), m NRZ hay Manchester? 1. Gii m Trnh t tin hnh A Gii m tn hiu RZ 1. Xc nh v tr khi mch ENCODER v ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k n v tr CLK, knh 2 n v tr SYNC, u d EXT cng ni vi v tr SYNC. 2. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k 5V/DIV v TIME/DIV = 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT.
3-9
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng 3. iu chnh dao ng k quan st c dng sng nh hnh 3-9.
Bai 3
4. Trn khi ENCODING, gn jumper ni gia RZ v ng vo ca khi D Flip-Flop. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr RZ (xem hnh 3-16).
Hnh 3-16 5. Quan st d liu RZ (knh 2) ng vo D Flip-Flop. Khi gii m RZ thnh NRZ, tn hiu clock phi: truyn trn ng truyn ring c khi phc t d liu RZ 6. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra D Flip-Flop v knh 1 n v tr NRZ trn khi ENCODER.
Hnh 3-17 7. So snh d liu m ha NRZ (CH1) v d liu NRZ sau khi gii m (CH2). Tn hiu gii m b tr so vi tn hiu m ha: mt chu k xung clock na chu k xung clock 8. Di chuyn u d knh 1 sang v tr RZ (ng vo D). S chuyn trng thi t thp ln cao ln u tin ca xung clock lm ng ra Q ca b gii m chuyn sang: mc cao mc thp 9. D liu gii m NRZ ph thuc mc d liu RZ ti mi cnh ln ca xung clock. chu k bit th 5, d liu NRZ ng ra l bit 1 hay 0? _________. Trnh t tin hnh B Gii m tn hiu m ha Manchester 10. Xc nh v tr khi mch ENCODER v ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k n v tr CLK, knh 2 n v tr SYNC, u d EXT cng ni vi v tr SYNC. 11. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k 5V/DIV v TIME/DIV = 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT. 12. iu chnh dao ng k quan st c dng sng nh hnh 3-9. 13. Trn khi ENCODING, gn jumper ni gia RZ v ng vo ca khi D Flip-Flop. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr RZ (xem hnh 3-18).
3-10
Bai 3
Hnh 3-18 14. Cng XOR dng gii m tn hiu m ha Manchester v dng NRZ. Quan st cc tn hiu ng vo cng XOR. Khi gii m tn hiu Manchester, tn hiu clock ng vo cng XOR: c trch t tn hiu m ha Manchester phi n t mt ng truyn ring 15. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra cng XOR v knh 1 n v tr MAN trn khi ENCODER.
Hnh 3-19 16. So snh cc dng sng CLOCK v MAN.
Hnh 3-20
17. Ng ra cng XOR bng 1 khi hai ng vo b nhau. Cc xung gai xut hin knh 2 l do thi gian tr han khi chuyn trng thi ca cc tn hiu ng vo. iu ny c th gy ra li trong qu trnh gii m. 18. Di chuyn knh 1 v v tr tn hiu m ha NRZ . Quan st cc dng sng. Trong mch gii m Manchester bng cng XOR, tn hiu NRZ sau khi gii m cng pha hay ngc pha vi tn hiu m ha NRZ ban u? ______________________________________________.
Hnh 3-21 Trnh t tin hnh C ng b xung clock Trong phn ny, sinh vin s s dng mch ng b bng PLL (Phase Locked Loop) phc hi xung clock t d liu m ha Manchester. S khi ca PLL c trnh by hnh 3-23. 19. Xc nh v tr khi mch ENCODER v ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k n v tr CLK, knh 2 n v tr SYNC, u d EXT cng ni vi
Hnh 3-22
Hnh 3- 23
3-11
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng v tr SYNC.
Bai 3
20. Chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k 5V/DIV v TIME/DIV = 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT. 21. iu chnh dao ng k quan st c dng sng nh hnh 3-9. 22. Trn khi ENCODING, gn jumper ni gia MAN v ng vo ca khi MAN SYNC DECODER Flip-Flop. Vn nm iu chnh LOCK ht c theo chiu kim ng h. Chuyn u d knh 2 sang v tr RCLK trn khi MAN SYNC DECODER (xem hnh 3-24).
Hnh 3-24 23. Trong khi quan st cc dng sng, vn t t nm LOCK theo ngc chiu kim ng h cho n khi tn hiu RCLK (knh 2) ging vi tn hiu CLK (knh 1). Lc ny, mch ng b bm theo tn hiu m ha Manchester ng vo. Cc thnh phn ca mch ng b bao gm: mch pht hin cnh (EDGE DET), cng AND (AND), vng kha pha (PLL) v b dch pha ( SHIFT) (xem hnh 3-25).
Hnh 3-25 24. Di chuyn knh 1 ti v tr MAN v knh 2 ti v tr EDGE DET. Tn hiu MAN l tn hiu vo EDGE DET mch pht hin cnh. ng ra ca EDGE DET l mt chui xung hp. Mch EDGE DET c to t cng AND v cng XOR (hnh 3-26).
Hnh 3-26 25. Quan st cc dng sng. Mch pht hin cnh to ra mt xung hp khi no? _______________________________________________________________________. 26. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr SHIFT v knh 1 n v tr EDGE DET.
3-12
Bai 3
27. Quan st cc dng sng. Tn hiu ra cng AND cc v tr xung th 4 v th 9 ca EDGE DET s mc cao hay thp? ________________. 28. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr AND OUT. Tn hiu ng ra cng AND ging vi tn hiu b EDGE DET tr cc xung v tr: u chu k bit gia chu k bit 29. Cc xung ng ra cng AND c a ti ng vo ca mch vng kho pha (PLL). Di chuyn u d knh 2 ti v tr VCO OUT v u d knh 1 n v tr AND OUT. 30. So snh cc tn hiu. Tn s ca tn hiu sng vung ca PLL (knh 2) bng vi: tn s ng ra cng AND hai ln tn s ng ra cng AND 31. Di chuyn knh 2 ca dao ng k n v tr RCLK. So snh cc dng sng. Tn s tn hiu ra khi b chia (knh 2) c bng vi tn hiu u ra cng AND (knh 1)? Lu rng cc xung nh thi v tr AND OUT ng b vi xung clock ca my pht. C Khng 32. Di chuyn knh 1 n v tr SHIFT. So snh cc dng sng. Tn hiu trn knh 2 l mt sng vung ging vi tn hiu RCLK nhng b lch pha mt gc bng bao nhiu? ________. 33. Di chuyn knh 1 n v tr NRZ trn khi ENCODING. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr NRZ OUT trn khi MAN SYNC DECODER. 34. So snh tn hiu m ho NRZ (knh 1) v tn hiu NRZ sau khi gii m. D liu sau khi gii m b tr so vi d liu m ho: 1 chu k xung clock chu k xung clock chu k xung clock
V. CU HI
1. Cc phng php m ho NRZ, RZ, Manchester. 2. Thng tin nh thi c cha trong d liu m ho Manchester bng cch no? 3. Phn bit tn hiu n cc v lng cc. 4. u v nhc im ca m ho Manchester so vi m ho NRZ v RZ ? 5. nh ngha tc baud. 6. M ho NRZ v RZ, phng php no tt hn xt kha cnh thng tin v xung clock ? 7. Phng php gii m tn hiu Manchester thnh d liu NRZ ? 8. Phng php gii m tn hiu RZ thnh d liu NRZ ? 9. Hot ng ca mch ng b xung clock ?
3-13
Bai 4
BI 4
IU CH FSK
I. MC CH
Khi hon tt bi th nghim sinh vin c th: M t c s lin h gia tn hiu iu ch FSK vi tn hiu s iu ch (baseband). M t c vic iu ch FSK s dng analog multilexer. M t c ph tn ca tn hiu FSK
II. C S L THUYT
a s knh truyn tng t khng ph hp ti tn hiu s baseband.
Hnh 4-1 Bng thng gii hn ca knh truyn lm mo dng tn hiu v tn hiu s c cc thnh phn ph nm ngoi bng thng ca knh truyn. Khi , cn phi phi c s iu ch tn hiu, v ti to li tn hiu cn phi c s gii iu ch. Tn hiu c iu ch bi sng mang nm trong bng thng ca knh truyn do khng c s suy hao tn hiu.
Hnh 4-2 FSK l mt dng ca iu tn (FM), trong tn hiu iu ch (baseband) iu khin tn s sng mang. Khc vi FM , tn hiu iu ch trong FSK l tn hiu s. Tn s sng mang c chuyn i gia hai tn s, vic chuyn i ny da trn tn hiu iu ch. C hai loi gii iu ch FSK: ng b v bt ng b. Vic gii iu ch bt ng b s dng phng php lc a v dng ASK v s dng b tch sng ng bao ti to tn
4-1
Bai 4
hiu s baseband. Vic gii iu ch ng b cn phi c mt tn hiu tham chiu v t s pht hin c s thay i ca tn s sng mang t ti to li tn hiu baseband.
Hnh 4-3 1. iu ch FSK
Hnh 4-4 Vic iu ch FSK s dng hai chuyn mch (switch) tng t c thit lp nh b dn knh tng t (analog multiplexer). Chuyn mch s ng khi p iu khin mc 5V, chuyn mch ngt (h) khi p iu khin mc -5V. in p iu khin POLAR v POLAR INV th c to ra t s thay i mc logic ca tn hiu iu ch. Tn hiu sng mang ng ra l tn hiu tng ng vi switch c ng. 2. Gii iu ch FSK bt ng b
Hnh 4-5 B gii iu ch FSK phc hi tn hiu s baseband bng cch pht hin s thay i tn s trong tn hiu FSK. Mt tn hiu FSK bao gm 2 tn hiu on-off keying (OOK). Hai thnh phn OOK c cng bin .
4-2
Bai 4
Hnh 4-6
Hnh 4-7 Ph tn ca tn hiu FSK l kt hp ca cc thnh phn tn s c sinh ra t 2 thnh phn tn hiu OOK.
Hnh 4-8 Mt b lc thng di c s dng cho qua mt thnh phn tn hiu OOK trong khi lm suy gim mt thnh phn OOK cn li. Ng ra ca b lc bin tn hiu s thay i khi tn hiu FSK thay i tn s. B tch sng bt ng b s phc hi tn hiu NRZ bng cch pht hin bin tn hiu sau b lc. B lc thng di v b tch sng bt ng b kt hp vi nhau c c chc nng pht hin s thay i ca sng mang. B tch sng bt ng b c 3 khi thc hin chc nng phc hi tn hiu s baseband t tn hiu c bin thay i (sau b lc thng di): b chnh lu ton k chuyn i tn hiu c bin thay i thnh tn hiu c mc DC tng ng vi cc mc bin , b lc thng thp lm trn li dng tn hiu sau khi chnh lu v mt b so snh phc hi mc in p chun thnh cc mc in p logic.
4-3
Bai 4
Hnh 4-9 3. Gii iu ch FSK ng b B gii iu ch ng b s phc hi trng thi ca tn hin baseband NRZ t tn s ca tn hiu FSK. B gii iu ch ng b s dng b bin i tn s thnh in p, n s dng c tnh thay i tn s ca tn hiu FSK to ra mc in p thay i.
Hnh 4-10 B chuyn i tn s thnh in p bao gm mt vng kho pha c cu hnh pht hin s thay i tn s ca tn hiu FSK. Mt b lc thng thp v mt b so snh in p s phc hi tn hiu v mc logic 5V. PLL gi cho tn hiu tham chiu v tn hiu FSK ng b vi nhau bng cch hiu chnh tn s b VCO.
Hnh 4-11 Mc in p ng vo b VCO iu khin tn s ca tn hiu tham chiu. Khi tn hiu tham chiu v tn hiu FSK c tn s ging nhau, mc in p trung bnh ng vo VCO bm theo tn s tn hiu. Mt b lc thng thp c s dng tch c mc trung bnh ca in p a vo b VCO. Mc in p ny i din cho trng thi tn hiu s baseband. Mc logic c phc hi sau b so snh. Tn hiu ng vo b VCO c sinh ra t b so pha v mt b lc thng thp. B so pha so snh tn hiu ra t b VCO vi tn hiu FSK. B lc thng thp gip n nh tn hiu trc khi vo b VCO. B VCO, b so pha v b lc thng thp kt hp vi nhau to thnh vng kho pha (PLL).
III. YU CU THIT B
B chn F.A.C.E.T. Board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2
4-4
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng Ngun cung cp 15 Vdc Dao ng k hai knh My pht sng sine V.O.M
Bai 4
IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

1. iu ch FSK 1. Kt ni probe vi ng vo EXT trn oscilloscope, ni probe ny vi im SYNC trn khi ENCODER . Trigger theo cnh ln ca EXT. Phng php trigger ny s xuyn sut tin trnh th nghim ny.
Hnh 4-12 2. Kt ni knh 1 ca oscilloscope vi ng ra NRZ ca khi ENCODER v chnh oscilloscope hin th t nht 2 bit ca tn hiu baseband NRZ. 3. Xc nh tc baud ca tn hiu hin th trn knh 1: NRZ = ______baud
Hnh 4-13 4. Kt ni tn hiu NRZ n b iu ch FSK (s dng jump). Kt ni knh 2 n ng ra ca b iu ch FSK, hiu chnh oscilloscope hin th c 2 tn hiu NRZ v FSK. 5. o tc baud trn knh 2: FSK = _________baud 6. C 2 tn hiu c cng tc baud? ng Sai 7. o bin tn hiu FSK (knh 2) khi tn hiu NRZ mc cao: High = _______(V p p )
8. o bin tn hiu FSK (knh 2) khi tn hiu NRZ mc thp: Low = _______(V p p )
9. Quan h gia 2 in p ny?
High > Low High < Low High = Low
10. Quan st oscilloscope, xc nh pha ca sng mang trc khi c s thay i tn s ti canh ln v xung ca tn hiu NRZ. 11. Xc nh gc pha ca tn hiu FSK ngay trc khi tn hiu NRZ chuyn t cao xung thp:
4-5
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng 00 00 ng 900 900 1800 1800 Sai 2700 2700
Bai 4
12. Xc nh gc pha ca tn hiu FSK ngay trc khi tn hiu NRZ chuyn t thp ln cao: 13. Pha ca tn hiu FSK thay i ti thi im tn hiu NRZ thay i? 14. Xc nh tn s ca tn hiu FSK khi tn hiu NRZ mc cao: F-High = ________Hz. 15. Xc nh tn s ca tn hiu FSK khi tn hiu NRZ mc thp: F-Low = ________Hz. 16. Tn hiu FSK thay i nh th no theo tn hiu NRZ? a. Bin gim ng vi mc cao c. Tn s tng ng khi ln mc cao b. Pha b dch 1800 ng vi mc thp d. Tc baud gim ng vi mc thp
Hnh 4-14 17. Kt ni knh 2 vi im POLAR trong khi iu ch FSK. 18. Tn hiu POLAR so vi tn hiu NRZ khc nhau nh th no? a. Mc in p mc thp b thay i c. Hai tn hiu ngc (o) nhau b. Mc in p mc cao b thay i d. Tc baud thay i
19. Kt ni knh 1 vi im POLAR INV. Hai tn hiu hin th trn oscilloscope khc nhau nh th no? a. Mc in p mc thp thay i b. Mc in p mc thp thay i c. Tn hiu ny l o ca tn hiu kia d. Cc tn hiu biu din cc d liu khc nhau 20. Chuyn knh 1 n ng ra ca khi FSK. Xc nh tn s tn hiu FSK khi tn hiu s vo mc cao: ________ Hz. 21. Tn hiu FSK c tn s bao nhiu khi tn hiu POLAR mc cao? High = ________Hz 22. Chuyn knh 2 n im HIGH TONE. Xc nh tn s ca tn hiu HIGH TONE. HIGH TONE = _________ Hz. 23. Chuyn knh 2 n im LOW TONE. Xc nh tn s ca tn hiu LOW TONE LOW TONE = _________ Hz. 24. Tn hiu c a ra ng ra ca khi FSK l tn hiu no?
HIGH TONE LOW TONE POLAR INV Baseband
Mt tn hiu FSK c th c xem nh tng ca 2 tn hiu on-off keying (OOK) vi 2 tn s khc nhau.
4-6
Bai 4
25. Ni knh 1 n HIGH TONE, knh 2 n LOW TONE. ng, m kha CM 12. 26. iu g xy ra hi thay i trng thi kho CM 12? a. LOW TONE b loi b c. LOW TONE v HIGH TONE u b loi b. b. HIGH TONE b loi b d. Khng c g xy ra
27. Chuyn knh 2 ti ng ra FSK. ng m kho CM 12. Loi iu ch no xut hin ng ra FSK khi kha CM 12 ng?
On-Off Keying DC v 600Hz Frequency-shift keying Phase-shift keying 2025Hz v 2225Hz
28. Ti tn s no trong ph tn ca tn hiu FSK c bin nh?

