Lecture - 2 Introduction To Steel Structures

N-W.F.P.
University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar
1
Design of Steel Structures
CE-411
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and
Technology Peshawar
2
By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk
Lecture 02: Introduction to Steel
Structures
CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan

3
Topics to be Covered
What is Steel?
Mention of Iron in Holy Quran
Steel Making process
Treatments and processes affecting steel
properties
Mechanical properties of Structural Steel


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What is Steel?
Steel is an alloy in which iron is mixed with
carbon and other elements.
An Alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more elements, at least one of which is a
metal, and where the resulting material has
metallic properties.
An Alloy usually has different properties
(sometimes significantly different) from
those of its components.


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Iron is mentioned in the Holy Quran 6 times:
1. Surah Bani Israil (17:50)
2. Surah Al Kahf ( 18: 96)
3. Surah Al Anbiya.. (21:22)
4. Surah Saba (34:10)
5. Surah Qaf (50:22)
6. Surah Al-Hadid (57:25)
CE-411: Lecture 02 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
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Al-Hadeed (Sura 57:25)

We have indeed sent Our messengers with clear proofs, and sent
down with them the book and the balance, so that people may
uphold equity. And we sent down iron in which there is strong
power, and benefits for the people; and (We did it) so that ALLAH
knows who helps Him and his messengers without seeing (Him).
Surely ALLAH is Strong, Mighty.
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Steel Making Process
http://www.tatasteel.com/products-and-processes/processes/steel-making-process.asp

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Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace

Iron (III) Oxide + Carbon Monoxide Iron + Carbon Dioxide
Fe2O3(s) +3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s)+3 CO2(g) (At 1500
o
C)

Calcium Carbonate Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
CaCO3(s) CaO(s)+CO2(g)
This oxide helps to remove some of the
acidic impurities from the ore


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Calcium Oxide (g) + Silica (s) Calcium Silicate (l)
CaO(s) + SiO2(s) CaSiO3 (l)

The metal that leaves the Blast Furnace contains between 4%
and 5% Carbon and is brittle. This carbon and other impurities
are removed in the next step.

Chemical Reactions in Blast Furnace

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Removal of Impurities by Oxidation
o The Bessemer process named after its
Inventor Henry Bessemer who invented
the process in 1855

o The key principle is removal of excess
carbon and impurities by injection of
oxygen through molten iron

o Oxidizing excess carbon and impurities
also keeps the metal molten.

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Making Steel Rolled Shapes

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Treatments and Processes Affecting
Steel Properties

o Quenching
Quenching refers to heating steel to below a critical
temperature, holding that temperature and then rapidly
cooling it in a desirable medium such as air water or oil to
obtain desired hardness property.


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Steel Properties

o Tempering
Tempering refers to heating steel above a critical
temperature, then cooling it rapidly to freeze it in a very
hard state followed by rewarming it to an intermediate
temperature to give a hardness suitable for the job
intended.


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o Annealing
Heating (usually up to 1150
o
F) followed by
cooling of steel in solid state to relieve the
residual stresses and to enhance ductility.

Steel Properties

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o Killed Steel
It indicates that the steel has been completely
deoxidized by the addition of an agent such as
silicon or aluminum, before casting, so that there
is practically no evolution of gas during
solidification. These are characterized by a high
degree of chemical homogeneity and freedom
from porosity.

Steel Properties

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o Rimmed Steel
A low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to give
a continuous evolution of carbon monoxide while the
ingot is solidifying. Incomplete oxidation allows the metal
at the top of the ingot to remain liquid while solidifying in
formation of a bottom and side rim of virtually pure iron of
considerable thickness virtually free of voids. Sheet and
strip products made from rimmed steel ingots have very
good surface quality.
Steel Properties

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o Work Hardening
An increase in strength and hardness attained by
stressing the steel to cause plastic deformations at lower
temperatures.
Steel Properties

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Effect of Carbon percentage
on Steel Properties
o Carbon has a major effect on steel properties. Carbon is the
primary hardening element in steel. Hardness and tensile
strength increases as carbon content increases up to about
0.85%.

