HISTOLOGY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONSISTS :
• THE AIR CONDUCTING PART FOR THE
MOVEMENT OF AIR IN AND OUT OF LUNGS.
CONSIST OF NASAL CAVITIES, PHARYNX,
LARYNX, TRACHEA,
BRONCHI,BRONCHIOLES
• THE RESPIRATORY PORTION
WHERE THE CO2 AND O2 EXCHANGE
ALVEOLI,
FUNCTIONS AIR CONDUCTION ZONE :
1. CONDUCT AIR TO ALVEOLI FOR EXCANGE
OF CO2 DISSOLVED IN THE BLOOD WITH O2
IN THE INSPIRED AIR
2. ABSORB WATER SOLUBLE, HARMFUL
GASES, BACTERIA - MUCUS
3. REMOVES AIR DEBRIS – CILLIARY ACTION
4. TRANSPORT GASES (CO2 AND O2)
5. AIR CONDITIONING FOR INSPIRED AIR –
CAPILLARY
6. MOISTENING - MUCUS
 NASAL CAVITIES
• NASAL CAVITIES IS LINED WITH
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED
EPITHELIUM (VESTIBULE, RESPIRATORY),
NEUROSENSORY, SUPPORT, BASAL CELLS
(OLFACTORY)
• SWEAT, SEBACEOUS GLANDS ( VESTIBULE)
SEROMUCOUS GLANDS, GOBLET CELLS
(RESPIRATORY), SEREOUS GLANDS
(OLFACTORY)
• FEW SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS IN VESTIBULE
PHARYNX
NASOPHARYNX
• THE EPITHELIUM IS PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM
• THE FIBROELASTIC LAMINA PROPIA IS
INFILTRATED WITH ABUNDANT LYMPHOID
TISSUE, MUCOUS AND SEROUS GLANDS,
SCATTERED GOBLET CELLS

ORALPHARYNX
• STRATIFIED SQUAMOSE
• FEW SEROMUCOUS GLANDS
LARYNX
• ANTERIOR : STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
• POSTERIOR : PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
COLUMNAR CILIATED
EPITHELIUM
• SEROUS AND MUCUS GLANDS
TRACHEA AND PRIMARY BRONCHI
IN CROSS SECTION, THEY PRESENT
FOUR LAYERS :
• MUCOSA
THE EPITHELIUM IS PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
COLUMNAR CILIATED – BASAL LAMINA
MANY GOBLET CELLS – TRACHEA
FEWER GOBLET CELLS – P BRONCHI
LAMINA PROPIA : LYMPHOCYTES
• SUBMUCOSA
CONTAINS LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE,
MUCOUS AND SEROUS GLANDS, WHOSE
DUCTS PENETRATE THE MUCOSA.
• AN INCOMPLETE MUSCULARIS
• ADVETITIA
THINCK COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE
TISSUE,
IT CONTAINS LARGE C-SHAPED HYALINE
CARTILAGE RINGS IN TRACHEA - THE
INVOLUNTARY TRACHEALIS MUSCLE.
8-10 BROKEN RING IN EACH BRONCHUS -
UNNAMED SMOOTH MUSCLE THAT JOIN
THE PARTIAL RINGS IN THE PRIMARY
BRONCHI
TRACHEA
E : epithelium
BV : blood vessels
SM : sub mucosa
Pc : perichondrium
CR : C-ring
N : nerves
AC : adipose cells
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHI/SECONDARY
• RIGHT PRIMARY BRONCHUS DEVIDE INTO
THREE AND LEFT INTO TWO SECONDARY
BRONCHI
• SECONDARY BRONCHI UNDERGO
DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING – TERTIARY
BRONCHI
• PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED –
S BRONCHI, SIMPLE COLUMNAR – T BRONCHI
• PLATES OF CARTILAGE DIMINISH IN SIZE
AND NUMBER
• CICULAR BAND OF SMOOTH MUSCLE –
BETWEEN CARTILAGE PLATE AND MUCOSA
• GOBLET CELLS – LESS
• EPHITEL BECOME SIMPLE COLUMNAR WITH
FEWER CILLIA – T BRONCHI
• REDUCED SEROUS MUCOUS GLANDS
SECTION OF A LUNG
RB : respiratory bronchiole
TB : terminal bronchiole
B : bronchiole
LN : lymphatic nodules
BV : blood vessels
HC : hyaline cartilage
IB : intrapulmonary bronchus
SM : smooth muscle
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
BRONCHIOLES
• ABSENCE OF CARTILAGENOUS PLATES
• INCREASE IN RELATIVE SIZE – CIRCULAR
SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS
• MANY NON CILLIATED CELLS
• SIMPLE COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM.
• TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES – FINAL
SEGMENT OF BRONCHIOLES, LOW
CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM, LACKING GOBLET
CELLS, MANY NON CILLIATED
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLE
E : epithelium
CC : clara cells
TB : terminal bronchiole
RB : respiratory bronchiole
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
RESPIRATORY ZONE
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE
• THE TRANSITIONAL STRUCTURE
SEPARATING THE CONDUCTING ZONE FROM
THE RESPIRATORY PART
• THE MUCOSA = TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES,
EXCEPT THAT THE WALL IS INTERRUPTED
BY RESPIRATORY ALVEOLI
• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL, FEWER CILLIATED
CELLS, NO GOBLET CELLS
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE
CC : clara cells
L : lumen
A : alveoli
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).
ALVEOLAR DUCTS AND SACS–NO MUSCLE
• RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLE DIVIDE INTO
SEVERAL ALVEOLAR DUCT (LOW CUBOIDAL OR
SIMPLE SQUAMOUSE)
• DISTAL ALVEOLAR DUCT-ALVEOLAR SAC (THIN
SIMPLE SQUAMOUSE)
ALVEOLAR DUCT
A : alveoli
AD : alveolar ducts
AS : alveolar sacs
E : epithelium
(Gartner, L.P & Hiatt, J.L, 2006).