600Hz v 1200Hz 1200Hz v 2400Hz
29. Kt ni knh 1 n im POLAR. ng m kho CM 6 v quan st tn hiu FSK. 30. Kho CM 6 gy ra s thay i t ngt trong tn hiu FSK?
ng Sai
S gin on lm gia tng rng bng tn ca tn hiu FSK. Cc b iu ch c thit k tit kim bng thng bng cch gim s gin on. C th quan st thy pha tn hiu FSK trng thi 1800 khi thay i tn s. 31. Gc pha ca tn hiu sng mang FSK 2400Hz ti ngay trc thi im tn hiu POLAR chuyn t cao xung thp?
00 450 900 1800
Hnh 4-15 32. Chuyn knh 2 ti im HIGH TONE, ng ngt kho CM 6. Kho CM 6 to ra s gin on nh th no? a. Kha CM 6 thay i tn s ca tn hiu HIGH TONE. b. Kha CM 6 thay i bin ca tn hiu HIGH TONE. c. Kha CM 6 thay i pha ca tn hiu HIGH TONE. d. Kha CM 6 thay i pha ca tn hiu POLAR.
2. Gii iu ch FSK bt ng b
1. Kt ni probe vi ng vo EXT trn oscilloscope , ni probe ny vi im SYNC trn khi ENCODER . Trigger theo cnh ln ca EXT.
4-7
Bai 4
Hnh 4-16 2. Kt ni knh 1 ca oscilloscope vi ng ra NRZ ca khi ENCODE v chnh oscilloscope hin th t nht 2 bit ca tn hiu baseband NRZ. 3. S dng jump ni tn hiu NRZ n b iu ch FSK v dng dy ni ni tn hiu FSK n ng vo khi CHANNEL.
Hnh 4-17 4. t mc nhiu mc cao nht. Ni knh 2 n ng ra ca khi CHANNEL v iu chnh oscilloscope quan st c 2 tn hiu NRZ v FSK. Khi CHANNEL m phng mt ng truyn truyn tn hiu FSK sau b iu ch.
Hnh 4-18 5. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra b lc Bandpass. Ni ng ra knh truyn v ng vo b lc BANDPASS. 6. 7. o bin tn hiu ng ra b lc BANDPASS khi tn hiu NRZ mc cao: NRZ high = _________Vp-p o bin tn hiu ng ra b lc BANDPASS khi tn hiu NRZ mc thp: NRZ low = _________Vp-p
4-8
Bai 4
Hnh 4-19 B tch sng ng bao khi phc tn hiu NRZ t s thay i bin tn hiu c to t b lc BANDPASS.
Hnh 4-20 8. 9. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra ca b chnh lu ton k (Full-Wave Rectifier-FWR). Ni ng ra b lc thng di vi ng vo b chnh lu tn k.
B chnh lu ton k to ra tn hiu ng ra ca n thng qua 2 tng: tng u l b chnh lu chnh xc ton k c o, tng 2 l tng cng (c o) kt hp tn hiu c chnh lu vi tn hiu ban u to ra tn hiu c chnh lu ton k ng ra.
Hnh 4-21 10. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra b lc thng thp. B lc thng thp cho tn hiu baseband tn s thp qua v lm suy gim sng mang tn s cao. N lm phng tn hiu va c chnh lu v mc DC v c dng gn ging vi tn hiu baseband ban u. 11. Chui bit hin th trn knh 2? _______________ . 12. Mc in p sau b lc thng thp (knh 2) c cng mc in p vi tn hiu NRZ (knh 1) khng?
C Khng
13. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra khi so snh in p. Hiu chnh POSITIVE SUPPLY mc cao nht. T t chnh POSITIVE SUPPLY xung thp cho n khi ng ra b so snh ging vi tn hiu NRZ knh 1. 14. Chuyn knh 1 n ng ra b lc thng thp. B so snh c khi phc mc 5V logic t tn hiu ti ng ra b lc thng thp?
C Khng
4-9
Bai 4
Ng ra b so snh mc 5V khi ng ra b lc thng thp cao hn mc ngng c to ra t POSITIVE SUPPLY. Mc 0V tng ng khi p ng ra b lc thng thp thp hn mc ngng. 15. Kha CM 7 thay i CHANNEL. ng m kho CM 7. Tn hiu NRZ khi phc c cn chnh xc khng khi CM7 ng?
C Khng
Hnh 4-22 16. Chuyn knh 1 ti b lc thng di. Xc nh li bin tn hiu ng ra ng vi tn s thp v tn s cao. ng ngt kho CM7. Kho CM7 nh hng nh th no n ng ra b lc thng di? a. b. c. d. chnh lch bin tng ln Bin mc thp gim nhiu hn mc cao Bin mc cao gim nhiu hn mc thp C hai mc bin gim vi lng bng nhau
17. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra khi CHANNEL. Quan st tn hiu ng ra CHANNEL khi thay i kho CM7. 18. Gii thch s nh hng ca CM7 n s thay i ca tn hiu ng ra b lc bandpass? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 19. Chuyn knh 1 n ng vo khi CHANNEL. Quan st oscilloscope khi ng m kho CM7. 20. CM7 nh hng n CHANNEL nh th no?
Thay i bng thng Thay i tn hiu ng vo Thay i li Tt c cc pht biu trn
21. Chng ta c th thay i mch nh th no b cho s gim bng thng ca knh truyn? a. truyn HIGH TONE vi bin tng ln hn so vi LOW TONE. b. gim bng thng ca b lc bandpass b thu c. s dng tn s sng mang trong khong bng thng ca knh truyn d. tt c cc gii php trn 3. Gii iu ch FSK ng b 1. Kt ni probe vi ng vo EXT trn oscilloscope , ni probe ny vi im SYNC trn khi ENCODER . Trigger ca oscilloscope c t theo cnh ln ca EXT.
4-10
Bai 4
2. Kt ni knh 1 ca oscilloscope vi ng ra NRZ ca khi ENCODER v chnh oscilloscope hin th t nht 2 bit ca tn hiu baseband NRZ.
Hnh 4-23 3. S dng jumper ni tn hiu NRZ n b iu ch FSK v dng dy ni ni tn hiu FSK n ng vo khi CHANNEL. 4. t mc nhiu mc cao nht. Ni knh 2 n ng ra CHANNEL v hiu chnh oscilloscope hin th c 2 tn hiu NRZ v FSK. 5. Gi tr nh phn ca 2 bit u tin hin th trn oscilloscope? Data bit = _________. 6. S dng jumper ni ng ra knh truyn n b SYS DETECTOR v PLL (REF IN) vi ng ra knh truyn. 7. Loi b tt c cc kt ni bn trong khi PLL. Ni knh 1 n ng ra VCO.
Hnh 4-24 8. Ng ra VCO c ng b vi tn hiu FSK?

C Khng
9. Ni gia A/F v ng vo b so pha (CIN). ng hi tip t VCO qua D flip flop cho php b so pha khp kn vng kho pha. 10. Ni knh 2 n ng vo b VCO (VCIN) v knh 1 n ng ra knh truyn. c th quan st ng ra b so pha (PC) b lc thng thp RC khng c kt ni vo. B so pha to ra in p cho ng vo b VCO (VCIN) bng cch so snh 2 ng vo ca n bng b XOR. 11. Khi no ng ra b so pha mc cao?
Khi cc ng vo ging nhau Khi c 2 ng vo mc cao Khi cc ng vo khc nhau
4-11
Bai 4
12. Dch chuyn v tr ca tn hiu FSK theo chiu ngang thi im chuyn i tn s ca tn hiu FSK nm ti ng dc trung tm. Quan st VCD v FSK. 13. Trng thi ca VCIN nh th no khi tn hiu FSK thp hn 0 v ng vo VCD b so pha mc cao?
Thp Cao
Hnh 4-25 14. Ni knh 1 vi VCD v knh 2 vi VCIN. ng kha CM10. VCIN by gi c cho qua b lc thng thp. B lc thng thp lm cho in p ng ra b so pha thay i qua li khng qu t ngt to c n nh hn cho ng vo b VCO. 15. in p trung bnh ng vo VCO thay i trong mi khong thi gian bit ging nh s thay i tn s ca tn hiu VCD?
C Khng
16. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra VCO. Tn s ca tn hiu ng ra VCO khi tn hiu VCD tn s cao? VCO = _________ Hz. B so pha ca vng kho pha hiu chnh in p ng vo b VCO (VCIN) duy tr pha thch hp gia tn hiu VCD v FSK. 17. Ni knh 2 ti tn hiu FSK. o tn s tn hiu VCD khi tn hiu FSK l 2400Hz. High frequency = _________ Hz 18. o tn s tn hiu VCD khi tn hiu FSK l 1200Hz. Low frequency = _________ Hz 19. Tn hiu VCD c ng b vi tn hiu FSK.
C Khng
20. Chuyn knh 1 ti VCIN. in p trung bnh ng vo VCO thay i khi tn s tn hiu FSK thay i?
C Khng
21. Kt ng ra vng kho pha PLL n ng vo b lc thng thp. Ni knh 2 n ng ra b lc thng thp. t knh 2 mc 500mV/Div.
4-12
Bai 4
Hnh 4-26
Hnh 4-27 tr b thu khong 400us. 22. 2 bit u tin phc hi b thu l g? 2 bit u = __________binary 23. Ni knh 1 vi tn hiu NRZ nguyn thy. Tn hiu NRZ v tn hiu phc hi c ging nhau v mc in p?
C Khng
B so snh in p phc hi mc 5V logic bng cch so snh tn hiu sau b lc thng thp vi mt ngng in p c th iu chnh c. Ngng ny c iu chnh bng nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY. 24. Ni knh 2 ti ng ra b so snh. Hiu chnh NEGATIVE SUPPLY ng ra b so snh l tn hiu cng dng vi NRZ nhng b tr. 25. Tn hiu khi phc c cng mc logic vi tn hiu NRZ.
C Khng
26. Chuyn knh 1 n ng ra CHANNEL v knh 2 n ng ra LP FILTER ca khi SYNC DETECTOR. t knh 1 mc 2V/Div, knh 2 mc 500mV/DIV v thi gian qut 1ms/DIV. 27. o in p DC cc i trng thi mc logic thp ti ng ra b lc thng thp (knh 2). Maximal low = _________mV DC
Hnh 4-28
4-13
Bai 4
28. o in p dc cc tiu trng thi mc logic cao ti ng ra b lc hong thp (knh 2). Minimal high = _________mV DC
Hnh 4-29 29. Bt CM7 gim bng thng knh truyn, iu ny dn n bin tn hiu FSK cng b thay i theo tn s b thu. Xc nh li mc in p ra b lc thng thp. maximal low = _________mV DC minimal high = _________mV DC 30. S thay i bin tn hiu FSK c nh hng n vic tch sng tn hiu NRZ?
C Khng
31. Bt CM10 to s khng lin tc ca pha tn hiu FSK. Xc nh li mc in p ra b lc thng thp. maximal low = _________mV DC minimal high = _________mV DC 32. Nhiu pha c lm thay i tn hiu ng ra ca b lc thng thp?
C Khng
V. KT LUN
__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________
4-14
Bai 5
BI 5
IU CH V GII IU CH PSK
I. MC CH
Sau bi th nghim, sinh vin c th gii thch c cch to ra tn hiu PSK, ng b sng mang, v tch sng ng b.
II. C S L THUYT
Hnh 5-1 PSK l mt dng iu ch pha, tn hiu sng mang b dch (shift) pha mi khi tn hiu s (tn hiu iu ch) thay i trng thi. Hnh trn minh ha ti thi im ngay khi tn hiu NRZ chuyn t cao xung thp, tn hiu PSK chuyn v trng thi pha = 00, cng pha vi tn hiu song mang. So snh vi sng mang, pha ca tn hiu PSK dch 00 khi tn hiu NRZ trng thi thp, v 1800 khi tn hiu NRZ trng thi cao.
Hnh 5-2 Hnh 5-2 minh ha khi iu ch PSK trn board mch. Tn hiu s c cc mc logic 0V v +5V. Mt b dch mc chuyn tn hiu ny thnh mc -5V v +5V. Tn hiu ny sau c nhn vi tn hiu sng mang bng b iu ch cn bng to ra tn hiu PSK.
Hnh 5-3
5-1
Bai 5
iu ch PSK cng c th c s dng vi cc tn hiu m ha khc. Hnh 5-3 biu din mt tn hiu lng cc RZ, tn hiu sng mang v tn hiu PSK sinh ra t vic nhn 2 tn hiu vi nhau bng b iu ch cn bng. Khi gii iu ch PSK, vic ti to li tn hiu sng mang ti pha b thu l cn thit. iu ny c thc hin bng vic ng b sng mang pha b thu thng qua cc khi: nhn i tn s, PLL , b chia 2, v mch dch pha 900.
Hnh 5-4 Tn hiu c sinh ra sau c kt hp vi tn hiu PSK b Product Detector (tch sng nhn). Tn hiu sau b Product Detector c qua b lc thng thp, v kt qu l chui xung c sa dng bng b so snh in p ti to li tn hiu s ban u.
III. YU CU THIT B
B chn F.A.C.E.T. Board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2 Ngun cung cp 15 Vdc Dao ng k hai knh
IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