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Type of Steel %age of Carbon
Mild Steel Up to 0.25%
Medium Carbon Steel 0.25% to 0.45%
High Carbon Steel 0.45% to 1.50%
Adding metals such as nickel, chromium, and
tungsten to iron produces a wide range of alloy
steels, including stainless steel and high speed
steels.
Effect of Carbon percentage
on Steel Properties

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Mechanical Properties of
Structural Steels

o Most widely used standards for structural
materials are American Society for Testing &
Materials (ASTM) Standards.
o ASTM specifications for structural steels
generally identify the Process by which steel
is to be made, chemical composition, and
tensile requirements.

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Structural Steels
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o Yield strength is usually taken to be that stress which
leaves the specimen with a permanent set of 0.2%
when specimen is unloaded or stress corresponding to
0.5% elongation (strain)
Structural Steels

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o Yielding is a discontinuous
phenomenon.
o In tension test it begins with sudden
appearance in specimen of one or more
narrow slip bands called Flow Lines.
o Slip bands are plastic regions separated
by completely elastic regions.
Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels
Lecture 01 Prof. Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan
24
Stiffness: The resistance of structural
component to deformation.

Material
Length
X-Section

Mechanical properties
of structural steel
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Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.

Mechanical properties of
structural steel
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Stiffness: Variation with Geometry and Material.

structural steel
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Strength: The max load which a structure or
structural component can resist.

Toughness: The ability of a structure or
structural component to absorb energy.

Fatigue is a progressive, localized permanent
damage under fluctuating repeated stress.
structural steel
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structural steel
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Material A is more Stiffer but less Tougher than Material C
Material A has more strength than Material C
structural steel

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o Specification A6 outlines general requirements for Rolled
Steel plates, shapes, sheet piling, and Bars for structural
use.

o Specification A370 outlines the procedures for Mechanical
testing of steel products.

o Standard specimen called Coupons cut from shapes, are
used in tensile test to establish properties of material.

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Composition & Property
ASTM A36 Mild
(low-carbon)
steel
ASTM A572
Grade 50 steel
Minimum
Properties
Ultimate Tensile Strength, psi 58,000 - 79,800 65,000 min
Yield Strength, psi 36,300 50,000 min.
Elongation 20.0% 18% min
Chemistry
Iron (Fe) 99% 98%
Carbon (C) 0.26% 0.23%
Manganese (Mn) 0.75% 1.35%
Copper (Cu) 0.2% --
Phosphorus (P) 0.04% max 0.04%
Sulfur (S) 0.05% max 0.05%
Silicon -- 0.4%
Vanadium and Columbium -- 0.02 0.15
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Comparison of Mechanical Properties
Wrought Iron and Steel
Property Wrought Iron Steel
Elastic
Modulus
190Gpa
(27Mpsi)
190 210 GPa
(27-30 Mpsi)
Yield Strength 210 MPa
(30ksi)
280-1600 MPa
(40-232ksi)
Ultimate
Strength
340 Mpa
(49ksi)
340- 1900 MPa
(49-275ksi)
% Elongation 35 3- 40

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Types of Steel Shapes
Standard Rolled Shapes

34
Properties of Steels Used for
Buildings and Bridges

35

36

37
Uses of Various Steels

38
Uses of Various Steels

39
Primarily occur as:
Chord Members in trusses:
In diagonal bracing in bracing systems;
Cable elements in suspension roofs, main cables of
suspension bridges and suspenders.
Types of steel structures
Tension Members

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Typical Tension Members

41
Primarily occur as:
Columns in buildings;
Chord Members in trusses and diagonal members
in end panels of trusses
Stability is an important consideration in design and
behavior of compression members
Area is generally spread out to maximize Radius of
Gyration
Compression Members

42
Typical Compression Members

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Primarily loaded transverse to the longitudinal axis and resist
loading by flexure
X-sectional area is located as far from the neutral axis as is
practical
Commonly W shapes are used in most cases
For deeper beams I-shaped sections made by welding plates
are commonly used
For smaller loads and spans open-web joists are commonly
used
Instability due to lateral Torsional Buckling is an important
consideration
Beam Members

