Bahasa Inggris NUMBER

Penyusun Zulkifli Paldana Akbar Teknik Konstruksi Sipil 1s2 sore Politeknik Negeri Jakarta

definition
Number is a mathematical object used in counting and measuring. A notational symbol wich represents a number is called a numeral, but in common usage the word is used for both the abstract and the symbol. As well as for the word. In addition to their use in counting and measuring. Numeral are often used for labels (telephone number), for ordering (serial number), and for codes (e.g ISBN). In mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over the years to include suchnumbers as zero, negative numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers.

Certain procedures which take one or more numbers as input and produce a number as output are called numerical operations. Unary operations take a single input number and produce a single output number. For example, the successor operation adds one to an integer, thus the successor of 4 is 5. More common are binary operations which take two input numbers and produce a single output number. Examples of binary operations include addition, substraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation. The study of numerical operations is called arithmetic.

The Classification of Number

Natural numbers Integers Rational numbers Real numbers Complex numbers Computable numbers Other types Specific uses

Number System
NATURAL INTEGERS Positive integers Rational Real Complex (0), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, ..., n n, ..., 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., n
a

where a and b are integers and b is not zero

The limit of a convergent sequence of rational numbers

a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i is the

square root of 1

NATURAL NUMBERS
Natural numbers is an ordinary counting numbers or is a number that occurs in commonly and obviously in nature. Natural numbers have two main purposes : counting (there are 2 dogs), and ordering (that is the 4th largest planet). The most familiar numbers are the natural numbers or counting numbers: one, two, three, and so on. Traditionally, the sequence of natural numbers started with 1 (0 was not even considered a number for the Ancient Greeks.) However, in the 19th century, set theorists and other mathematicians started the convention of including 0 (cardinality of the empty set, i.e. 0 elements, where 0 is thus the smallest cardinal number) in the set of natural numbers. The mathematical symbol for the set of all natural numbers is N, also written . N

In the base ten numeral system, in almost universal use today by humans for arithmetic operations, the symbols for natural numbers are written using ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In this base ten system, the rightmost digit of a natural number has a place value of one, and every other digit has a place value ten times that of the place value of the digit to its right. Natural numbers consist of positive integers or counting numbers (1,2,3, ) or, in some cases, non-negative numbers (0,1,2,3, ).

Integers is whole number (not a fraction) that can be positive, negative, or zero. Therefore, the numbers 10,0,-25, and 5,148 are all integer. unlike floating point numbers, integers can not have decimal place. When two integers are added, substracted, or multiplied, the result is also an integer. However, when one integer is divided into another, the result may be an integer or a fraction. For example : 6 divided by 3 equals 2, which is an integer, but 6 divided by 4 equals 1,5, which contains a fraction. Decimal number may either be rounded or truncated to produce an integer result.

INTEGERS

RATIONAL NUMBERS
A rational number is a number that can be expressed as a fraction with an integer numerator and a non-zero natural number denominator. Fractions are written as two numbers, the numerator and the denominator, with a dividing bar between them. In the fraction written mn .

A rational number is a number that can be in the form p/q where p and q are integers and q is not equal to zero.
A rational number is a number which can be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Non-integer rational numbers (commonly called fractions) are usually written as a/b, where b is not zero.

a real numbers is a number that can be written as a terminating or non terminating decimal, a rational or irrational number. The numbers 2, -12.5, 3/ , and pi ( ) are all real numbers. 7 is a value that represents a quantity along a continum, such as 5 (an integer), 3/4 (a rational number that is not an integer), 8.6 (a rational number expressed in decimal representation), and pi (3.1415926535..., an irrational number). Real numbers are commonly opposed both to integers, such as 5 (whole numbers that express discrete rather than continuous quantities) and complex numbers (mathematical constructs that include real numbers as a special case).

REAL NUMBERS

Real numbers can be divided into rational numbers, such as 42 and 23/129, and irrational numbers, such as pi and the square root of two. A real number can be given by an infinite decimal representation, such as 2.4871773339..., where the digits continue indefinitely. The real numbers are sometimes thought of as points on an infinitely long number line. The type of number we normally use, such as 1, 15.82, -0.1, 3/4, etc Positive or negative, large or small, whole numbers or decimal numbers are all Real Numbers. They are called "Real Numbers" because they are not imaginary numbers.

A complex number is a number consisting of a real and imaginary part. It can be written in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is the standard imaginary unit with the property i 2 = 1.[1] The complex numbers contain the ordinary real numbers, but extend them by adding in extra numbers and correspondingly expanding the understanding of addition and multiplication. This ultimately led to the fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field, where any polynomial equation has a root.

COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex numbers are used in a number of fields, including: engineering, electromagnetism, quantum physics, applied mathematics, and chaos theory. When the underlying field of numbers for a mathematical construct is the field of complex numbers, the name usually reflects that fact. Examples are complex analysis, complex matrix, complex polynomial, and complex Lie algebra.

Computable Numbers
Moving to problems of computation, the computable numbers are determined in the set of the real numbers. The computable numbers, also known as the recursive numbers or the computable reals, are the real numbers that can be computed to within any desired precision by a finite, terminating algorithm. Equivalent definitions can be given using -recursive functions, Turing machines or -calculus as the formal representation of algorithms. The computable numbers form a real closed field and can be used in the place of real numbers for many, but not all, mathematical purposes.