1. iu ch PSK Trnh t tin hnh A To tn hiu PSK Trong tin trnh th nghim ny, sinh vin to tn hiu PSK t tn hiu m ha RZ, NRZ, Manchester v kim tra kt qu bng oscilloscope. 1. Kt ni knh 1 osciloscope n v tr SYNC trong khi ENCODING. Hiu chnh oscilloscope hin th mt chu k ca tn hiu SYNC trong khong rng ca mn hnh. 2. Loi b kt ni knh 1 vi SYNC . Ni SYNC vi ng vo EXT trigger ca osciloscope.
Hnh 5-5 3. Trong khi iu ch (MODULATOR) , kt ni NRZ vi n ng vo khi ASK/PSK bng mt jump ni. Dng 1 jumper chn kiu iu ch PSK (hnh 5-5). 4. Chnh nm OFFSET ton thang, v nm BAL (cn bng) gia thang. 5. Kt ni knh 1 n NRZ v knh 2 n im kin tra tn hiu trn khi ASK/PSK.
5-2
Bai 5
Tn hiu s lng cc sau c nhn vi tn hiu sng mang hnh sin bng b iu ch cn bng.
Hnh 5-6 iu ny c gii thch thng qua s mch ca khi ASK/PSK nh hnh 5-6. Mt ng vo b iu ch cn bng l tn hiu sng mang (CARRIER), mc DC ca n c iu chnh bi bin tr BAL. Ng vo th 2 c chn thng qua cu ni tng ng vi im A (ASK), P (PSK). Khi im P c kt ni vi ng vo b iu ch cn bng, tn hiu s phi i qua mt b dch mc trc . 6. Loi m ha c th c ca tn hiu s a vo? Ch l NRZ NRZ, RZ hoc Manchester Khi im A c chn, mt in p offset DC iu khin bi bin tr OFFSET c cng vi tn hiu s trc khi i vo b iu ch cn bng. Ng ra ca b iu ch s c a ra im kim tra vi mt ng ra o v mt ng ra khng o. Ng ra + c m c th li cc khi mch khc. 7. Khi jumper v tr no th tn hiu c qua b dch mc trc khi vo b iu ch cn bng? A P 8. So snh tn hiu NRZ (knh 1) v tn hiu vo b iu ch cn bng (knh 2) trn osciloscope. Tn hiu vo b iu ch cn bng khc vi tn hiu NRZ nh th no?
Tn hiu tn hiu vo b iu ch cn bng b o Mc logic ca tn hiu vo b iu ch cn bng b dch v dng lng cc. C hai trn
9. Quan st osciloscope khi ln lt di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra + v -. Ng ra no 00 ngay sau thi im tn hiu NRZ chuyn sang mc thp? + - 10. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra ca khi ASK/PSK. Quan st tn hiu trn osciloscope khi iu chnh nm BAL v tr cc i v cc tiu. Thng s no ca tn hiu PSK thay i khi chnh nm BAL? Tn s Pha dch offset 11. Bin tr BAL b cho s bt cn bng ca mch. c kt qu tt nht, hy chnh BAL cho n khi nh ca tt c cc chu k sng sin nm trn mt ng thng.
5-3
Bai 5
Hnh 5-7 12. Tho jumper ni NRZ n ng vo ca khi ASK/PSK. Ni tn hiu RZ t khi ENCODER n ng vo khi ASK/PSK. Chuyn knh 1 n ng vo b iu ch cn bng. iu chnh osciloscope hin th dng sng nh hnh 5-8.
Hnh 5-8 13. Quan st s dch pha xy ra ti mi thi im chuyn giao ca tn hiu xung. C bao nhiu gc pha khc nhau xy ra ti nhng thi im chuyn giao? 5 3 2 14. Chuyn ng ni tn hiu cp cho b iu ch n v tr MAN. Hiu chnh osciloscope quan st. C th thy rng s dch pha ch xy ra ti thi im chuyn trng thi ca tn hiu s.
Hnh 5-9 15. Chnh osciloscope vi tc qut thi gian mc 50us/DIV v quan st dng tn hiu nh hnh 5-10.
5-4
Bai 5
Hnh 5-10 16. C th thy tn hiu PSK c pha l 1800 ngay sau khi tn hiu xung mc thp. Hon tt mt chu k pha tn hiu tr v 1800 ngay trc khi tn hiu ln mc cao, pha tc thi ca tn hiu PSK l bao nhiu sau chuyn i ny? 00 900 1800 Board mch ny s dng pha 00 v 1800 cho tn hiu sin ti thi im chuyn i tn hiu s. Nhng gi tr pha ny c chn vn gi tnh lin tc ca dng sng iu ch lm gim nhiu ti a. 17. Bt kha CM6 dch pha ca tn hiu sng mang, iu ny cng thay i pha ca tn hiu PSK ti thi im tn hiu s thay i. C kt lun g v s thay i dng tn hiu PSK? Dng sng khng lin tc Gc pha khng i ti thi im chuyn trng thi C 2 trn 18. Tho tt c cc kt ni trn board. 2. Gii iu ch PSK Trnh t tin hnh B Tch sng ng b Trong tin trnh ny sinh vin s s dng b tch sng ng b c c tn hiu baseband t tn hiu PSK thu c. Kt qu c kim tra bng osciloscope.
Hnh 5-11 1. Trong khi mch iu ch MODULATORS, s dng 2 jumper chn NRZ lm tn hiu vo v loi iu ch l PSK. 2. Kt ni ng ra PSK n ng vo khi CHANNEL, v ni ng ra khi CHANNEL ti khi SYSC DETECTOR bng jumper. 3. S dng 3 jumper ni kt ni cc phn trong khi SYSC DETECTOR nh hnh 5-11.
5-5
Bai 5
4. Kt ni u d EXT ca osciloscope n im SYNC v u d knh 1 n im NRZ ca khi ENCODING. Chnh osciloscope hin th 2 bit u trong chui d liu NRZ trn tan b chiu rng mn hnh. 5. Ni knh 2 ti im kim tra sng mang (CARRIER) ca khi iu ch (MODULATORS). C bao nhiu chu k sng mang trong mt chu k bit? __________________ chu k. 6. Chuyn knh 1 n im CARRIER v knh 2 n ng ra khi CHANNEL. Chnh nm vn NOISE v mc cc tiu. 7. Chnh nm BAL trong khi MODULATORS c c tn hiu PSK nh hnh 5-12. Ch : tn hiu NRZ biu din y khng xut hin trn osciloscope.
Hnh 5-12 8. Chuyn knh 1 n im ng ra RECT ca b DOUBLER (nhn i tn s). So snh tn hiu PSK v tn hiu ng ra b chnh lu. Kt qu ca vic chnh lu tn hiu PSK l: Cc tnh ca tt c nh ca tn hiu PSK b o nh dng b o thnh nh m. nh m b o thnh nh dng. 9. Vic chnh lu loi khi tn hiu PSK: Thng tin dch pha Tin tc C hai yu t trn
Hnh 5-13 Nh vy mc ch ca vic tch sng mang ng b l vic ti to ch sng mang v thng tin dch pha khng c yu cu trong qu trnh ny. 10. Chuyn knh 1 n CARRIER v knh 2 n ng ra b DOUBLER. Thng s no ca sng mang c nhn i sau khi qua b DOUBLER? Tn s Chu k
5-6
Bai 5
Hnh 5-14 11. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr VCO trong khi PLL. Ng ra VCO c cng tn s vi: Sng mang Tn hiu ng ra b nhn i (DOUBLER) 12. Chuyn knh 2 n VCD (VCO Divided). So snh sng mang v dng sng VCD.
Hnh 5-15 13. VCD l tn hiu t ng ra VCO c chia i tn s. Quan st thy rng 2 tn hiu c cng tn s nhng lch pha. Pha sai lch gia sng mang v chui xung vung VCD l bao nhiu? 00 900 1800 Vic ti to sng mang ch cn vic dch pha tn hiu VCD 900 khp vi tn hiu sng mang. 14. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr 900 ca b dch pha (PHASE SHIFTER). C th kt lun t vic so snh tn hiu sng mang vi tn hiu sau b dch pha 900? Tin tc b loi khi tn hiu PSK. Tn hiu sng mang c phc hi t tn hiu PSK. C 2 trn. 15. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra b dch pha v suy gim, im ny cng chnh l mt trong hai ng vo ca b trn (MIXER). Tn hiu cn li i vo b MIXER l g? Sng mang Tn hiu PSK VCD 16. Tng nhy knh 2 n 50mV/DIV quan st tn hiu ng ra b dch pha (PHASE SHIFTER). Dch tn hiu knh 2 chng ln tn hiu sng mang knh 1 (dng nm POSITION trn osciloscope). Kim tra li s cng tn s v pha ca 2 tn hiu. Tn hiu ng ra b dch pha l: Tn hiu lng cc (polar) Tn hiu n cc (unipolar) 17. Chuyn knh 1 kn tn hiu PSK ti ng vo b MIXER.
5-7
Bai 5
Hnh 5-16 minh ha tn hiu ng vo b MIXER. B MIXER l b iu ch cn bng. ng ra ca n l tch ca hai tn hiu ng vo. Ng ra b dch pha l tn hiu lng cc. Do , b MIXER nhn tn hin PSK vi s dng cho xung dch pha mc cao, v nhn vi s m cho xung dch pha mc thp.
Hnh 5-16 V d, nh m tn hiu PSK c nhn vi s m (xung dch pha <0), kt qu ny to mt nh dng ti ng ra MIXER. nh dng u tin ca tn hiu PSK c nhn vi mt s dng (xung dch pha >0), kt qu to ra mt nh dng ti ng ra MIXER. 18. Dng sng no l ng ti ng ra b MIXER theo hnh minh ha di y? A B C D
Hnh 5-17 19. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra b MIXER. Hiu chnh osciloscope v nm BAL trn khi MIXER c c dng sng nh hnh 5-18.
Hnh 5-18 5-8
Bai 5
20. Tn hiu ra b MIXER gm vi nh dng v k l vi nh m. Khi no cc tnh ca cc nh thay i? Mi ln tn hiu PSK qua im zero Mi ln nh ca tn hiu PSK thay i cc tnh. Khi tn hiu PSK dch pha. 21. Chuyn knh 1 n ng ra b lc thng thp (LP FILTER) v hiu chnh dao ng k mc 0,5V/DIV. C th kt lun t dng sng knh 1 (b lc thng thp)? Lm suy gim tn s sng mang. Cho tn s sng mang qua. 22. Chuyn knh 2 n ng ra b so snh. Chnh nm NEGATVE SUPPLY n v tr ton thang. Chnh t t nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY theo chiu ngc li c c tn hiu trn knh 2 nh bn di (lu nm NEGATIVE SUPPLY t mc ngng in p so snh).
Hnh 5-19 23. Chc nng ca b so snh? Chnh dng xung Lc thng thp B pht hin tch (product detector). 24. Di chuyn knh 1 ti v tr NRZ. Hiu chnh osciloscope c c dng sng nh hnh 5-20.
Hnh 5-20 Ch : Nu cn thit, chuyn v thay th jumper ti ng ra CHANNEL c c tn hiu ng trn knh 2. 25. Dng sng hin th trn osciloscope ny cho thy b tch sng ng b c th: Gii m mt tn hiu NRZ Gii iu ch mt tn hiu PSK C hai. 26. Loi b jumper ng ra CHANNEL. S dng dy ni kt ni ng ra CHANNEL n ng vo khi tch sng bt ng b (ASYNC DETECTOR).
5-9
Bai 5
Hnh 5-21 27. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra b so snh ca khi tch sng bt ng b. Quan st v iu chnh nm POSITIVE SUPPLY. C th kt lun g qua cc bc trn? Mt tn hiu PSK ch c th gii iu ch bi b tch sng ng b. Mt tn hiu PSK ch c th gii iu ch bi b tch sng ng b hoc bt ng b. 28. Tho b tt c cc kt ni trn board mch.
V. KT LUN
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
5-10
Bai 6
BI 6
IU CH V GII IU CH ASK
I. MC CH
Khi hon tt bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th m t c cc nguyn tc c bn cng nh cc khi mch c th thc hin iu ch v gii iu ch s theo phng php ASK.
II. C S L THUYT
Hnh 6-1 Hu ht cc knh truyn tng t u c bng thng gii hn v khng khp vi bng thng ca tn hiu s bng gc. truyn tn hiu s trn knh truyn analog, trc tin cn thc hin u ch bng mt phng php no . iu ch l trn bng tn gc ca tin tc vi tn s sng mang chuyn vo bng tn trng khp vi bng thng ca knh truyn. B iu ch bin (ASK) to ra nhng thay i trong bin sng mang t l vi tn hiu tin tc.
Hnh 6-2 Phng php iu ch PSK c th minh ha bi hnh nh mt cng tc in t c iu khin bng d liu tin tc. Khi d liu bng 1 th sng mang bin ln c ni n ng ra, cn khi d liu bng 0 th sng mang bin nh c ni n ng ra.
Hnh 6-3 Mt trng hp iu ch ASK n gin hn c minh ha bi cng tc in t SPST. Khi data bng 1, kha ng, sng mang c ni n ng ra, khi data bng 0, kha m v sng mang khng c ni n ng ra. Dng ny c gi l kha on-off (OOK - On-Off Keying).
6-1
Bai 6
S thay i t ngt t tn hiu sng mang (khi data bng 1) tr v 0 (khi data bng 0) i hi phi tang them bng thong cho tn hiu sau iu ch.
Hnh 6-4 1. iu ch ASK Nh trnh by, bin sng mang s thay i gia hai mc ty theo gi tr ca d liu tin tc nh phn.
Hnh 6-5 Theo phng php iu ch ASK trn board mch th nghim, u tin d liu tin tc s c dch mc bng cch cng thm mt in p DC dng vo d liu NRZ. Sau , tn hiu c a n b iu ch cn bng nhn vi sng mang. Khi data mc 1, li ca b iu ch cn bng s c iu chnh c nh.
Hnh 6-6 Hnh 6-7 th hin s mch n gin ca b iu ch ASK.
Hnh 6-7 Khi in p offset ca mch dch mc c chnh v 0 th mc 0 tng ng vi trng thi khng c sng mang ti ng ra, cn mc 1 ng vi dng sng mang y . y l dng n gin ca ASK, gi l OOK On-Off Keying.
6-2
Bai 6
Hnh 6-8 iu ch ASK cng c thc hin theo cch tng t nh trn i vi d liu m ha RZ v Manchester. 2. Gii iu ch ASK Gii iu ch ASK, hay cn gi l tch sng ASK, l qu trnh khi phc d liu tin tc pht i t tn hiu iu ch. Tn hiu ASK c th c gii iu ch bng mt trong hai phng php: ng b hay bt ng b. Trong phng php ng b (hnh 6-10), sng mang c khi phc t tn hiu ASK, ngc li trong phng php bt ng b (hnh 6-9), khng cn khi phc sng mang.
Hnh 6-9
Hnh 6-10 Mch tch sng bt ng b bao gm:
Mch chnh lu ton sng chnh lu tn hiu ASK. Mch lc thng thp lc phng tn hiu sau khi chnh lu. Mch so snh in p khi phc tn hiu NRZ ng ra b lc thng thp thnh cc
mc logic thch hp. Mch tch sng ng b s dng mt tn hiu sng mang tham chiu c tn s v pha ng b chnh xc vi sng mang ban u trc khi iu ch. Khi ng b sng mang (SYNCHRONIZER) c nhim v phc hi chnh xc sng mang t tn hiu ASK. Tn hiu sng mang tham chiu v tn hiu ASK c a vo b MIXER. Nhng thay i v bin ca tn hiu ASK s c pht hin bng mch tch sng bt ng b ti to tn hiu NRZ ban u. Cc khi LP FILTER (lc thng thp) v VOLT COMP (so snh in p) c chc nng ging nh trong mch tch sng bt ng b.
6-3
Bai 6
III. YU CU THIT B
B chn F.A.C.E.T. Board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2 Dao ng k hai knh My pht sng sine V.O.M
IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

1. iu ch ASK Trong phn ny, sinh vin s tin hnh to tn hiu iu ch ASK t d liu m ha NRZ v kim tra kt qu bng dao ng k. 1. Trn khi mch ENCODER, kt ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k vi im CLK, knh 2 vi im SYNC v u d EXT cng v tr SYNC.
Hnh 6-11 2. iu chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca oscilloscope mc 5V/DIV v time base mc 0.5ms/DIV. iu chnh oscilloscope sao cho cc xung ng b cch nhau 8 trn mn hnh (hnh 6-11). 3. iu chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k v tr 5V/DIV v time base v tr 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca ng vo EXT. 4. Tho u d knh 1 v 2 nhng vn gi nguyn v tr u d EXT cho n cui bi th nghim.
Hnh 6-12 5. Trong khi mch ASK/PSK, dng jumper chn chc nng iu ch ASK. Dng mt jumper khc ni d liu NRZ vo khi mch ASK/PSK. iu chnh nm vn OFFSET theo ngc chiu kim ng h n ht mc v chnh nm vn BAL v tr trung tm. S khi n gin ca mch iu ch ASK c trnh by hnh 6-13. Mch gm cc khi sau: mch khuch i tng, mch iu ch cn bng v mch khuch i m ng ra.
6-4
Bai 6
Hnh 6-13 6. Ni u d knh 1 n v tr ng vo NRZ v knh 2 n v tr ASK/PSK. Chnh ng chun cho c hai knh v t c hai knh ch DC vi VOLT/DIV = 2V/DIV. 7. Mch khuch i tng l mch khuch i khng o vi in p offset vo c th iu chnh c. Tn hiu ng ra b khuch i tng c dch: Ln pha trn ng chun Xung pha di ng chun
Hnh 6-14 8. Vn t t nm iu chnh OFFSET theo chiu kim ng h n ht mc ri vn ngc chiu kim ng h n ht mc. Mc logic 0 ca tn hiu rat hay i th no? Trn v di ng chun 0V Lun pha di ng chun 9. Di chuyn u d knh 1 n v tr CARRIER v chnh knh 1 ch AC mc 1V/DIV. y l mt trong hai ng vo ca mch iu ch cn bng, mc DC ca n c iu chnh bi nm vn BAL. Ng vo cn li ca b iu ch cn bng chnh l tn hiu ra khi b khuch i dch mc. 10. o bin tn hiu sng mang trn knh 1: VC =________ V pk pk . B iu ch cn bng ng vai tr iu ch ASK vi hai ng ra m (-) v dng (+). Hnh 615 trnh by s n gin ca mt mch tch hp (IC) iu ch cn bng kt hp vi cc in tr mch ngoi. Ng ra ca b iu ch cn bng l tch ca tn hiu sng mang (knh 1) vi cc mc logic NRZ (knh 2). Mch gm cc phn nh sau: Hai mch khuch i vi sai pha trn c th hot ng ch tuyn tnh hoc bo ha. Mt mch khuch i vi sai tuyn tnh. Hai ngun dng hng. Lun pha trn ng chun
Cc cc collector ng ra ca mch c ghp cho vi nhau bo m php nhn hon ton i xng. Vi tn hiu NRZ ln hn hay bng 0.4V, li ca c hai ng ra + v s c c nh.
6-5
Bai 6
Hnh 6-15 11. in p mc logic 0 ca tn hiu vo b iu ch cn bng (knh 2) c ln hn 0.4V? C Khng 12. Di chuyn u d knh 1 n ng ra v iu chnh knh 1 ch AC, 2V/DIV. Tn hiu ng ra l tn hiu g? Tn hiu ASK Tn hiu sng mang bin khng i Khi tn hiu NRZ mc nh hn 0.4V, li ca c hai ng ra + v l mt hm ca tch cc tn hiu ng vo. 13. Vn t t nm iu chnh OFFSET theo chiu kim ng h cho n khi dng sng nh hnh 6-16 xut hin trn knh 1.
Hnh 6-16 14. in p mc logic 0 ca tn hiu vo b iu ch cn bng (knh 2) c nh hn 0.4V? C 15. Tn hiu ng ra (trn knh 1) l tn hiu g? Vi mc logic 1 ca tn hiu NRZ, b iu ch cn bng nhn tn hiu sng mang ng vo vi 3. 16. Quan st tn hiu tin tc NRZ trn knh 2 v tn hiu ASK ng ra trn knh 1. Trong qu trnh iu ch, mc logic 1 c biu din bi: Sng mang bin ln hn Sng mang bin nh h Khi d liu tin tc NRZ mc 0, b iu ch cn bng (ch tuyn tnh) s to ra mt tn hiu l hm ca bin tn hiu sng mang ng vo v tn hiu NRZ. 17. Quan st thy tn hiu NRZ c mc logic 0 xp x bng 0.2V. Kt qu l phn tn hiu ASK c bin nh hn s biu din mc logic 0. Khng
6-6
Bai 6
18. Nu mc offset ca logic 0 ca tn hiu NRZ c gim v 0V th logic 0 c biu din trong tn hiu ng ra nh th no? Tn hiu sng mang bin cc i Tn hiu sng mang bin cc tiu Tn hiu sng mang bin bng 0
Hnh 6-17 19. Ta thy rng lc ny mc logic 0 ca tn hiu NRZ (knh 2) bng 0V. Mc 0 c biu th bng mt ng thng (bin sng mang bng 0) trong tn hiu ng ra. Nh vy, tn hiu sng mang c m khi ng vi mc logic 1 v b kha vi mc logic 0. Phng php ny gi l OOK (On-Off Keying). 20. Di chuyn u d knh 2 n ng ra, knh 1 n v tr + v iu chnh c hai knh ch AC v mc 2V/DIV. Vn gi nm iu chnh OFFSET iu ch OOK, chnh nm BAL v tr trung tm. Tn hiu iu ch ASK c ghp AC t ng ra + ca b iu ch cn bng n ng vo ca b khuch i m (hnh 6-18).
Hnh 6-18 21. Quan st cc tn hiu ng vo (knh 1) v ng ra (knh 2) ca b khuch i m. Hy chn pht biu NG: li xp x bng 10 dch pha bng 0 2. Gii iu ch ASK Trong phn tip theo, sinh vin s s dng mch tch sng bt ng b gii iu ch ASK v kim tra kt qu bng oscilloscope. 1. Trn khi mch ENCODER, kt ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k vi im CLK, knh 2 vi im SYNC v u d EXT cng v tr SYNC (hnh 6-19). 2. iu chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca oscilloscope mc 5V/DIV v time base mc 0.5ms/DIV. iu chnh oscilloscope sao cho cc xung ng b cch nhau 8 trn mn hnh. Tn hiu biu din mc logic 0 b thay i ng ra b m
6-7
Bai 6
Hnh 6-19 3. iu chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k v tr 5V/DIV v time base v tr 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca ng vo EXT. 4. Tho u d knh 1 v 2 nhng vn gi nguyn v tr u d EXT cho n cui bi th nghim. 5. Trong khi mch ASK/PSK, dng jumper chn chc nng iu ch ASK. Dng mt jumper khc ni d liu NRZ vo khi mch ASK/PSK. iu chnh nm vn OFFSET theo ngc chiu kim ng h n ht mc v chnh nm vn BAL v tr trung tm.. 6. Dng dy dn ni ng ra ca khi ASK/PSK vi ng vo ca khi mch tch sng bt ng b (ASYNC DETECTOR) (hnh 6-20). Kt ni u d knh 1 n ng vo khi mch ASYNC DETECTOR. iu chnh dao ng k mc 2V/DIV.
Hnh 6-20 7. Vn t t nm iu chnh OFFSET theo chiu kim ng h c dng sng ASK ng ra vi ASK LOW = 1V pk nh hnh 6-21.
Hnh 6-21 Hnh 6-22 trnh by s mch n gin ca khi mch ASYNC DETECTOR.
Hnh 6-22 6-8
Bai 6
8. Kt ni u d knh 2 ca dao ng k vi v tr D ca mch chnh lu tan sng (FWR). iu chnh c hai knh dao ng k ch DC v VOLT/DIV mc 2V/DIV. 9. Mch chnh lu tan sng cu to bi 2 OPAMP. So snh dng sng ng vo (knh 1) v ng ra (knh 2) ca OPAMP th nht. OPAMP ny hot ng nh mt mch:
Chnh lu ton k Chnh lu bn k
OPAMP th hai ng vai tr mch cng cho php thay i thang hai ng vo trc khi cng nn c gi l mch cng t l. Tn hiu ra ca OPAMP th nht c a ti mt trong hai ng vo ca OPAMP th hai (knh 2). Ng vo th hai ca b cng ny l tn hiu iu ch ASK (knh 1). Biu thc tn hiu ng ra b cng t l l:
V V Vout = 8, 2k . D + ASK k k 20 12
Hnh 6-23 10. Chnh time base dao ng k mc 0,1ms/DIV. o bin nh m cao nht ca tn hiu VD (knh 2): VD = __________ V pk . 11. o bin nh dng cao nht ca tn hiu VASK (knh 1): VASK = __________ V pk . 12. S dng cc gi tr VD v VASK o c tnh in p ng ra b cng t l. Vout = ___________ V pk 13. Di chuyn knh 1 n ng ra ca b cng t l. iu chnh nm vn BAL cn bng cc nh ca tn hiu. Trong khong thi gian ng vi nh m cao hn ca tn hiu VD , tn hiu ra c bng vi gi tr tnh bc 12 khng?
C
Khng
Hnh 6-24 14. Di chuyn u d knh 2 ca dao ng k n ng vo ca khi FWR v chnh dao ng k 0,5ms/DIV. Quan st cc dng sng ng vo v ng ra. Tn hiu ra ca mch chnh lu FWR:
To ra cc nh dng vi tn s sng mang gp i tn s tn hiu ng vo.
6-9
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng To ra cc nh dng vi tn s sng mang bng tn s tn hiu ng vo. To ra cc nh m vi tn s gp i tn s ng vo.
Bai 6
Tn hiu ra khi b chnh lu FWR c a n ng vo b lc thng thp (LPF). B lc thng thp lm phng cc nh DC mc in p tng ng vi d liu m ha NRZ ban u. B lc thng thp trn board mch l mt mch tch hp. l mch lc thng thp dng t chuyn mch, li bng 1. K thut t chuyn mch loi bt cc linh kin ngai v cho php iu chnh tn s ct bng xung clock. Khc vi b lc thng thp tch cc chun, y phn t in tr c thay th bng mt t in ng ngt tn s xung clock. Tn s ct fC bng tn s xung clock fCLK chia cho 50.
Hnh 6-25 15. Xc nh tn s ct fC khi tn s xung clock bng 76,8kHz. fC =
fCLK = ________ kHz. 50
Hnh 6-26 cho thy vi tn s ct 1,5kHz, thnh phn tn s cao (5kHz) ca tn hiu chnh lu s b loi b trong khi thnh phn ng bao tn hiu (600Hz) s c a n ng ra b lc.
Hnh 6-26 16. Kt ni knh 1 dao ng k vi ng ra b lc thng thp v bt cng tc CM3. Trong khi quan st dng sng ng ra (knh 1), tt cng tc CM3 thay i tn s xung clock iu khin cp cho b lc dng t chuyn mch. Khi cng tc CM3 bt, tn s ct ca b lc:
Tng Gim
17. Ni u d knh 2 ca dao ng k vi tn hiu NRZ ban u khi mch MODULATORS.
Hnh 3-26 18. Tn hiu NRZ ban u (knh 2) v tn hiu NRZ khi phc c (knh 1) c cng mc in p?
6-10
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng C Khng
Bai 6
Tn hiu ra b lc thp c a vo mch so snh in p (VOLT COMP) phc hi tn hiu m ha NRZ v mc logic 5V. S mch n gin ca khi VOLT COMP c minh ha trn hnh 6-27. Mt mc in p tham chiu c iu chnh bi nm vn POSITIVE SUPPLY v c a vo ng vo ca b so snh. Tn hiu ra khi b lc thp c a vo ng + ca mch so snh. Mch so snh tr v mc logic 0V ng ra nu tn hiu ng ra b LPF thp hn in p tham chiu, v tr v mc logic 5V nu tn hiu ra khi LPF ln hn in p tham chiu.
Hnh 6-27 19. Transistor dn hay tt khi ng ra b so snh in p mc logic cao?