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Typical Beam Members
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Typical Beam Members (Contd.)
Economical & popular for Roof & floor framing.
Bar joist are supported by bearing walls or steel girders.
Floor of thin concrete reinforced in both directions with
rebars or welded wire fabric.
Open-Web Steel J oist

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Difference between W
and S shapes
W shape: Have wide flanges, efficient in resisting moments so used primarily as beams
S shape: Have wide webs, efficient in resisting shear (used in the past as railway tracks)

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Symbolic Representation of
Various shapes
W30x90:
W represents shape of the section, I section in this case
30 is the depth of the section in inches
90 is the nominal weight in lb per ft
L3x2x1/2
L represents shape of the section, angle
3 is the length of one leg, inches
2 is the length of the other leg, inches
is the thickness of the angle, inches


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Classical Skeleton framing
Steel truss
Rigid frames
Arches
Domes
Cable supported Roofs
49
Classical system supported by beams,
girders and columns.
Beams: W or S shapes, Channel shapes
for roof purlins.
Columns: generally W shapes
Classical skeleton framing

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Classical skeleton framing
51
Triangular rigid
structure
Most common
double pitched roof
trusses:
Fink & Pratt.
Most common flat
trusses: Pratt
&Warren
Steel trusses

52
Steel trusses

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No span limit
Often prefabricated
Used with wood or steel purlins to
support the roof.
Bracing: if resting on masonry walls:
Diagonal bracing in alternate bays
Continuous struts(angles, channels)
Steel trusses

54
Truss Bridge
Built-up Members
Steel trusses: Example of steel truss with built up members

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Steel trusses

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For large unobstructed floor areas and ceiling
heights.
Spans generally 40ft to 100ft
Members are connected by bolting and welding
Members: W shapes or web plates fillet welded to
flange plates
Connection to foundation with a base plate(bolted)
Rigid Frame

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Rigid Frame

58
Braced Frame

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Used in field houses, exhibition halls, with span
over 300ft
Most common type: three hinged arch
Steel arch structures
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Lateral bracing;
Diagonal bracing in curved surfaces between arches
Lateral bracing of ribs with purlins or trussed purlins.
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Used for large circular areas: Assembly
halls, gymnasium, field houses.
Spans up to 400ft in diameter
Structural members:
Perimeter (Tension ring)
Domes and rings are supported by columns
braced laterally or by bearing walls
Purlins supports the roof deck and span between
ribs
Steel Domes
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Steel Domes
64
Steel Domes

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Chicago OHare International Airport Restaurant
Reinforced concrete compression ring 190dia
Ring is supported on 26 RCC columns 58ft above ground
Tension ring W-shape 13 dia
Sag of cables 10.5
Ends of cables are anchored to the two rings
Roof deck: precast RCC slabs 3.5 thick which fit between
cables with projecting ends of reinforcement hooking over the
cables.

Cable supported roof

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67

68
Eiffel Tower, Paris
The Worlds tallest
structure at
times(990ft).
Was originally built
to last 20 years.
Examples of Famous steel
structures

69
James R. Thompson
Center, Chicago
The building is enclosed by 17
story curtain walls.
The diameter of rotunda is 160ft
The rotunda projects as a cylinder
and its top resembles a drum
without a dome slanting towards
plaza.
Office spaces are between
rotundas walls and outer skin
structures

70
The Geodesic Dome at Walt Disney World
Spaceship earth is a huge golf ball,
standing 180 ft.
The structure is designed to withstand
wind speeds of 200 mph
Structure: steel framing clad with
faceted aluminum panels, and stands
on 3 pairs of steel legs.
Site was mostly swamp, filled with
much, organic material with 95% water
content.
As a solution, 2.5 million cubic yards of
soil was removed and replaced by
clean material
structures

71
Indoor Football Facility,
University of Illinois, Urbana
The roof structure is
semi-parabolic dome
A large single arched
box truss spans the
length of the field and
supports 1/2 of roof
load.
structures

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110 Stories Tall
Total Height = 1725 ft
Based on revolutionary Bundled
Tube Design
Rigid outer walls act as walls of
hollow tube
There are 9 tubes in all
The number of tubes reduces with
height
Designed by late Fazl-ur-Rehman
from Bangladesh
Supported by 114 piles

structures

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