Others types
Hyperreal and hypercomplex numbers are used in non-standard analysis. The hyperreals, or nonstandard reals (usually denoted as *R), denote an ordered field which is a proper extension of the ordered field of real numbers R and which satisfies the transfer principle. This principle allows true first order statements about R to be reinterpreted as true first order statements about *R. Superreal and surreal numbers extend the real numbers by adding infinitesimally small numbers and infinitely large numbers, but still form fields.

The p-adic numbers may have infinitely long expansions to the left of the decimal point in the same way that real numbers may have infinitely long expansions to the right. The number system which results depends on what base is used for the digits: any base is possible, but a system with the best mathematical properties is obtained when the base is a prime number. For dealing with infinite collections, the natural numbers have been generalized to the ordinal numbers and to the cardinal numbers. The former gives the ordering of the collection, while the latter gives its size. For the finite set, the ordinal and cardinal numbers are equivalent, but they differ in the infinite case. A relation number is defined as the class of relations consisting of all those relations that are similar to one member of the class.

There are also other sets of numbers with specialized uses. Some are subsets of the complex numbers. For example, algebraic numbers are the roots of polynomials with rational coefficients. Complex numbers that are not algebraic are called transcendental numbers. An even number is an integer that is "evenly divisible" by 2, i.e., divisible by 2 without remainder; an odd number is an integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. (The old-fashioned term "evenly divisible" is now almost always shortened to "divisible".) A formal definition of an odd number is that it is an integer of the form n = 2k + 1, where k is an integer. An even number has the form n = 2k where k is an integer.

Specific uses

A perfect number is defined as a positive integer which is the sum of its proper positive divisors, that is, the sum of the positive divisors not including the number itself. Equivalently, a perfect number is a number that is half the sum of all of its positive divisors, or (n) = 2 n. The first perfect number is 6, because 1, 2, and 3 are its proper positive divisors and 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. The next perfect number is 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. The next perfect numbers are 496 and 8128 (sequence A000396 in OEIS). These first four perfect numbers were the only ones known to early Greek mathematics. A figurate number is a number that can be represented as a regular and discrete geometric pattern (e.g. dots). If the pattern is polytopic, the figurate is labeled a polytopic number, and may be a polygonal number or a polyhedral number. Polytopic numbers for r = 2, 3, and 4 are: P2(n) = 12 n(n + 1) (triangular numbers) P3(n) = 16 n(n + 1)(n + 2) (tetrahedral numbers) P4(n) = 124 n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) (pentatopic numbers)

Classify according to number type; some numbers may be of more than one type. 0.45 This is a terminating decimal, so it can be written as a fraction: 45/100 = 9/20. Since this fraction does not reduce to a whole number, then it's not an integer or a natural. And everything is a real, so the answer is: rational, real 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510... You probably recognize this as being pi, though this may be more decimal places than you customarily use. The point, however, is that the decimal does not repeat, so pi is an irrational. And everything (that you know about so far) is a real, so the answer is: irrational, real 3.14159 Don't let this fool you! Yes, you often use something like this as an approximation of pi, but it isn't pi! This is a rounded decimal approximation, and, since this approximation terminates, this is actually a rational, unlike pi which is irrational! The answer is: rational, real 10 Obviously, this is a counting number. That means it is also a whole number and an integer. Depending on the text and teacher (there is some inconsistency), this may also be counted as a rational, which technically-speaking it is. And of course it's also a real. The answer is: natural, whole, integer, rational (possibly), real 5/ 3 This is a fraction, so it's a rational. It's also a real, so the answer is: rational, real 1 2 /3 This can also be written as 5/3, which is the same as the previous problem. The answer is: rational, real sqrt(81) Your first impulse may be to say that this is irrational, because it's a square root, but notice that this square root simplifies: sqrt(81) = 9, which is just an integer. The answer is: integer, rational, real 9/ 3 This is a fraction, but notice that it reduces to 3, so this may also count as an integer. The answer is: integer (possibly), rational, real

Examples
a. Natural numbers : 5+5= Fill in the missing number : ___ ten and 7 ones = 17 Between 9, _____, 11 Ans : 10 (for all question)

b. Whole numbers : Write the number below in words Eg : 4 159 Ans : Four thousand one-hundred and fifty nine
Write each in expanded form Eg : 517 249 ans : 500 000 + 10 000 + 7 000 + 200 + 40 + 9

c. Integers Is 8 positive or negative? ans : yes, positive What is the magnitude of 87? a.100 b.97 c.87 ans :c. 87 What is 5 - 8? a. 13 b.3 c.-3 d. -13 ans :c. -3

d. Rational numbers Is 3.2 a rational number? Is -5.321671 a rational number? ans : yes (for all question)

e. Real numbers |8| The number enclosed within the absolute value bars is a nonnegative number so the first part of the definition applies. This part says that the absolute value of 8 is 8 itself |-3| The number enclosed within absolute value bars is a negative number so the second part of the definition applies. This part says that the absolute value of 3 is the opposite of 3, which is (3). By the doublenegative property, (3)=3. |3|=3

f. Complex numbers Simplify 9

9 = 2 2 2 2 = (-1)(-1)(-1)(-1) =
Find -49 -49 = -1 49 = 7

ENDING
number was classified according to the utility's own numbers. each number has an explanation in accordance with the part. turned out to not only learn the number sekdar adding and subtracting or dividing and multiplying numbers only. many explanations, and from which all numbers can be formed into integer, prime, fractional, integral, decimal and more. Thus the classification number that can be explained, may be understood and we all know about the various numbers and usefulness.

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