Dn Tt
20. Di chuyn knh 1 ca oscilloscope n ng ra khi mch VOLT COMP. Chnh nm vn POSITIVE SUPPLY theo ngc chiu kim ng h cho n khi tn hiu knh 1 ging vi tn hiu NRZ hin th trn knh 2. 21. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng vo khi VOLT COMP. Mch so snh c khi phc mc logic 5V t tn hiu ng ra b lc thng thp?
C Khng
Trong phn th nghim tip theo, sinh vin s dng mch tch sng ng b gii iu ch tn hiu ASK. Kt qu c kim tra bng oscilloscope.
Hnh 6-28 22. Trn khi mch ENCODER, kt ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k vi im CLK, knh 2 vi im SYNC v u d EXT cng v tr SYNC (hnh 6-29). 23. iu chnh knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k v tr 5V/DIV v time base v tr 0.5ms/DIV. Trigger bi cnh ln ca ng vo EXT. 24. iu chnh TIME/DIV ca dao ng k sao cho chu k xung ng b chim 8 trn mn hnh.
6-11
Bai 6
Hnh 6-29 25. Tho u d knh 1 v 2 nhng vn gi nguyn v tr u d EXT cho n cui bi th nghim. 26. Trong khi mch ASK/PSK, dng jumper chn chc nng iu ch ASK. Dng mt jumper khc ni d liu NRZ vo khi mch ASK/PSK. iu chnh nm vn OFFSET theo ngc chiu kim ng h n ht mc v chnh nm vn BAL v tr trung tm.. 27. Dng dy dn ni ng ra ca khi ASK/PSK vi ng vo ca khi mch tch sng ng b (SYNC DETECTOR). Gn thm 3 jumper trn khi mch SYNC DETECTOR nh hnh 6-30.
Hnh 6-30 28. Kt ni u d knh 1 n ng vo khi mch SYNC DETECTOR. 29. Trn khi mch ASK/PSK, iu chnh nm vn OFFSET v BAL sao cho bin tn hiu ASK nh hn (ng vi mc logic 0) xp x bng 0,5 V pk pk . 30. Di chuyn knh 1 n v tr NRZ v knh 2 n v tr A/P. 31. iu chnh nm vn BAL trn khi mch MIXER c dng sng nh hnh 6-31. Hnh 6-31 32. Di chuyn knh 2 n v tr ng ra mch so snh in p trn khi SYNC DETECTOR. iu chnh nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn khi phc tn hiu NRZ ng ra khi mch tch sng ng b. Nh vy, lc ny b tch sng ng b bm theo tn hiu ASK n. S khi mch tch sng ng b c minh ha hnh 6-28. Mch bao gm cc thnh phn chnh l: mch ng b sng mang, b i tn (mixer), b lc thng thp v b so snh in p. K thut tch sng ng b i hi my thu phi khi phc mt phin bn ca tn hiu sng mang cha iu ch. Mch ng b sng mang s dng mt vng kha pha (PLL) v mt mch dch pha (phase shifter) ti to sng mang.
6-12
Bai 6
33. Di chuyn knh 1 n ng vo khi SYNC DETECTOR quan st tn hiu ASK vo, v di chuyn knh 2 n v tr VCO. S mch ng b sng mang c m t trn hnh 6-32. trng thi kha, mch pht hin sng mang to ra tn s VCO ng b vi tn hiu ASK ng vo.
Hnh 6-32 34. So snh tn s VCO (knh 2) vi tn s sng mang ca tn hiu ASK ng vo (knh 1). Tn s VCO nh th no so vi tn s sng mang ASK?
Bng tn s sng mang Gp i tn s sng mang
Tn hiu ASK ng vo c a qua mch khuch i phn cc (BIAS AMP) ri n mt trong hai ng vo ca mch tch sng pha (PHASE DET) dng cng XOR. Mch khuch i phn cc chuyn cc dao ng ca tn hiu ASK v cc mc logic chun 5V. 35. Ng vo th hai ca b tch sng pha l:
Tn hiu VCO Tn hiu VCD Tn hiu VCD-
36. Di chuyn u d knh 2 n v tr VCD. Trong iu kin kha, hai ng vo ca b tch sng pha XOR:
Bng nhau v tn s v pha Bng nhau v tn s nhng lch pha Khng bng nhau v tn s v pha
37. Ni volt k (ch DC) vi ng vo khi VCO (VCIN). in p trung bnh ng vo VCO chnh l lch pha gia hai ng vo mch tch sng pha. Hy o in p trung bnh ng vo VCO: VCIN = _________ V(DC). Hnh 6-32 l th in p trung bnh ng vo VCO theo lch pha gia hai ng vo mch tch sng pha.
Hnh 6-32 38. Gi tr VCIN o c biu din gn ng lch pha bao nhiu? 6-13
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng 0 90 180
Bai 6
39. Gi tr VCIN o c c thay i nu tn s sng mang ca tn hiu ASK tng hoc gim nh?
C Khng
trng thi kha, mch PLL ti to tn hiu VCD c tn s bng tn s sng mang ASK nhng lch pha 90.Mch dch pha ( SHIFTER) XOR loi b s lch pha ny ti to mt bn sao ca sng mang ASK. 40. Tho volt k ra khi mch. Di chuyn knh 1 n v tr VCO v knh 2 n v tr VCD-. Quan st v so snh hai tn hiu ny (cc tn hiu vo ca b SHIFTER). 41. Da vo hot ng ca cng XOR, tn s tn hiu ng ra s bng vi tn s tn hiu:
VCD VCO
42. Di chuyn u d knh 1 n v tr 90 v so snh cc dng sng. Ch rng dng sng ng ra (knh 1) b dch pha 90 so vi dng sng VCD- (knh 2). 43. Di chuyn u d knh 2 n v tr tn hiu vo ASK. Tn hiu ra khi b dch pha c cng tn s v:
Cng pha vi sng mang ASK Lch pha so vi sng mang ASK
44. Di chuyn u d knh 2 n ng ra ca mch ng b sng mang. Chnh knh 2 100mV/DIV. 45. Mch dch mc (LEVEL SHIFTER) c lm o pha tn hiu?
C Khng
Tn hiu sng mang ti to v tn hiu sng mang b iu ch ASK cng c a n cc ng vo b mixer. 46. Di chuyn knh 1 n v tr ng vo ASK. Knh 2 c ni n ng vo cn li ca b MIXER. Chnh time base mc 0,2ms/DIV. Hnh 6-33 l s mch n gin ca khi MIXER. Tn hiu ra khi b iu ch cn bng (BALANCE MODULATOR) c khuch i vi sai bi mch khuch i thut ton tng li ca mch.
Hnh 6-33 47. Cc tn s no s xut hin ng ra b iu ch cn bng?

hiu tn s cc tn hiu vo tng v hiu tn s cc tn hiu vo tng tn s cc tn hiu vo
48. Bin dng sng ng ra s l: 6-14
Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng Mt hng s Ph thuc tn hiu ASK
Bai 6
49. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra khi mch MIXER. Chnh knh 2 2V/DIV v 0,2ms/DIV. Dng sng ng ra ging vi:
Tn hiu chnh lu bn k Tn hiu chnh lu ton k
Tn hiu ra khi b MIXER li c a n mch lc thng thp (LP FILTER). 50. Di chuyn knh 1 n v tr NRZ v knh 2 n ng ra b lc thp (LP FILTER). Chnh knh 2 mc 200mV/DIV. 51. C phi mch lc thng thp lm phng cc nh DC ca tn hiu ra mch MIXER thnh cc mc in p biu din tn hiu m ha NRZ ban u?
C Khng
52. Tn hiu ra khi LP FILTER c a vo mch so snh in p (VOLT COMP). B so snh in p khi phc d liu m ha NRZ t ng ra LP FILTER thnh:
Cc tn hiu lng cc Cc tn hiu n cc
V. KT LUN
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
6-15
Bai 7
BI 7
KNH TRUYN V NHIU

I. MC CH
Khi han tt bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th gii thch v m phng c nh hng ca nhiu ln cc tn hiu iu ch s.
II. C S L THUYT
Hnh 7-1 Nhiu l nhng ngun nng lng in ngu nhin, khng mong mun c th xen ln vo thng ip truyn i lm gim cht lng tin tc trong cc h thng thng tin. Nhiu ngoi bao gm cc ngun nhiu nhn to hoc t nhin xm nhp vo h thng t mi trng truyn. Nhiu ni c to ra t chnh cc my pht hoc my thu. C nhiu ngun to ra nhiu ngoi: nhng bin ng trong bu kh quyn (chng hn hin tng st), hoc nhng bc x t Mt Tri hoc cc hnh tinh khc, ... Ngoi ra, cn c cc ngun nhiu do con ngi to ra nh: cc ng dy in, cc h thng nh la t ng, cc motor in, n hunh quang, ... Hu ht cc linh kin v thit b in t u to ra nhiu ni do chuyn ng nhit ca cc nguyn t. Nhiu ny c gi l nhiu nhit. Nhiu nhit l mt dng nhiu trng, ngha l loi nhiu c ph cng sut bng phng v tri di v hn. Mt loi nhiu ni ph bin khc l nhiu shot, y l loi nhiu ngu nhin pht sinh khi c dng in chy qua mt tip xc bn dn. Mc nhiu t l vi cng dng in phn cc cho tip xc ni trn. Trong thng tin tng t, cc tn hiu truyn i ch yu l thoi v nhc, c th thy r nh hng ca nhiu qua cc ting n trong m thanh. Trong thng tin s, nhiu c th lm thay i gi tr ca cc bit d liu, lm cho d liu thu tr thnh khng hp l hoc b hiu sai.
Hnh 7-2
7-1
Bai 7
Trn hnh v 7-2b, ta thy nu mc nhiu ln, n c th lm thay i mc logic t 0 thnh 1 hoc t 1 thnh 0. V l do ny, chng ta quan tm n t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio). l t s gia bin tn hiu hu ch vi bin tn hiu nhiu, thng dng gi tr hiu dng:
SNR = Hoc theo n v decibel:
V ( signal ) SNR (dB ) = 20 log rms Vrms (noise)
Vrms ( signal ) Vrms (noise)
Nhiu c th nh hng n c bin ln pha ca tn hiu. Nhiu pha xut hin do tnh cht tr trong cc mch in v cc linh kin. Nhiu bin c th o c thng qua t l bit li (BER Bit Error Rate).
1. Phung php m phng knh truyn

Trong bi th nghim, mt mch pht nhiu s to ra mt lng nhiu bin i c v cng vo tn hiu ng vo, ksau quan st kt qu my thu. Hnh 7-3 trnh by s khi n gin ca mch m phng knh truyn:
Hnh 7-3 Mch to xung nhiu pht cc xung nhiu ngu nhin, sau cc xung ny c cng vo tn hiu vo bi b cng dng OPAMP. Sau , tn hiu c a qua b lc thng di c bng thng t 160Hz n 70kHz, ri c khuch i a n mch gii iu ch. Khi mch tnh BER bao gm mt cng XOR cng (modulo 2) chui d liu pht v chui thu c sau khi gii iu ch, mch iu khin nhn data t cng XOR, m s bit li v hin th ra cc LED ch th. Mi khi nhn nt reset, mch iu khin thc hin reset ng b v kch khi mt chui xung 106ms (ng vi 128 bit d liu).
Hnh 7-4
2. nh hng ca nhiu n tn hiu ASK/PSK
7-2
Bai 7
(a) Hnh 7-5
(b)
Hnh 7-5 minh ho nh hng ca nhiu n tn hiu ASK. trng hp a, nhiu c tc ng ln v mc in p trng thi 0 cn kh cao. trng hp b, mc in p trng thi 0 bng 0 do hn ch c nh hng ca nhiu. Trng hp ny gi l iu ch OOK (OnOff Keying).
Hnh 7-6 Hnh 7-6 minh ho nh hng ca nhiu ln tn hiu PSK. Do tn hiu PSK c bin khng i, n khng nhy vi cc nhiu bin . V vy, d liu s khi phc t tn hiu PSK s c t li hn so vi d liu khi phc t tn hiu ASK.
Hnh 7-7 Ta c th loi b mt phn nhiu trong cc h thng thng tin bng cch dng b lc. Mc kh nhiu ph thuc vo tn s tn hiu nhiu v vo cu trc mch pht hin. Trn board
7-3
Bai 7
mch th nghim, nhiu c tn s 75-600Hz. S khi mch pht hin bt ng b trn board mch c trnh by hnh 7-7. Trong s ny, b lc thng di c tc dng cho tn hiu i qua v lm gim bin nhiu. Hnh 7-8 th hin s khi my thu ng b. B mixer nhn hai tn hiu vo l tn hiu thu c (sng mang gc) v sng mang ti to c cng tn s, v to ra hai thnh phn tn s tng (hai ln tn s sng mang gc) v hiu (thnh phn DC). ng thi, b mixer cng to ra tn hiu c cc thnh phn tn s tng v hiu ca cc tn s tn hiu nhiu v sng mang.
Hnh 7-8 nh hng ca nhiu n tn hiu FSK c minh ho trn hnh 7-9. Tn hiu nhiu c th lm thay i bin tn hiu FSK, t lm thay i ng bao ca tn hiu, dn n cc li trong d liu sau khi phc hi.
Hnh 7-9
Hnh 7-10
Tn hiu FSK c th c pht hin bng hai cch: ng b hay bt ng b. Phng php ng b chng nhiu tt hn v mch hot ng trn nguyn tc so pha, khng b nh hng bi nhiu bin . i vi phng php bt ng b, nhiu ch c hn ch nh b lc thng di.
III. YU CU THIT B

B chn F.A.C.E.T. Board mch DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2 Ngun cung cp 15 VDC Dao ng k hai knh My pht sng sine V.O.M
7-4
Bai 7
IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

