CS3500

Computer Graphics
Module: Projective Geometry
P. J. Narayanan
Spring 2005

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Projective Geometry of the Plane

Points represented by: T
.





Consider the line equation: .








Rewrite as:
















Lines are represeted by 3-vectors, just like points. Scale

is unimportant.
Line equation: . Describes all points incident on




line or all lines passing through point !!



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Points at Infinity
represents T
.












What happens when ?

Becomes point at infinity or ideal or vanishing point

Points at infinity can be handled like any other in

projective geometry.

are all points at infinity on the plane.

T


They together form a line at infinity.

What is its representation? [0 0 1]T



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View of Projective Representation

represent rays from origin in a 3-space.


Any cross section perpendicular to the axis can

describe the plane.

Ideal points lie on the plane.



Lines are planes passing through the origin.

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Line Joining 2 Points

Let be two points. We have: .




Considering them as vectors in 3-space, we want to find

a vector orthogonal to both and .



The cross-product is a solution. Thus, .


Long route: .
  
 


 




 




















T
.


 

















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Line between and : T



























T
. Same as .




Ideal point of line 

T
is T
.





Line joining T
and T
is: T
, the line at









infinity.

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December 02, 2004

.
Point of Intersection of 2 Lines

 

T

















 

intersect in a point with

 













 

. And,



 

















.






Two lines





 





 

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Intersection of and : T
.

























Same as .

 



Intersection of and : T
.



















Ideal point of line T
is T
.



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Conics: Second Order Entities

General quadratic entity: .









Rewrite using homogeneous coordinates as:
.















Rewrite as: T


 

























A symmetric represents a conic: T . 






Covers circle, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, etc.
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Properties of Conics
gives the tangent line to the conic at .





Dual conic: conic defined by its tangent lines!

T
where is the adjoint matrix of .





If is non-singular, -1
.

Point of tangency of and is given due











to symmetry.

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Projective Transformations
A general non-singular matrix transforms points to


other points. Overall scale of is unimportant.
gives the transformed point.





gives the transformed line.



is the transformed conic.







Linearity is preserved. collinear if are.










Such a transformation is called:
collineation, homography, projective transformation.

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Isometric Transformation
Transformations of the form, with :























Includes rotations, translations, reflections.

Preserves distance measurements, angles, parallelism,

etc.

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Similarity Transformations
Transformations of the form for nonzero :




















Includes rotations, translations, uniform scaling

Preserves angles, parallelism, ratio of distances.

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Affine Transformations
Transformations of the form:










Includes rotations, translations, nonuniform scaling,
shearing, etc.

Preserves parallelism, ratio of lengths of parallel lines,

ratio of areas, centroid.

Points and lines at infinity map to themselves.

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Projective Transformation
Any general matrix .

Represents a very general transformations.

Finite points can map to ideal points and vice versa.

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End of Class 5

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