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Morrel
Subject: Physics
The Atom -
Rutherford's model -
Most of the alpha particles pass straight through the gold sheet with
deflections of only 1 or 2 degrees this would be predicted with every model.
However some of the deflections were much longer with around 1 in 8000
deflections being greater than 90 degrees. This can only be explained by
Rutherford’s nuclear model of the atom. Rutherford’s theory proved because firing
positive atoms at positive atoms means that it would repel back.
Symbol- proton = P or H
- Neutron = N
- Electron = e
- Beta particle = B or e
- Alpha particle = A or He
Isotopes – atoms having the same proton number but different nucleon number
(number of neutrons).
Particle physics-
Q = charge B = baryon number L = lepton number (every particle has an
antiparticle - you can tell because there is always a line above the original sign
e.g. B) P
Particle physics diagram -
(An anti-quark is the same letter but it has a line above it)
Leptons -
(Tau neutrino = Ve)
There is also beta + - decay where it is the opposite - a proton changes into a
neutron!
Exchange particles - responsible for the forces between particles - also known as
force mediators and Gauge bosons.
The fundamental forces of nature -
Weak interaction--------- W+ W- and Zo bosons
Strong interaction--------gluons
Gravity---------------------graviton
Electromagnetic--------------photons (gamma)
Feynman diagrams - illustrate the exchange of vector bosons when particles react
Rutherford’s model of the atom -
- Problems - the electron will eventually spiral into the nucleus -
Equations -
EV = J = energy volts = joules
1.6x10 to -19 1.6x10 to -19
F= c = frequency = speed
λ Wavelength
W= E = power = energy
T time
En = 1 = energy (number) = 1
N² number ²
e=hf ^ (above) = the larger the energy transition the greater the frequency
and the smaller the wavelength
Work function = planks Constant x frequency – energy
Threshold frequency = work function / planks constant
Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34
Ek max = HF – ø = planks constant x frequency – work function
Speed = speed of light (3 x 10 to 8)
Refraction - change in speed of light when it moves from one medium to another.
N1, sin01 = N2, sin02 C1 = sin01= N2= 1N2 (refractive index of medium 2)
C2 sin02 N1
Critical angle -
Sin C = N2/N1
Scalar quantity – has magnitude (size) only e.g. mass, time, distance, speed,
energy
Vector quantity – has magnitude AND direction e.g. velocity, force (including
weight) displacement, momentum and acceleration.
Speed and velocity -
1. 5N + 10N = 15N
2. 10N – 5N = 5N
Questions –
1. Starting from rest, a bus accelerates to a speed of 8ms-1 after 10s. What is its
average acceleration? –
- a = (v – u)/ T -a= (8 – 0)/ 10 - a = 0.8ms-2
2. A sprinter has an acceleration of 5ms-2 during the first 2 secs of a race. What
velocity does she reach? –
- V = u + aT - V = 0+ 5 x 2 - V = 10ms-1
3. A train slows down from 60ms-1 to 20ms-1 in 50 secs. What is its acceleration?
- a = (v – U)/T - a = (20 – 60) / 50 - a = 0.8ms-2
Time graphs -
Projectile motion –
Ek = ½ x M (kg) x V2 (ms-1)
e.g. -
Law of conservation of momentum – The momentum of a system remains
constant provided there are no resultant external forces acting on the system.
E.g. if a ball is kicked, considering friction is not there, it will travel at constant
speed.
Another example –
Momentum has to remain 0 if there are no external forces acting upon it and it is
still moving
E.g. a space shuttle.
Energy – the principle of conservation energy says that the total amount of
energy in any isolated system is constant - Ek = ½ x m x v2
Specific heat capacity – the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1Kg of a substance by 1 degree (1Kalvin)
Change in state –
Melting /fusion evaporating/boiling
Solid liquid vapour (gas)
Freezing condensation
Solid liquid vapour (gas)
Heat required to change the state not cause a change in temperature – LATANT
HEAT
Specific Latent heat of fusion/ vaporisation = the heat required to change the
state of 1Kg of a substance from solid to liquid/ liquid to vapour without a change
in temperature.
The ideal gas laws –
2. Charles Law – for a given mass of gas at constant pressure the volume V in
directly proportional to its thermodynamic temperature. Volume is proportional
to temperature
Absolute zero is where the motion of molecules stop – no K.E (-273 degrees)
3. The pressure Law – The pressure of a fixed gas is directly proportional to its
thermodynamic temperature. Provided it’s at a constant volume.
Kinetic theory –
Molar mass –
1 mol of 12C has a mass of 12g
1 mol of 16O has a mass of 16g Mass of gas = no. of moles x molar mass
Temperature of a gas-
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal
gas.