1. M phng knh truyn
1. Kt ni u d knh 1 ca dao ng k n v tr SYNC trn khi mch ENCODING. iu chnh dao ng k sao cho mt chu k ca tn hiu SYNC chim ng 8 trn trc ngang dao ng k. Nh vy, mi tng ng vi mt chu k bit ca tn hiu NRZ. 2. Tho u d knh 1 ra khi v tr SYNC v kt ni u d EXT ca dao ng k vi SYNC. Chnh dao ng k trigger sn ln ca EXT.
Hnh 7-11 3. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE ht mc theo ngc chiu kim ng h. 4. Dng dy dn ni t v tr HIGH TONE trong khi MODULATORS n v tr IN ca khi CHANNEL (hnh 7-12).
Hnh 7-12 5. Ni knh 1 n ng vo knh truyn v knh 2 n ng ra knh truyn. Chnh c hai knh mc 2V/DIV v time base mc 50s/DIV. 6. Quan st dng sng trn hai knh ca dao ng k. Tn hiu ra b mo dng hay vn ging nh tn hiu ng vo? ___________________________________________________. 7. Bt cng tc CM7. Tn s ct cao ca knh truyn s thay i t 70kHz thnh 1500Hz. Quan st dao ng k. Dng sng ng ra knh truyn thay i nh th no?
bin gim
c s dch pha
va gim bin va dch pha
8. Tt cng tc CM7. o bin tn hiu HIGH TONE. VHIGH TONE = _________ V pk pk .
VIN = 4,50V pk pk Vrms = V pk pk 2 .0, 707
9. Chuyn kt qu o sang tr hiu dng? VHIGH TONE = __________ Vrms . 10. Di chuyn knh 1 dao ng k v tr NOISE. 11. vn nm iu chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h c tn hiu 1 V pk pk trn knh 1. (Lu : c th ta khng ng b c tn hiu trn knh 1 do bn cht nhiu ca tn hiu ny. Tuy nhin, vn ny khng nh hng n kt qu o bin ). Tn hiu 1 V pk pk , nu c o bng volt k tr hiu dng thc s c gi tr khong 0,5 Vrms .
7-5
Bai 7
VIN (rms ) = 1,59Vrms VNOISE (rms ) = 0,5Vrms SNR(dB ) = 20 log(VIN / VNOISE ) 12. Tnh t s SNR theo n v decibel: SNR (dB) = __________ dB. 13. Quan st tn hiu ra khi knh truyn trn knh 2 trong khi vn t t nm iu chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h? Lng nhiu trong tn hiu ng ra thay i nh th no?
Tng Gim Khng i
14. Bt cng tc CM15. Khi CM15 v tr ON, ph tn s ca tn hiu nhiu thay i t khong 75-600Hz thnh 4800-38400Hz. Quan st nh hng ca nhiu tn s cao v so snh vi nh hng nhiu tn s thp khi CM15 v tr OFF. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. 15. Dng dy dn ni c hai ng vo T DATA v R DATA vi NRZ khi BER COUNTER. 16. Nhn v nh nt RESET. Gi tr hin th trn dy LED l bao nhiu? ____________.
Hnh 7-13 17. Tho dy ni t R DATA n NRZ v kt ni R DATA vi im GND gn nht. 18. Nhn v nh nt RESET, trn cc LED hin th gi tr bao nhiu?_________________. 19. Mi ln nhn nt RESET, mch to ra mt chui 128 bit, trong mt na l bit 1. Vi cch ni nh trn, s li s l 64. Hy tnh BER trong trng hp ny theo cng thc:
BER =
Kt qu: BER = ________.
so loi so loi = tong so bit 128
2. nh hng ca nhiu n tn hiu ASK/PSK
1. Kt ni knh 1 vi SYNC. Chnh dao ng k sao cho mt chu k ca tn hiu SYNC chim ng 8 trn trc ngang. Nh vy, mi tng ng vi mt chu k bit. 2. Tho knh 1 khi v tr SYNC v ni u d EXT vi SYNC. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT. 3. Dng jumper ni NRZ vo khi ASK/PSK.
7-6
Bai 7
Hnh 7-14 4. Dng mt jumper khc chn ch ASK. 5. Kt ni knh 1n ng ra ca khi mch ASK/PSK. 6. iu chnh cc nm OFFSET v BALANCE bin tn hiu ASK mc thp vo khong 0.5 V pk pk . 7. Trong khi mch CHANNEL SIMULATOR, dng 1 jumper kt ni NRZ vi ng vo BER COUNTER v 1 jumper khc kt ni ng ra CHANNEL vi ng vo SYNC DETECTOR. 8. Dng ba jumper khc kt ni trn khi SYNC DETECTOR theo hnh v 7-15.
Hnh 7-15 9. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE theo ngc chiu kim ng h n ht mc. 10. Dng dy dn ni ng ra ASK vi ng vo CHANNEL. Kt ni u d knh 1 n v tr NRZ. Kt ni knh 2 n ng ra khi SYNC DETECTOR (hnh 7-16).
Hnh 7-16 11. iu chnh nm vn BAL trn khi MIXER v nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn FACET khi phc tn hiu NRZ ng ra khi SYNC DETECTOR. 12. Dng dy dn ni ng ra khi SYNC DETECTOR vi ng vo R DATA ca khi BER COUNTER.
7-7
Bai 7
13. Quan st dao ng k khi vn t t nm iu chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h cho n khi xut hin cc xung nhiu cng vo mt trong cc tn hiu quan st. Tn hiu no b nhiu?
Knh 1 (tn hiu NRZ ban u) Knh 2 (tn hiu NRZ khi phc) C hai
Trong cc bc sau, sinh vin s ghi nhn s bit li ba ln. Nu s li bng 0, nhn reset ln na. Nu s li bng 0 nhiu ln lin tip, vn nm iu chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h thm mt t ri lp li. 14. Nhn v nh nt RESET. Ghi nhn s bit li ln 1. S bit li ln 1 = ________________. 15. Nhn v nh nt RESET. Ghi nhn s bit li ln 2. S bit li ln 2 = ________________. 16. Nhn v nh nt RESET. Ghi nhn s bit li ln 3. S bit li ln 3 = ________________. 17. Di chuyn knh 1 n ng vo CHANNEL (tn hiu ASK). 18. iu chnh OFFSET to ra tn hiu OOK. 19. Nhn nt RESET 3 ln v so snh s li bit ca phng php OOK so vi phng php ASK. T kt lun: vi cng mc nhiu th:
bin tn hiu trng thi 0 cng ln cng chng nhiu tt. bin tn hiu trng thi 0 cng nh cng chng nhiu tt. bin tn hiu trng thi 0 khng nh hng n kh nng chng nhiu.
20. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE theo ngc chiu kim ng h tr v v tr lc u. Tho b kt ni gia R DATA v ng ra khi SYNC DETECTOR. 21. iu chnh OFFSET sao cho bin tn hiu ASK mc thp khong 0.5 V pk pk . 22. Dng dy dn kt ni cc ng vo SYNC v ASYNC vi nhau nh hnh v 7-17. Di chuyn knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k ln lt n cc ng ra SYNC v ASYNC.
Hnh 7-17 S khi ca mch th nghim nh sau:
Hnh 7-18 7-8
Bai 7
23. iu chnh nm POSITIVE SUPPLY trn b chn khi phc tn hiu NRZ trn knh 2. Tn hiu hai ng ra SYNC v ASYNC l ging nhau, ch c s lch pha i cht. 24. Quan st dao ng k trong khi vn t t nm iu chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h cho n khi xut hin cc xung nhiu cng vo mt trong cc tn hiu. Tn hiu no c cht lng tt hn khi c nhiu tc ng?
ng b bt ng b c hai nh nhau
Mi b pht hin u c mt b lc thng thp vi tn s ct 1500Hz. Tn hiu nhiu c cc thnh phn tn s t 75-600Hz. Trong trng hp dng b pht hin bt ng b, cc tn s nhiu c nhn 2 bi b chnh lu ton sng v chim cc thnh phn tn s t 150 n 1200Hz. Cc tn s ny u nm trong di thng ca b lc nn c khuch i cng vi tn hiu (hnh 7-19a). Trong trng hp pht hin ng b, cc tn s nhiu c cng v tr vi sng mang 2400Hz b mixer v chuyn thnh di tn 1800-3000Hz. Di ny nm ngoi di thng ca b lc nn s b loi b (hnh 7-19b).
a) Hnh 7-19
b)
25. Di chuyn knh 1 n ng vo b MIXER quan st tn hiu sng mang c ti to. Tn hiu ny c b nhiu hay khng? ____________________________________________. 26. Di chuyn knh 1 tr v ng ra SYNC. Bt cng tc CM3 thay i tn s ct ca b lc thp xung cn 600Hz. iu g xy ra vi cc tn hiu quan st c?
C hai u b nhiu C hai u khng b nhiu
27. Chuyn CM3 v v tr OFF. Nhiu s xut hin trn knh 2. Ni ng vo b mixer vi ng vo b lc BANDPASS. Ni ng ra b lc BANDPASS vi ng vo khi ASYNC DETECTOR bng 1 jumper.
Hnh 7-20 28. B lc BANDPASS c nh hng nh th no n nhiu trn tn hiu NRZ khi phc bi khi ASYNC DETECTOR?
nhiu tng ln nhiu gim i khng nh hng
Gii thch: _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. 7-9
Bai 7
Hnh 7-21 m t c tuyn tn s ca tn hiu nhiu v ca b lc thng di.
Hnh 7-21 29. Chuyn jumper trn khi ASK/PSK sang v tr PSK v di chuyn knh 1 n ng ra ca khi ny. 30. iu chnh nm vn BAL cc nh ca cc chu k sng sin l chn.
Hnh 7-22 31. Cu hnh li b SYNC DETECTOR hot ng ch PSK bng cch iu chnh hai jumper c t en trn hnh 7-22. 32. Di chuyn knh 1 v knh 2 ca dao ng k ln lt n cc v tr NRZ v ng ra SYNC DETECTOR. 33. Chnh nm vn NOISE ht mc theo ngc chiu kim ng h. 34. iu chnh nm vn BAL trn khi MIXER v nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn FACET khi phc tn hiu NRZ ng ra khi SYNC DETECTOR. 35. Quan st tn hiu NRZ khi phc c khi vn t t nm vn NOISE theo chiu kim ng h. Cc xung nhiu c xut hin trn tn hiu ny khng?
C Khng
36. Ti sao phng php iu ch PSK li t nhy vi nhiu hn so vi phng php ASK? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. 37. Tho tt c cc jumper v dy ni ra khi mch.
3. nh hng ca nhiu n tn hiu FSK
1. Kt ni knh 1 vi SYNC. Chnh dao ng k sao cho mt chu k ca tn hiu SYNC chim ng 8 trn trc ngang. Nh vy, mi tng ng vi mt chu k bit. 2. Tho knh 1 khi v tr SYNC v ni u d EXT vi SYNC. Trigger bi cnh ln ca EXT. 3. Dng jumper ni NRZ vo khi FSK v ni ng ra CHANNEL vi ng vo SYNC DETECTOR. 7-10
Bai 7
Hnh 7-23 4. Dng 3 jumper cu hnh b SYNC DETECTOR hot ng ch FSK (xem hnh 724). 5. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE ht mc theo ngc chiu kim ng h. 6. Dng dy ni ng ra khi FSK vi ng vo CHANNEL. Ni knh 1 vi NRZ v knh 2 vi ng ra SYNC DETECTOR. iu chnh oscilloscope nu cn.
Hnh 7-24 7. iu chnh nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn khi phc tn hiu NRZ ng ra khi mch SYNC DETECTOR. 8. Di chuyn u d knh 1 ca oscilloscope n v tr NOISE. Chnh nm vn NOISE c bin tn hiu 0.2 V p p . 9. Mc nhiu ny c nh hng n cc xung nhiu ng ra khi SYNC DETECTOR (knh 2) khng?
C Khng
10. Di chuyn u d knh 1 n v tr PLL REF IN v knh 2 n v tr VCO. Ta ang quan st cc ng vo khi so snh pha (Phase Comparator) trong s khi hnh 7-25.
Hnh 7-25 11. Nhiu xut hin tn hiu no?

Sng mang FSK (knh 1) Tn hiu tham chiu FSK C hai
12. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra b lc thng thp (LF FILTER). C th thy rng tn hiu ng vo khi VCO t b nhiu. l do b so snh pha ng vi s khc bit v pha ca cc tn hiu ch khng phi v bin .
7-11
Bai 7
13. Di chuyn u d knh 1 n v tr NRZ v u d knh 2 n v tr ng ra LP FILTER. Tn hiu ng ra b lc thng thp c mang cng mt d liu vi tn hiu NRZ lc u khng?
C Khng
14. Di chuyn u d knh 1 n ng ra b so snh in p (VOLT COMP). Vn nm chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h n mc nhiu cc i. Ng ra no b nh hng bi nhiu?
LP FILTER VOLT COMP C hai
Trong phn tip theo, chng ta s kho st nh hng ca nhiu i vi tn hiu FSK pht hin theo kiu bt ng b. 15. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE ngc chiu kim ng h gim nhiu v 0. 16. Thay i v tr jumper ng ra khi CHANNEL ni ng ra khi ny vi ng vo BANDPASS. S dng mt jumper khc ni ng ra khi BANDPASS vi ng vo khi ASYNC DETECTOR (hnh 7-26).
Hnh 7-26 17. Kt ni knh 1 vi v tr NRZ v knh 2 vi v tr VOLT COMP trong khi ASYNC DETECTOR. 18. iu chnh nm vn POSITIVE SUPPLY trn b chn khi phc tn hiu NRZ ti ng ra VOLT COMP. 19. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h cho n khi nhiu xut hin trn tn hiu NRZ khi phc (knh 2). 20. Di chuyn u d knh 1 n ng vo v knh 2 n ng ra ca khi BANDPASS. Tn hiu no b nh hng bi nhiu nhiu hn?
Ng vo Ng ra
Hnh 7-27 gii thch ti sao b lc thng di c th lm gim nhiu. Bng thng ca b lc l t 1200-4600Hz. Nhiu chim khong tn s t 75 n 600Hz. 21. Di chuyn knh 2 ca oscilloscope n ng ra FWR ri sau n ng ra LP FILTER. Tn hiu no hon ton khng b nh hng bi nhiu?
Ng ra FWR Ng ra LP FILTER Khng tn hiu no
Trong phn tip theo, chng ta s so snh nh hng ca nhiu n hai khi SYNC DETECTOR v ASYNC DETECTOR khi a vo cng mt tn hiu FSK. 22. Di chuyn jumper ng ra khi CHANNEL n ng vo khi SYNC DETECTOR. Dng dy dn ni ng vo khi SYNC DETECTOR vi ng vo khi BANDPASS (xem hnh 7-27). 23. Kim tra chc chn rng ng ra khi BANDPASS c ni vi ng vo khi ASYNC DETECTOR v khi SYNC DETECTOR c cu hnh ch gii iu ch FSK.
7-12
Bai 7
24. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE ti a theo ngc chiu kim ng h. Di chuyn knh 1 ca oscilloscope n v tr NRZ v knh 2 n v tr ng ra SYNC DETECTOR.
Hnh 7-27 25. iu chnh nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn phc hi tn hiu NRZ ng ra ca khi SYNC DETECTOR. 26. Di chuyn knh 2 n ng ra ca khi ASYNC DETECTOR. 27. iu chnh nm vn NEGATIVE SUPPLY trn b chn phc hi tn hiu NRZ ng ra ca khi ASYNC DETECTOR. 28. Di chuyn knh 1 n ng ra ca khi SYNC DETECTOR. Quan st dao ng k khi vn t t nm chnh NOISE theo chiu kim ng h cho n khi cc xung nhiu va bt u xut hin trn mt trong cc tn hiu. 29. Xung nhiu xut hin trn tn hiu no trc?
SYNC DETECTOR ASYNC DETECTOR
30. Vn nm iu chnh NOISE ht mc theo chiu kim ng h. Trn tn hiu no c s xut hin cc xung nhiu?
SYNC DETECTOR ASYNC DETECTOR C hai
31. Qua kt qu th nghim trn, ta thy c hai b pht hin ng b v bt ng b u chu nh hng ca nhiu, nhng b pht hin ng b c tnh chng nhiu tt hn. l do:
B lc thng thp B so snh pha B lc thng di
Hnh 7-28 32. Tho tt c cc jumper v dy ni ra khi mch.
V. KT LUN
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 7-13
Bai 8
BI 8
ANTENNA DIPOLE C BN
I. MC CH
Khi hon thnh bi th nghim, sinh vin c th:
1. M t hot ng c bn ca antenna dipole ngang. 2. Miu t cc c trng ca antenna dipole thng ng. 3. Phng php xc nh bc sng trong khng gian t do v trn ng truyn Lecher.
II. THO LUN

1. Gii thiu Antenna l mt b chuyn i dng in di chuyn tn s cao thnh sng in t, hoc ngc li chuyn sng in t thnh dng in xoay chiu. Antenna c th c dng bc x nng lng ra khng gian, hoc nhn nng lng t khng gian. Antenna v ng dy dn (feeder) ng vai tr thit b ghp gia cc mch in t v khng kh. Cc antenna tip xc trc tip vi khng gian bn ngoi cn feeder l b phn giao tip gia antenna vi mch in t. Ng vo ca feeder phi phi hp tr khng vi my pht, cn antenna pht nhn nng lng t my pht qua feeder v bc x ra khng gian. Nng lng truyn trong khng gian vi vn tc nh sng (3 x108m/s). S bc x nng lng c c trng bi tn s hot ng hoc bc sng ca n. Cng thc sau biu din s lin h gia tn s v bc sng:
=
trong : : bc sng c n v l m f : tn s c n v l Hz
c f
c: tc nh sng (300 x 106 m/s). 2. Truyn sng v tuyn Cc nguyn tc ca bc x in t trong khng gian c bt ngun t l thut v tnh cm ng ca trng in t. Trc tin, trng t bin thin to ra trng in bin thin; v sau , trng t bin thin ny li to ra dng in bin thin. Qu trnh c th lp li to thnh sng in t bao gm hai phn: trng in (E) v trng t (H), chng ph thuc ln nhau. Cc trng E v H lun vung gc vi nhau v vung gc vi hng truyn ca sng in t ra khng gian. Hnh 8-1 miu t mi lin h gia cc trng E v H vi chiu ca sng in t, ng thi minh ho qui tc bn tay tri xc nh chiu ca cc sng trong khng gian.
8-1
Bai 8
Hnh 8.1. Trng in t, qui tc bn tay tri
Hnh 8.2. S truyn cc sng trc giao E v H
Cc thnh phn E v H ca sng RF cng pha thi gian, nhng lch 900 v khng gian. Chiu ca E xc nh tnh phn cc ca sng. Hnh 8-2 minh ho sng phn cc dc. Nu cc thnh phn E v H c xoay i 900, ta ni sng c phn cc ngang. Cng sng c xc nh bng cch o cng trng in E. 3. Sng mt t v sng khng gian Dipole c th c nh hng sau cho hai thanh song song vi b mt ca tri t, trng hp ny gi l dipole ngang, hoc cn gi l antenna Hertz. Hnh 8-3 A l th bc x ca dipole vi cng sut tp trung mt phng ngang v khng c bc x theo hng song song vi dipole. Hnh 8-3 B l th bc x 3 chiu ca dipole ni trn. Chiu di tht s ca antenna nh hn khng ng k so vi di tn ton. di vt l ca antenna xp x bng 95% ca di l thuyt. 8-2
Bai 8
Hnh 8.3. Hnh nh hai chiu v ba chiu ca dipole
S phn phi in p v dng in qua antenna c minh ho trong hnh 8-4. Ch rng ti tm ca dipole, dng in cc i (c ngha in tr l nh nht) v ti u cui dipole in p l ln nht (khi in tr l ln nht).
Hnh 8.4. S phn b dng v p, /2
4. in tr antenna in tr ti im cp in (c gi l in tr bc x) ca dipole vo khong 73. in tr bc x ca antenna l mt i lng l thuyt. in tr bc x ca antenna c tnh bng cng thc sau:
Rr = P I2
Trong : P: l cng sut ca trng in t (cng sut bc x). I : Dng antenna (gi tr hiu dng). Rr : in tr antenna. in tr vo ca antenna cn c gi l tr khng (Zi) antenna. Tr khng ng vo ca antenna ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, nh l cao antenna, v tr im cp in, v loi antenna. Antenna hot ng ging nh mch cng hng m tr khng ng vo ti tn s cng hng l in tr thun. Trn tn s cng hng, antenna c tnh cm. Di tn s cng hng, antenna c tnh dung. Tr khng ng vo ca antenna (Zi) ph thuc vo tn s hot ng v di antenna. Do , tr khng ng vo khng th bit chnh xc, tr khng trung bnh ca dipole vo khong 73-80, ph thuc vo tn s hot ng. 5. Tnh thun nghch ca antenna
8-3
Bai 8
Cc antenna c tnh thun nghch. C ngha l th bc x ca antenna pht ging vi th nhy ca antenna khi c dng thu sng in t . 6. ng truyn Lecher ng truyn Lecher l dy dn song song c th o c bc sng truyn trn , t xc nh tn s b dao ng ca my pht. ng truyn Lecher l mt ng truyn sng c quy chun. di ca n c chn c sng dng (s c miu t chi tit hn trong cc bi th nghim sau) v s dng tin hnh o bc sng, thng di ny khong t 1/4 n vi bc sng. Khi dng RF i qua ng truyn Lecher, dng v p s to thnh sng trn ng dy, v khong cch gia hai cc i hoc cc tiu lin tip ca sng s xc nh bc sng ca b dao ng. Hnh 8-5A ch sng dng trn ng dy khi u cui ca n b ngn mch: R = 0. Khi ti cui ng truyn, dng in l ln nht v in p l nh nht. Trong hnh 8-5B, in p hai u in tr ln v cng l ln nht v dng l nh nht. L thuyt p v dng cc i c th dng o bc sng.
Hnh 8.5. Sng dng trn ng truyn
Trn panel th nghim c hai ng dn song song nm mt sau. Mt thanh trt c gn vi mch pht hin v ni vi ng h ch th trn panel cho php sinh vin xc nh cc im cc i v cc tiu dng in. ng truyn Lecher ni ti my pht bng cp ng trc. 2. nh hng v li antenna Antenna ng hng c s dng nh mt chun xc nh li ca cc loi antenna khc. Antenna ng hng khng c tnh nh hng, cc im trn b mt hnh cu u c mc bc x bng nhau. V antenna ng hng bc x vi mt bng nhau theo mi hng, do ngi ta nh ngha nh hng ca antenna ny c gi tr l 1, tc 0 dB. Phn ln cc antenna c thit k nh hng, hi t, hay tp trung cng sut mt hng xc nh. Cc antenna thc t ny c nh hng (D) ln hn 1. V d, dipole ngang ch tp trung nng lng ca n trn hai hng v do n cha mc nng lng cao hn hai hng ny thay v bc x vi cng nng lng bc x trn ton b mt cu.
8-4
Bai 8
Nu antenna ng hng c hiu chnh sao cho n bc x vi cng mt lng cng sut nhng ch trn mt phn mt cu (din tch S) thay v ton b hnh cu, khi do din tch gim nn mt cng sut s ln hn so vi antenna ng hng. Mt cng sut (D) trong trng hp ny l:
Pdn = Pt S
nh hng ca antenna:
D= Pdn Pdi
hoc D = 10 lg
Pdi (dB) Pdn
Tm li, nh hng ca mt antenna c nh ngha l t s ca mt cng sut bc x ca n so vi mt cng sut bc x ca mt antanna ng hng c cng cng sut pht. nh hng ca antenna l thc o cng trng E. Cc antenna thng c hiu sut nh hn 100%. Hiu sut ca antenna l t s ca ton b cng sut bc x bi antenna so vi tng cng sut m antenna nhn c t my pht. Hiu sut ca antenna bin thin t 50% ti gn 100%. Cc nh k thut a ra khi nim li ca antenna ging nh li ca mch khuch i. Tuy nhin, li antenna ch s tp trung nng lng ch khng phi l khuch i nng lng, nh trong trng hp cc b khuch i dng transistor. Di y l cng thc tnh li tng qut cho cc antenna:
g= trong : 4A eff 2
A eff : din tch hiu dng ca antenna
: bc sng : li antenna
g dB = 10 log10 g Cn nhc li rng antenna khng lm tng cng sut bc x, n ch tp trung cng sut, ngha l lm tng mt cng sut pht. S tp trung tn hiu ny lm ta c cm tng c s tng cng sut trong my pht. Nu antenna c dng thu tn hiu th cng sut ng vo my thu bng mt cng sut bc x ca trng nhn vi din tch mt ct ca antenna thu.
3. rng bp sng chnh - th bc x

Khi nim rng bc x c cp i vi cc antenna tp trung cng sut ca n trong mt bp sng chnh. Bp sng c xc nh bng khong cch v gc gia cc im na cng sut (3 dB). Trong hnh 8-6, im na cng sut nm gc + 90. Do rng bc x l 180.
8-5
Bai 8
Hnh 8.6.
li ca antenna c lin h trc tip vi rng bc x ca n. rng bc x cng hp, cng sut nh hng trong bp sng chnh cng ln. rng bc x ph thuc nhiu vo ng dng thc t ca antenna. Mt s cc antenna, chng hn cc antenna s dng trong v tuyn v truyn hnh, c th truyn nng lng trong ton b 3600 trong khi antenna radar c rng chm bc x t 1 ti 30. Kiu bc x ny cho php antenna radar (thng l a parabolic) hng ti im mc tiu trong khng gian. th bc x thng c v trn biu cc nh hnh 8-6.
4. Cc antenna thng ng vi mt phng t

Phn trn gii thiu antenna dipole phn cc ngang. Trong phn ny ta li kho st cc antenna phn cc dc (thng ng). Bng 8-1 so snh cc u im ca hai loi antenna ny.
u im ca phn cc thng ng
1. th bc x a hng, c th ph 3600
u im ca phn cc ngang
1. th bc x lng hng
2. Khi cao antenna c gii hn nh 2. t b nh hng bi can nhiu do con hn 3m, v d h thng thng tin di ng, ngi gy ra c th thu cc tn hiu mnh ti tn s trn 50MHz. 3. Cc tn hiu lm vic tt hn cao 3. Hot ng tt hn vng rng rm, c trn 12m trn mt nc bin v cc tn s bit l tn s trn 100 MHz nh hn 100 MHz. 4. Cc tn hiu t b nh hng bi s phn 4. Thay i nh v tr antenna khng nh x t my bay hng ng k n th bc x khi antenna gia rng cy hay gn cc ta nh cao tng 5.Giao thoa t, cc h thng VHF, UHF, 5. Loi antenna ny thch hp vi cc dng TV, FM, phn ln u s dng phn cc iu ch phc tp ngang.
8-6
Bai 8
6. ng truyn thng thng ng. Khi antenna gc thch hp vi ng truyn, nhiu xut hin bi ng truyn nm trong phm vi trng ca antenna.
Bng 8-1
Hnh 8-7 minh ho dipole thng ng vi mt phng t. C th thy dipole pht bc x theo dng hnh trn, thch hp vi thng tin di ng, nhng c rt t hoc khng c bc x pha trn dipole.
Hnh 8.7.
Hnh 8-8 minh ho mt dipole thng ng vi nng lng bc x trc tip t dipole v nng lng phn x t mt phng t. Ch rng nng lng phn x c th xem nh l kt qu bc x ca nh ca dipole 1/4 bc sngqua mt phng t. Nu antenna c dng truyn AM qung b, khi 1/4 bc sng trn mt t kt hp vi nh ca n, tc l dipole bc sng di mt t, to thnh 1/2 hay 5/8 chiu di bc sng. S bc x t antenna loi ny rt mnh trong vng sng mt t xung quanh dipole.Vi antenna ny, dng in t cc i gn mt phng t. R rng, tr khng fider ca kiu antenna ny phi nh hn ca dipole ngang (khong 73).
Hnh 8.8. Dipole thng v mt phng t
8-7
Bai 8
Antenna dipole thng ng cn gi l antenna Marconi, trong antenna phn cc ngang c gi l antenna Hertz. Thanh phn x v ct kim loi c gn cht vi nhau v sng ch phn x trn thanh ny. Ct v cc vt th kim loi khc nm di mt phng mt t c t cch xa antenna. Phn t antenna li c chiu di 1/4 bc sng v thanh phn x di hn 5% so vi phn t antenna li. Mt ng truyn 50 c v bc c dng truyn nng lng RF. Chiu di thanh antenna trung tm cng c th c cc gi tr khc ngoi gi tr 1/4 bc sng. Hnh 8-9 m t cc th bc x ng vi cc chiu di khc nhau ca antenna. Ch rng antenna c chiu di 1/2 bc sng s c mt bp sng trung tm mnh v cc bp sng ph hai bn. Antenna ny thch hp cho cc my bay tm thp. Cc antenna thng thng s dng trong thng tin di ng. Mt phng t c th l mt t, hay b mt phng tin truyn ti, hay mt phng t nhn to lm t cc thanh kim loi. Trn panel th nghim, mt phng t lm t bng mch in. th bc x ca antenna mt phng t c dng trn, c phn cc thng ng, v c nhy thp hng pha trn antenna.
Hnh 8.9. Dipole thng ng vi cc cao khc nhau so vi mt t, c k n s phn x t mt t
8-8
Bai 8
in tr bc x ca antenna thng chiu di /4 bng mt na in tr bc x ca antenna bn sng, xp x bng 36.5. Dipole dc thng c cp tn hiu bi cp ng trc tr khng 50.
III. YU CU THIT B
Chn cp ngun Panel antenna Ct antenna Antenna dipole ngang Thanh phn x antenna ng h o cng trng Cp, RG 58 (30cm), BNC/BNC th ct chia cc Tape Measure Cp, phch cm nh 10 ti cc phch cm banana S300PSB SIP360A SIP360 1 SIP360 2 SIP360 5 SIP360 6 SIP360 7 SIP360 9 SIP360 10 SIP360 11
IV. TIN TRNH TH NGHIM

Ch : Trong cc o c sau, antenna pht s c t trn bng cch xa cc thit b gy phn x sng v tuyn. V d, dao ng k s c t cch antenna t nht l 1,2m. Bt k vt th kim loi no t gn antenna s lm thay i hnh dng bc x.
Hai u cm song song c sn trn ng h o cng trng. Mt c ni ti DMM (vn nng k s). 1. Ni ct antenna ti panel antenna. Gn antenna dipole ngang ln nh ct. Gn panel vo b chn v thit lp in p i khin m 10 VDC (c th thay i gia 5 v -16 V DC). 2. khong cch 1-2m so vi antenna pht, gi antenna o cng trng (antenna thu) sao cho dipole ca n song song vi antenna pht. Di chuyn antenna thu n gn hoc xa antenna pht kim ch th nm khong gia tm. Chnh nhy ng h nu cn.
o phn cc
3. Trong khi antenna o cng trng song song vi antenna pht v ng h o c t gia tm, kim tra tnh phn cc ca antenna pht bng cch xoay dipole o trng bc x cho n thng gc vi sn nh. Lc ny, vi antenna pht song song vi sn v antenna o cng trng thng gc vi sn, ng h o cng trng s ch th 0. t ng h o cng trng v v tr song song nh c v c gng di chuyn n gn hn v pha antenna pht. Ch rng khi ng h o cng trng song song vi antenna pht, tn hiu nhn c s mnh hn. Tin hnh o c hai mt trc v sau ca antenna pht, quan st hin tng xy ra. 4. Kim tra tnh phn cc bng cch bng cch xoay antenna o cng trng sao cho n thng gc vi antenna pht. u antenna thu hng n im gia ca dipole pht. Quan st s ch trn ng h. 5. S phn cc ca antenna pht c xc nh theo hng ca trng E, trong trng hp ny trng E l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so vi sn.
8-9
Bai 8
6. T s quan st ca bn, ghi li s phn cc ca antenna pht. N c phn cc ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hay phn cc dc. . . . . . . . . . . ?
o th bc x
7. t antenna pht sao cho bc x theo hng 0. Gn a trn c vch chia ln nh antenna. t ng h o cng trng cch 150 cm v ni ng h vn nng s ti ng h (dng cp 10 cha phch cm nh v 2 phch cm banana). t volt-k s tm DC mV. t in p iu khin trn b chn cp ngun xp x 5 VDC. iu ny cho php ng h o cng trng di chuyn gn ti antenna pht. 8. Di dipole pht l mt b phn c gi l balun. B phn ny c th di chuyn ln xung ct, v c dng kh bc x ra ngoi ct do ng truyn bt i xng c ni ti antenna i xng. gim thiu bc x ngoi ny, y balun ln nh ct v c nh bng c. Khng nn sit qu cht. 9. t ng h o cng trng v ng h vn nng ng h vn nng ch 100 mV khi ng h o cng trng song song vi antenna pht. Nn ch rng antenna trn ng h o cng trng c tch i gia. Thanh th hai l mt b phn x, n gim s phn x t c th ngi lm th nghim. 10. Bt u vi antenna pht t hng 0 v volt-k s ch th 100 mV. Xoay antenna pht theo tng bc 100 (xem bng 8-2). Trong qu trnh th nghim sinh vin c th quan st thay i ln nht xut hin khi antenna pht xoay khong 300 n 400 u tin. in vo bng 8-2 cc gi tr c c. Ch : ngi lm th nghim phi ng cch antenna pht t nht 1,2m- 1,5m. Bt c b phn c th no gn anrenna cng s lm thay i cng v hnh dng bc x. Khi ngi th nghim ng thng gc vi u cui antenna pht th s nh hng ny s l nh nht. Ln lt xoay antenna 3600 v hon tt bng 8.2. Ch rng cc bp sng khng i xng hon ton v antenna c th khng cn bng hon ton vi ng truyn hoc do s phn x.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 75 90 105 130 140 150 160 170 180 DMM 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 285 270 255 240 230 220 210 200 190 DMM
8-10

Bng 8.2. D liu dipole antenna
Bai 8
11. Dng d liu o c tch lu trong bng 8-2, v d liu ln biu cc (c mu phn ph lc). u tin v th bng bt ch ( d thay i khi cn thit). Khi th hon thnh, v li bng bt mu. Trn cng bn ny, ta s v hai th bc x. Do nn v bng cc mu mc khc nhau. 12. Hnh dng ca th bc x nh th no? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tn s v bc sng
13. Trong tin trnh sau, sinh vin s quan st khong cch gia hai im cc i lin tip hay gia hai cc tiu lin tip trong khng gian. Ti cc im ny, cng bc x trng tng ti im cc i hay gim ti gi tr cc tiu. Khong cch gia hai im bng 1/2 bc sng ti tn s hot ng.
Hnh 8.10. Cc antenna v b dao ng o sng dng
14. Xc nh bc sng ca sng bc x bng cch t dipole thu i mt vi antenna pht nh trong hnh 8-10. ng h o cng trng ch th 10mA. iu ny cho thy mt phn nng lng t antenna pht c dipole o cng trng thu nhn. 15. Gi thanh phn x cng mt phng vi antenna pht v dipole ca ng h o cng trng. Thanh phn x c t im gia ca ng ni gia antenna pht v thu. Khi thanh phn x c di chuyn v gn hay ra xa 2 hai antenna, ng h dng s tng hay gim tng ng. C gng gi c th bn khng di chuyn trong sut cc php o ny, do cc b phn c th c th to ra s phn x sng mt cch khng mong mun lm thay i s ch ng h. iu chnh gc ca b phn x tr s dng c c l ln nht. 16. Quan st ng h o cng trng khi thanh phn x c di chuyn gn hoc xa my pht. Di chuyn nhanh thanh phn x t sau ra trc, kim ng h dng s di chuyn ln xung. Bt u t khong cch xp x 1m, di chuyn thanh phn x v pha 2 antenna cho ti khi gi tr quan st c l ln nht. Mt sinh vin khc t tay mnh v tr gi tr c c ln nht. Tip tc di chuyn thanh phn x cho ti khi t ti v tr cc i th hai, v mt sinh vin khc t tay th hai ca mnh v tr ng vi gi tr c th hai ny.
8-11
Bai 8
Theo l thuyt khong cch gia hai gi tr c (khong cch gia hai tay) s l di ca dipole thu ca ng h o cng trng. t dipole gia hai tay v quan st xem cc khong cch c bng nhau hay khng. 17. Gi tr c c c th xem nh c o trong khng gian t do, mc d trong thc t iu ny khng ng do s phn xt mt bn, cc vng xung quanh, cc bc tng thng ng, cc thit b kim loi, v t c th ca ngi tin hnh th nghim. Khng xt n cc yu t ny, hy xc nh gi tr 1/2 bc sng v ton bc sng ca cc sng ng t 2 gi tr c c. Na bc sng = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ton bc sng = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nn lp li php o 2 hoc 3 ln gi tr c chnh xc hn. 18. T cng thc (1-1), tnh tn s my pht theo MHz: . . . . . . . . . . . . . MHz.
Bc sng trn ng truyn Lecher

19. Tho ct antenna v dipole ngang, v ni cp ng trc BNC gia my pht v u cm trn mt ca panel. iu chnh con chy trn panel c ng thi quan st ng h trn panel v chnh nm vn kim ch th ton tm o. Di chuyn con chy ti lui sao cho kim ng h vch ln nht ti cc nh hoc cc v tr null. Khng c kim vt qu vch cc i khi o. iu chnh nm chit p nu cn trong khi di chuyn b pht hin trn ng truyn Lecher. 20. Sng dng trn ng truyn Lecher ang c o bng cch di chuyn vng antenna (c b chnh lu) dc theo ng truyn . Gia gi tr 0 v gi tr ton tm s xut hin hai cc tiu. Bt u t v tr ton tm v di chuyn v pha zero cho ti khi c gi tr nh nht. Ghi li v tr hai v tr cc tiu lin nhau: . . . . . . . . . cm, . . . . . . . . . . . cm. Trong qu trnh dch chuyn ny th ta cng quan st c cc v tr nh. 21. Khong cch gia hai v tr null chnh l 1/2 bc sng trn ng truyn Lecher, ghi li khong cch gia hai v tr null: . . . . . . . . . . cm. 22. 1/2 bc sng o trn ng truyn Lecher di hn hay ngn hn na bc sng o trong khng gian t do? . . . . . . . . . .
Ch : nng lng in trng thay i vn tc ca n khi i qua cc mi trng khc nhau trong khng gian cng nh trn cc ng truyn. Vn ny s c kho st trong bi th nghim 9: Cc ng truyn sng.
23. H s truyn, cn gi l h s vn tc, ca nng lng c th c tnh ton bng cch tnh t s ca di sng dng trn ng truyn Lecher v bc sng trong khng gian t do. Tin hnh tnh ton v ghi li h s truyn. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ch : V d, nu h s vn tc l 0.85, vn tc truyn nng lng gim xung cn 255 x 106 m/s (0.85 x 300 x 106).
24. Nu gi tr o trn ng truyn Lecher c s dng tnh ton bc sng v tn s ca my pht th gi tr tn s tnh c c ging hon ton vi tn s my pht ? . . . . . . . . .
Antenna dipole thng ng vi mt phng t

Mt antenna thng ng c tnh phn cc dc v cng bc x bng nhau theo cc hng chung quanh (0-3600). Ngc li, cng sut bc x theo hng thng ng (hng ca antenna) l nh nht.
8-12
Bai 8
25. Kim chng li cc pht biu trn. t antenna v biu phn cc ln nh ct. Ch gn antenna m khng gn b phn x. 26. iu chnh ng h o cng trng sao cho dipole thu song song vi dipole thng ng. Bt u ti 00 v duy tr dng ng h o cng trng khong 50% thang o trong khi di chuyn ng h o cng trng 300 xung quanh antenna. Cng trng c thay i khi di chuyn ng h o trn mt vng trn xung quanh antenna pht? 27. Di chuyn ng h o cng trng ln pha trn antenna pht sao cho u cui ca dipole cng trng nm trn ng thng cha dipole bc x (hai dipole cng nm trn mt ng thng). Th iu chnh sao cho kim ng h nm gia tm. Dng in trng v tr ny mnh hn hay yu hn so vi xung quanh antenna ? 28. So snh dipole thng ng vi dipole ngang v xc nh antenna no c li ln hn. _________________________________________________________________________. 29. Ti v tr 00, o khong cch gia antenna dc v ng h o cng trng khi kim ng h gia thang. Ghi li khong cch ny: ________________ cm. 30. Tho dipole thng v thay bng dipole ngang. Gi ng h o cng trng dipole ca n song song vi antenna pht v chnh khong cch gia hai antenna sao cho kim ng h gia tm. Ghi li khong cch gia hai phn t ny: ___________________ cm. 31. T cc php o trn dipole dc v ngang, cho bit antenna no c li ln hn? ________________________________________________________________________ 32. T s ca hai khong cch o c? __________________________. 33. Tnh li theo dB ca dipole ngang so vi dipole dc? __________________ dB. 34. S tng li thm ________ dB tng ng vi vic tng gp i cng sut ng ra my pht.
Antenna dipole dc v b phn x

Trong phn th nghim ny sinh vin s kho st antenna dc c gn thm b phn x (tc mt phng t). Vi b phn x, li antenna s tng ln mt hng xc nh. 35. Trc khi thm vo thanh phn x, t ng h o trng (xp x 75 cm t my pht) v phn cc dc cho n. Chnh dng in ti gi tr 25A. y l im bt u. Ghi li v tr bt u ca ng h: _______________ cm. 36. Gn thanh phn x vo antenna v t thanh phn x sao cho n i din 1800 vi ng h o cng trng. Antenna s tp trung cng sut ca n theo hng n ng h. Cn thn bi v cng trng ln c th lm hng ng h. Di chuyn ng h ra xa cho ti khi tr s ng h c c li l 25A. Ghi li khong cch mi: _________________ cm. 37. Tnh s tng li cng sut nh hng t t s ca hai di: ________________dB. 38. Tnh li cng sut antenna bng cch so snh t s cng sut cc hng thun v nghch (vn duy tr dng in 25A). S dng khong cch o c bc 12 c trng cho cng sut hng thun. Sau xoay antenna sau cho b phn x nm cng pha vi ng h o cng trng. Di chuyn ng h n gn b phn x cho ti khi kim ng h li ch 25A. Ghi li khong cch ny (ng vi cng sut theo hng nghch), v tnh li antenna t t s khong cch thun nghch: _________________ cm. AG = _____________.
8-13
Bai 8
39. Lc u antenna dipole dc c th bc x hnh trn, cn by gi th bc x ca n c tnh nh hng. Xc nh rng ca bp sng chnh ( rng bc x). t ng h o nh trong bc 12, vi dng in l 25A. Di chuyn ng h n gn antenna cho ti khi dng tng gp i (3 dB). Sau di chuyn ng h sang phi cho ti khi dng rt xung cn 25A, ghi li gc lch: _______________ . a ng h tr li v tr trung tm v sau di chuyn sang tri cho ti khi t c tr s 25A ln na. Ghi li gc lch cho trng hp ny v t suy ra rng bc x. Gc lch = ________________ rng bc x = ___________ 40. B phn x v hai thanh phn x to nn s nh hng tia ti hng ln pha trn. Tin hnh quan st cng chm bc x trong mt phng thng ng. t ng h nh trong bc 12 (xp x 200 cm) v ng sau b phn x. Xoay t t mt phng t bng cch dch thanh phn x. Khi dch v pha trc (cng pha vi ng h), hy quan st dng in ch th trn ng h. Hin tng g xy ra ? _____________________________________________. Kim tra li trng ny bng cch di chuyn mt phng t theo hng nm ngang v ng h nm trong mt phng thng ng. Quan st xem li tng ln bao nhiu.
Ch : Chiu di ca b phn x thay i theo di hai thanh phn x. Cc thanh phn x cng ngn, b phn x cng di. B phn x di hn 13% so vi chiu di thanh antenna.
V. KT LUN ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
8-14
Bai 9
BI 9
CC NG TRUYN SNG
I. MC CH TH NGHIM
Trong bi th nghim ny, sinh vin s lm quen vi cc c tnh chung ca ng truyn v so snh chng vi cc antenna. Cc sng dng trn ng truyn Lecher cng s c kho st, cng vi s thay i vn tc truyn nng lng trong cc mi trng khc nhau. Hon thnh bi th nghim ny, sinh vin c th hiu c: 1. Nng lng c truyn gia my pht v antenna nh th no. 2. Cc tn hao gy nn bi ng truyn. 3. Nhng im khc nhau c bn gia tr khng cc loi antenna khc nhau v cc ng truyn.
II. THO LUN

1. Cc nguyn tc chung Bi th nghim 7 nhn mnh n cc antenna dipole. Tuy nhin c mt phn t cng quan trng khng km, l cc ng truyn dng truyn nng lng gia my pht v antenna hoc gia antenna v my thu. ng truyn hot ng nh mt kt ni gia hai phn t u cui, v mc tiu ca ngi thit k l phi ti thiu ho tn hao trn ng truyn. Cc c tnh ca ng truyn c xc nh bi di ca n, kch thc ca dy dn, v vt liu in mi c s dng gia cc dy dn. Cc tnh cht vt l ny xc nh cc c tnh in ca ng dy. Cc c tnh in ny bao gm in dung gia cc ng dy, in cm ca ng dy, in tr ca dy, ... c phn b trn ton b chiu di dy dn. Cc ng truyn c lm bng cp ng trc hoc l dy song hnh c in tr hay tr khng bin thin trong khong t 50 ti trn 600. C rt nhiu loi cp chun c sn xut, trong ba gi tr tr khng ng truyn thng dng l 50, 75, v 300. Nh vy, mt ng truyn sng c th c xem nh mt chui ni tip cc cun dy, in tr, v in dung nh minh ho hnh 9-1.
Hnh 9.1. ng tryn sng m hnh tng ng
2. Vn tc (Cc h s truyn) Sng in t truyn trong khng gian t do vi vn tc 300 x 106 m/s. Trong bt c mi trng truyn khc, v d cp ng trc hay cpplastic,vn tc truyn u chm hn. Nng 9-1
Bai 9
lng trn ng truyn thng truyn trn b mt ng dy, trong khi dng DC thng truyn qua li cp. Trong mt s ng dng, DC c th c truyn ln antenna v c s dng iu khin relay antenna, trong khi nng lng RF truyn t antenna xung ng dy ti my thu. Phi c lp bo v ngn dng DC ngn mch cc cun dy ca antenna hay cc bin p. Phng trnh sau cho php tnh thi gian cn thit nng lng truyn ht ng dy:
ts =
Trong : tS : thi gian truyn tnh bng s L : chiu di ca cp tnh bng m
L c
c : vn tc truyn nng lng trong khng gian t do, bng 300 x 106 m/s. Khi tn s truyn nng lng tng th cm khng ca ng dy cng tng v tn hao cng ln. S tn hao gy bi in dung v in cm cng vi tn hao in tr s lm tng thi gian truyn. Ngi ta phn bit hai loi ng truyn: cn bng v khng cn bng. ng truyn cn bng, nng lng mi ng dy ngc pha nhau 1800, kt qu l cc trng gy bi hai dy ny trung ho ln nhau. ng truyn khng cn bng, mt ng c ni t cn ng kia dn nng lng RF, v d: cp ng trc. ng truyn plastic c s dng trong ch to cable my thu hnh hay my thu FM l mt v d v ng truyn cn bng. Tuy nhin, ng truyn cn bng c ni ti im gia ca nhiu dipole /2 c gi tr tr khng t 73 ti 75. in tr c tnh ca ng truyn cn bng vi in mi khng kh c xc nh bi cng thc:
Z o = 276 log Trong : Zo tr khng tnh bng d l khong cch gia hai dy dn r l ng knh dy
d r
Khi dng in mi l vt liu plastic c hng s in mi , cng thc tr thnh:

Zo = 276
log
d r
Trong phn 9-7 ta s thy khong cch gia cc dy dn v vt liu in mi c s dng s nh hng n tr khng ng truyn. Nh cp trn, vn tc truyn trn cc ng truyn sng thng chm hn so vi trong khng gian t do. Mi lin h gia s truyn sng trn ng truyn v trong khng gian t do c cho bi cng thc:
L =
Trong :
cV FMHz
9-2

L l bc sng ng dy, bng m
Bai 9
c vn tc nh sng, bng m/s V h s vn tc ca mi trng Bng 9-1 bao gm danh mc cc loi cp khc nhau v tr khng c tnh ca n
Loi cp Tr khng
Hai dy h Hai dy cch ly Cable song hnh c v bo v Cable xon Cp ng trc
Zo = 75 -500W Zo = 300W Zo = 40 - 150W Zo = 70 - 150W Zo = 10 - 150W
Bng 9.1. Cc ng truyn tiu biu v tr khng ca chng
3. Sng dng trn ng truyn sng - VSWR
Nu ng truyn c kt thc ng, cng sut truyn t ngun ti ti s t cc i. Nu ng dy khng c kt thc ng, mt phn cng sut s truyn qua ti v mt phn s phn x ngc tr v ngun. S khc nhau gia tr khng ti v ng dy cng ln th s phn x cng ln. Mt s nng lng truyn ngc v ngun s kh bt nng lng truyn theo chiu thun, trong khi mt s khc s c cng thm vo phn nng lng thun. iu ny to ra trn ng dy mt s im ti nng lng t cc i v mt s im ti nng lng c gi tr cc tiu. Cc Im cc i v cc tiu c gi l cc nt (node). Cc nt ny gm hai loi: nt in p v nt dng in, do cc gi tr o c th ly t volt-k RF hay b pht hin vng dng. Tuy nhin cc nt in p v dng in thng khng xut hin cng mt v tr.
T S SNG DNG (SWRSTANDING WAVE RATIO)
SWR c gi tr ln hn hay bng 1, v d 2:1, 1.5:1, hay 1:1. Cc gi tr 1.1:1 ti 1.3:1 c xem l gi tr thp ca SWR. D dng nhn thy rng gi tr ZL cng gn vi gi tr Zo, SWR cng gn vi gi tr 1:1. Gi tr 1:1 ng vi s phi hp hon ton gia ti v ng dy, lc ny ng dy c gi l phng. T s SWR cng cao th s khng tng ng cng ln v cng sut tiu tn cng cng ln. Trong thc t khng c ng dy 1:1, cc gi tr 1.3:1 1.5:1 c xem l kh tt. Nu dng cch o in p, c th s dng volt-k tr khng cao xc nh cc im cc i v cc tiu. Trong bi th nghim ny, sinh vin s dng vng dng vi diode chnh lu v b lc xc nh cc im nt.
4. Cc ng truyn ngn mch v h mch
Nu ng truyn /4 b ngn mch u cui, s c dng in ln chy qua u ngn mch v in p ti u ny s bng 0. Ngc li ti u cui h mch s c in tr cao, in p cao, v dng in l cc tiu. Hnh 9-2 minh ho hai ng truyn, mt l ng truyn ngn mch (R = 0) v mt l ng truyn h mch (ti R v cng ln).
9-3
Bai 9
Ch rng trong hnh 9-2A, dng qua ti l cc i v in p ti l cc tiu; ngc li, trong hnh 9-2B, in p ti ti l cc i v dng ti l cc tiu.
Hnh 9.2. Cc ng dy ngn mch v h mch
5. Cc ng truyn Lecher
ng truyn Lecher c miu t trong bi th nghim 7. Hnh 9-3 m t ng truyn Lecher dng bng n ch dng in hay in p. Bc sng v tuyn c th c xc nh bng cch nh v hai im cc i hay hai im cc tiu lin tip trn ng dy. Khong cch gia hai Im cc i l /2. H s vn tc, cn gi l h s truyn ca ng dy, c th xc nh bng cch o /2 (n v cm) trn ng truyn Lecher (gia hai Im cc i) v so snh gi tr o c vi gi tr tnh ton ca bc sng trong khng gian t do. T s bc sng trn ng dy so vi trong khng gian t do s c gi tr nh hn 1, v h s vn tc trn ng dy l nh hn 1. Trong hnh 9-3A, thanh ngn mch, cng c th l b pht hin vng dng, s xc nh v tr dng in cc i. khong cch bc sng, dng in (xem hnh 9-3B) gim xung thp, v khong cch l/2 bc sng dng in li tng cao. Cc sng hin din trn ng dy v ng dy v ti khng phi hp tt vi nhau. Mt ng truyn sng, tng t nh ng truyn Lecher, nu c kt thc bng in tr ng bng in tr c tnh, s c VSWR (t s sng dng in p) bng 1:1. ng truyn ny gi l ng truyn phng hoc ng truyn khng cng hng. Vi ng truyn ny, 100% nng lng RF s c truyn ti antenna. y l ng truyn l tng m ta mong mun.
9-4
Bai 9
Hnh 9.3. Cc sng dng trn ng Lecher
Hnh 9.4. ng truyn, phng; RL ln hn hay nh hn Z0
Xt mi lin h gia t s sng dng in p v dng in trn ng truyn khi in tru cui thay i. Hnh 9-2 ch ra rng khi in tr cui ng dy l cao th in p cao, v khi in tr cui ng dy bng 0 th dng in cao. Hnh 9-4A m t ng dy c in tr u cui bng vi tr khng ca ng dy. y l ng dy phng. C dng v p u l cc hng s trn ton b ng dy. Nu in tr ti ln hn tr khng ng dy, in p s tng cao, cn dng in thp (xem hnh 9-4B). Trong hnh 9-4C, in tr ti nh hn tr khng c tnh ca ng dy, kt qu l, dng in cao v in p thp.
6. Phi hp tr khng gia ti v ng dy
9-5
Bai 9
Nu antenna l mt dipole c cp tn hiu vo im gia, c tr khng xp x t 73 ti 75 th ng truyn ni ti antenna nn c tr khng bng gi tr ny. Nu antenna c chn sao cho n hot ng tn s khc vi tn s cng hng c bn, th gi tr in tr ti im gia s ln hn gi tr 73 ti 75. Trong iu kin nh vy, ng truyn s c ni ti cc u ca antenna nh trong hnh 9-6. Kt ni ny c gi l kt ni delta. Do in tr ca antenna tng khi di chuyn im kt ni ra xa im gia, nn ta c th chn mt im kt ni sao cho ti in tr antenna ging vi in tr ng truyn. Nu ta ni ng h o VSWR ti ng truyn, v gi s n ch gi tr VSWR bng 4:1 khi ng truyn c ni ti tm im ca antenna th ta ch vic m rng cc im kt ni cho ti khi gi tr ng h c c mc thp nht. Gi tr 1.5:1 hoc nh hn c xem l phi hp tr khng tt.
Hnh 9.5. ng dy ni Delta
Tr khng c tnh ca ng dy phi hp s c chn da vo gi tr tr khng ng vo v ng ra theo cng thc. Zo = Trong : Z0 tr khng ca ng truyn phi hp Zin tr khng ng vo hay tr khng ngun ZL tr khng ti
7. Khong cch ng truyn
Z in Z L
S phn cch gia cc dy dn ca ng truyn thng c duy tr bi cc thanh cch in hay cc tm ngn cch lm bng thu tinh, s, si, hay g. cc tn s cao khong cch s gn hn so vi cc tn s RF thp. Nu khong cch qu ln s xy ra bc x trn ng truyn. Trn ng truyn cn bng c phi hp ng, bc x pht ra rt t.
S TRUYN SNG BI CC NG TRUYN
Nng lng in t truyn trn ng truyn b chm i; kt qu l, chiu di in v chiu di vt l khng ging nhau. Chiu di in ph thuc trc tip vo:

Mi trng truyn. Kch thc vt l ca cc dy dn Khong cch gia cc dy dn
Tt c cc yu t ny c rt gn trong mt hng s k (gi l h s vn tc), h s ny khc nhau tu loi ng truyn. Gi tr ca k nh hn 1. Trong chn khng k =1, v sau y l gi tr k trong cc mi trng khc nhau: Cc dy song song vi in mi khng kh Cc dy song song vi in mi plastic k = 0.95 ti 0.975 k = 0.8 ti 0.95
9-6
Bai 9
Cp song hnhvi v bo v v cch in bng cao su Cp ng trc phn cch bng khng kh
k = 0.56 ti 0.65 k = 0.85
H s vn tc, k, c nh ngha l t s ca vn tc truyn trn ng dy vi vn tc truyn trong khng gian t do. H s ny lin h vi hng s in mi v h s t thm ca vt liu bi cng thc sau: k=
Trong : 1
l l
l l h s t thm ca ng dy (trong khng gian t do = 1) l l hng s in mi (trong khng gian t do = 1)

Khi dng chy qua hai dy dn song song theo hng ngc chiu nhau, v nu hai dng in ngc pha nhau ng 1800, cc trng s trit tiu nhau v tn hao bc x bng 0. cc tn s thp, iu ny vn xy ra trong thc t. Ti cc tn s cao, hai dng in ny gy ra tn hao bc x. Tn hao ny c th gim bng cch di chuyn cc dy dn gn li nhau. Thng thng, khong cch gia cc dy dn khng vt qua 0.01. Tuy nhin, vic di chuyn hai dy dn gn li nhau li lm gim tr khng c tnh ca ng dy. Tt c cc ng truyn u s dng mt loi vt liu cch in no . Khng kh c tn hao in mi thp nht. Nu ng truyn ng trc bao gm hai dy dn ng tm c phn cch bi thu tinh hayplastic th tr khng c tnh ca ng dy c tnh theo cng thc: Z0 =
Trong : B l ng knh trong ca vng dy dn bn ngoi A l ng knh ngoi ca vng dy dn bn trong (Ch : B v A c cng n v) 138
log
B A
l hng s in mi ca in mi phn cch

8. Cc ng dy ng trc
ng dy ng trc l ng truyn ng tm vi dy dn bng ng c t tm ca mt lp v bc. V bc ny bo v dy dn tm khi bc x, y l vn gn lin vi cc dy dn song song. Cc cp ng trc c sn xut chun thng c dy dn ng trong c nhng trong in mi l polyethylene v n c bo v bi lp v bng ng bn ngoi. Tr khng c tnh c bn ca cc loi cp ny vo khong t 50 - 100. Bng 9-2 cung cp danh sch ngn gn cc cp ng trc, gm m hiu ca n v tr khng.
9-7
Bai 9
Bng 9.2. c tnh cc loi cp ng trc
9. Cc on dy chm iu chnh tr khng

Dy chm thng l mt on cp c chiu di xp x bng /4. V d, nu ti c thnh phn dung khng, dn n s mt phi hp vi ng truyn, ta c th dng dy chm ni ti ng truyn ti giao im gia antenna v ng truyn. Dy chm ny s c tc dng khc phc s mt phi hp gia antenna v ng truyn (xem hnh 9-6). Bng cch t ng dy /4 song song vi antenna v iu chnh khong cch t antenna n im ngn mch ca on dy chm, on dy ny c th tr thnh mt cm khng c tc dng trit tiu thnh phn dung khng ca antenna. Do , ng truyn c th c iu chnh ti tr thnh mt in tr thun. Mt on dy ngn mch /4 cng c th dng lm b bin i phi hp tr khng. V d, ng truyn tr khng cao c ni vo ng vo tr khng cao ca on dy chm v u cui mch ca on dy chm c ni ti im gia ca dipole tr khng thp. Theo cch ny, vng /4 c s dng lm bin p phi hp. ng truyn cng phi phi hp tr khng vi ngun nng lng. V d, khung cng hng gm cm khng v dung khng trong mch dao ng ca my pht cn phi c ghp vi ng truyn sng bng mt cun dy hay t in sao cho tr khng ca ng dy phi ging vi tr khng ca mch my pht. C nhiu cch thc hin kt ni cho cc mch dao ng nh trn.
9-8
Bai 9
Hnh 9.6. Dy chm iu chnh tr khng
10. Balun
Balun, c ghp t ch vit tt ca hai t (balanced-to-unbalanced), l mt b bin i t i xng thnh bt i xng hoc ngc li, c t gia cc ng truyn i xng v bt i xng, hoc gia cc antenna, hoc c s dng ni ng truyn tr khng thp ti tr khng ti cao. V d, mt ng dng ca balun l ni cp ng trc 75 ti ng truyn i xng 300. y ta dng bin p t ngu vi t s vng l 1:2 lm balun. S vng tng gp i lm tr khng tng ln 4 ln (xem hnh 9-7).
Hnh 9.7. Balun 75 - 300
Ta thy rng ng vo l bt i xng trong khi ng ra, c tr khng tng 4 ln, l i xng. Hnh 9-8 m t mt my bin p c dng hnh xuyn.
Hnh 9.8. Balun hnh xuyn
9-9
Bai 9
Nu antenna c cp tn hiu vo im gia t mt ng dy ng trc, nh trong trng hp ca dipole, s i xng ca antenna khng cn v mt phn ca dipole ni ti li cable cn phn cn li c ni xung mass qua v cable. Dng ti antenna s i qua c li bn trong v v bn ngoi ca cable. Di cc iu kin nh th, cc dng in khng trit tiu nhau do ng dy to ra thm cc bc x khng mong mun (xem hnh 9-9A: dipole i xng c cp tn hiu im gia bi cable ng trc khng i xng).
Hnh 9.9. ng truyn cable ng trc ca dipole
Hnh 9-9B minh ho mt balun, gi l bazooka, s dng mt ng kim loi to thnh mt on dy ngn mch /4. u h mch c tr khng cao trong khi u ngn mch c tr khng thp. Nng lng t phn ni t ca dipole gp phi tr khng cao khi truyn ngc v mass. ng kim loi trn cn c phn cch vi ng cable ng trc bng mt mu plastic hoc mt vt liu tng t. Nh vy di vt l ca ng s ngn hn so vi di in /4 ca n. V ng ny khng phi l b bin i tr khng nn n khng lm nh hng ti tr khng ng dy. Hnh 9-9C ch ra mt s dng ng khc. Mt ng kim loi tng t (chiu di ngn hn chiu di /4 ca sng in) c ni gia phn dipole ni vi li cable vi t. Thanh kim loi /4 ny c ni tt vi v cable. Dng in trn cc phn ca dipole th bng nhau v ngc chiu nu ly im chun l mass. Cc dng in bng nhau v ngc chiu cng chy trn cable ng trc v ng dy dn th hai. on /4 tng ng vi tr khng cao ti antenna do khng ti dng ti im tip xc. on thm vo ny cng c chiu di vt l ngn hn chiu di in. hnh 9-10 l mt balun khc lm bng cp ng trc. Cch b tr ny ging vi balun trong hnh 9-7. Ng vo l bt i xng v ng ra l i xng.
Hnh 9.10. Ng vo bt i xng v ng ra i xng, t l tr khng 4:1
11. Cch tnh VSWR

VSWR c tnh ton bi cc cng thc sau:
Rr =
( Z L Ra ) 2 + X 2 L ( Z L + Ra) 2 + X 2 L
9-10
Bai 9
Trong : Rr : h s phn x ZL : tr khng ti (antenna) Ra : in tr antenna XL : in khng antenna VSWR = 1 + Rr 1 Rr
III. TRNH T TH NGHIM

1. Yu cu vt liu
cp ngun (hoc Master Builder Panel Antenna Ct antenna, c balun Antenna dipole ngang Antenna dy Yagi Thanh phn x Cp ng trc, 33 cm (13inch) ng h o cng trng Cc in tr (4): 50, 100, 180, 270 a chia gc Cc b kt ni BNC T (2) Cp, u cm nh 10 ti cc u cm banana ng h vn nng s (DMM)
2. Kim tra v o
S300PSB S300B) SIP360A SIP360 - 1 SIP360 - 2 SIP360 - 4 SIP360 5 SIP360 - 6 SIP360 - 7 SIP360 - 8 SIP360 - 9 SIP360 11
Trong bi th nghim, sinh vin s ln lt thay i cc gi tr khc nhau ca in tr ti ca ng truyn Lecher v o VSWR ng vi mi gi tr, t xc nh gi tr in tr ti lm cho VSWR nh nht.
Ch : C th dng cc nt hoc vng dng in hay in p dc theo ng truyn o SWR. Trong phn th nghim ny, sinh vin s s dng vng pht hin mang tnh cm thay v dng volt k ghp dung khng. Cc cc i v cc tiu dng s c xc nh. 3. Tin trnh th nghim
1. Ni cp ng trc gia BNC ca my pht v BNC ng vo ca ng truyn Lecher. 2. Bt my pht v chnh in p trong khong t 10 ti 12 VDC. 3. Quan st vch chia bc sng chun trn panel v chnh nm iu khin chit p pha di ng h o sao cho ng h khng vt qu gi tr 10, khng quan tm ti v tr ca thanh trt. c cc in p DC cc i, cc tiu (bng mV). Cc gi tr ny dng tnh VSWR. Cm cable vo u cm Meter Out trn panel, v u cm banana vo ng h vn nng s. 9-11
Bai 9
4. Di chuyn thanh trt n v tr tn cng bn phi ca ng truyn Lecher. 5. Xc nh gi tr in p cc i v cc tiu c trn DMM. T s ca hai gi tr ny chnh l VSWR. Ghi li cc s liu ny. Cc i = -----------------. Cc tiu = ----------------. 6. T cc gi tr c c trong bc 5, tnh VSWR. VSWR = ------------.
Ch : Nu ng dy khng c ti(h mch), tr khng ti l v cng trong khi tr khng ng vo ng truyn c th thp. Do VSWR c gi tr ln..
7. Xc nh gi tr in tr ti phi hp tt nht vi ng truyn Lecher. Su in tr m sinh vin c cung cp s c gn vo cc im test ti cui ng truyn, u tin l ngn mch, ri n in tr 47, ... Ghi li cc tr dng cc i v cc tiu v tnh VSWR i vi mi gi tr in tr gn vo.
in tr () Max Min ISWR
0 (ngn mch) 47 100 180 270 330 470 8. Gi tr in tr no to s phi hp tr khng ng dy tt nht?__________. 9. Trong cc bc o sau, sinh vin s xc nh hng s in mi ca board mch in.Vt liu in mi phn cch hai di dn. 10. o bc sng trong khng gian s dng ng h o cng trng v thanh phn x. Php o ny c thc hin trong bi th nghim 7, ta c th lp li php o ny vi v tr t ng h khc vi bi th nghim 7. 11. Tho tt c cc in tr ti ca ng truyn Lecher v xc nh bc sng dng ng truyn Lecher khng ti. ___________________. 12. Tnh t s gia bc sng trn ng truyn v bc sng trong khng gian? (khng gian) ______________. (ng truyn) ____________. k (t s)____________________.
Ch : T s ny s nh hn 1.
Gi tr tnh c chnh l gi tr k trong cng thc phn 9-7.

PHI HP TR KHNG BNG DY CHM
9-12
Bai 9
13. Hnh 9-11 m t cch b tr thit b tin hnh th nghim phi hp tr khng bng dy chm. Trong th nghim ny, dipole c ni ti my pht v mt cable ng trc v ng truyn Lecher c ni ti im ni ca ng truyn vi dipole antenna. Hai b kt ni BNC hnh ch T c gn ti nh ca ct. Cp ng trc 13 inch (33cm) c ni gia ng truyn Lecher v kt ni ch T.
Hnh 9.11. Th nghim dy chm phi hp tr khng
Trong cch b tr ny, ng slider/detector c s dng lm on dy ngn mch ni tt ng truyn Lecher v xc nh chiu di ca n. Chiu di dy chm l bi s l ca /4. ng h o cng trng c t trn bn v song song vi dipole bc x sao cho kim ng h v tr gia thang o. iu chnh in p hot ng sao cho khong cch gia hai antenna xp x t 1/2 ti 1m. ng h o cng trng c s dng thay cho mch pht hin o VSWR. 14. Quan st s ch ca ng h o cng trng khi di chuyn thanh trt t v tr 0 theo hng gi tr cc i, ta thy rng s ch ng h o cng trng tng. Di chuyn thanh trt v iu chnh sao cho ng h o cng trng ch th dng in cc i. Gi tr dng cc i cho bit cng sut truyn t my pht n antenna dipole l cc i, c ngha l gia ng truyn v dipole c s phi hp tr khng tt nht.
Ch : Trong qu trnh th nghim, bt c s di chuyn no xung quanh dipole pht hay ng h o cng trng u lm thay i gi tr o cng trng.Do c gng gi hai tay v c th v tr c nh trong lc o.
15. Ghi li v tr ca b pht hin trn ng truyn Lecher m ti cng sut RF ng h o cng trng l ln nht._____________. 16. iu chnh mc iu khin ca panel antenna v ghi li v tr dng ng ra RF cc i. V tr ny l mt im trng hay mt im cc i trn ng truyn Lecher. V tr trng c ngha l b pht hin ca ng truyn Lecher ang ngn mch ng dy cn ng dy v cp ng trc hot ng nh l on dy phi hp. Chiu di ca ng truyn Lecher v cp ng trc 33 cm to thnh tng chiu di ca on dy chm phi hp. Chiu di ny l bi s l ca /4 v, ph thuc vo chiu di ny, ta c th quan st c cc im cc i hay cc tiu trn panel ng h.
9-13
Bai 9
17. Ti im no khc trn ng truyn Lecher m gi tr ng ra RF c trn ng h o cng trng cng l cc i? Ghi li gi tr ny______________. Hai v tr no trn ng Lecher to cng sut ng ra RF ln nht? Ghi li gi tr ny. ____________________. 18. Gn antenna Yagi vo v th s dng on dy chm Quan st cc im cc i v cc tiu trn ng h ca panel, v c lng chiu di on dy chm ny theo s bc sng.__
KHO ST BALUN
Ct antenna (c dng trong cc bi th nghim antenna khc nhau) c mt balun dng phi hp tr khng cp gia cable ng trc trong ct v cc kiu antenna khc nhau. Cable l ng truyn bt i xng trong khi antenna gn trn ct l i xng. Balun c tc dng lm gim nng lng truyn t antenna i xng theo ng truyn (gm c ct antenna) xung mass. Balun, do c cc vt liu cch in bn trong, c ch to hi nh hn 1/4 bc sng. Balun cch ly vi ct antenna bi nha epoxy. Khi c gn trn balun c sit cht, y balun lc ny s ngn mch cn nh balun c tr khng cao. Do balun tng ng vi on dy 1/4 bc sng. 19. Xc nh nh hng ca balun ln cng sut bc x t antenna Yagi. Gn antenna Yagi v thit lp ng h o cng trng sao cho ng h ch th 25A (gia thang o) khi c trn balun c ni lng. Balun c di xung sao cho n cch xa antenna (c ca balun khng chm ti ct). Di iu kin ny, th mch phi hp 1/4 bc sng ca balun khng tn ti. Ghi li dng in khi tho balun ra. ____________A. 20. Khi balun c di chuyn ln trn, ng h ch cng sut tng. Khi balun ng v tr, hy ghi li gi tr dng in. ______A. Cng sut bc x tng hay gim khi s dng balun? _____________________________. 21. Cng sut pht gim khi tho balun, vy cng sut ny tiu tn i u? ______________. 22. Vn quan st ng h o cng trng, ng thi di chuyn cc ngn tay i xung dc ct antenna (lc ny balun khng c s dng). C hay khng s thay i cng sut thu khi di chuyn bn tay ln xung? Sau gn balun vo v sit c. Tip tc di chuyn cc ngn tay trn ct antenn, v quan st ng h o cng trng. Di chuyn cc ngn tay t v tr c hng ln pha antenna, ch khi chm vo antenna (vng c tr khng cao hn) s c nhiu s phn x xy ra v ta c th quan st nhng thay i ny trn ng h. Ghi li cc hin tng quan st c. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
IV. KT LUN ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
9-14

Thi Nghiem Vien Thong

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TRNG AI HOC TON C THANG KHOA IEN IEN T

TH NGHIEM VIEN THONG

TI LIU HNG DN TH NGHIM

Tp.H Ch Minh, thng 4 - 2010

TRNG H TN C THNG KHOA IN IN T ---------------------

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM c lp - T do - Hnh phc **************

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

IU CH V GII IU CH BIN (AM)

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Phn trm iu ch l ch s iu ch c biu din theo phn trm (m x 100).

Hiu sut truyn cng lin quan n ch s iu ch. = m2/ (2 + m2 ) 2. My pht AM

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

IV. TIN HNH TH NGHIM

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

IU CH V GII IU CH GC (FM V PM)

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

di tn ca tn hiu FM l lch ti a ca tn s tn hiu FM so vi tn s sng mang.

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

tng. Ti 0V DC, tn s ng ra khong 310 kHz. Ti 10 V DC, tn s ng ra khong 510 kHz.

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tin trnh thc hnh B S iu ch pha (PM)

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

34. Kt ni u d knh 1 dao ng k n C, v kt ni u d knh 2 dao ng k n im gia MODULATOR v DETECTOR. Cc u

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tin trnh thc hnh A - B dch pha v mch hn bin

1. Trn khi mch VCO-LO, ni jumper v tr 452 kHz (hnh 2-21).

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tn s cng hng mch LC (fr)

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tin trnh thc hnh B B tch sng pha v b lc

16. iu chnh cc tn hiu trn dao ng k knh 1 v knh 2, nh hnh 2-25.

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Thnh phn tn s tng Tn s trung tm FM Cc thay i tn s

Thnh phn tn s hiu Mt in p DC Cc thay i pha

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

36. FILTER c loi b tn s tng hay tn s tn hiu tin tc khng?

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

M HA NG TRUYN (Line Coding)

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

gii m d liu RZ my thu tr v dng NRZ, ta dng mt Flip-Flop loi D.

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Nu ng vo ca cng XOR, ta t tn hiu NRZ v tn hiu xung clock th ng ra ca n s l tn hiu m ha Manchester.

gii m tn hiu m ha Manchester v dng NRZ, ta li dng mt cng XOR my thu.

IV. TRNH T TH NGHIM

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Hnh 3-6 19. Di chuyn knh 2 dao ng k n v tr RZ.

Hnh 3-9 29. Di chuyn knh 2 dao ng k n v tr MAN.

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng

Tai Liu Hng Dn Thi Nghim Vin Thng