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Famous Leaders in The 20th Century
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Famous Leaders in The 20th Century (Karen version)
Drum Publication Group

P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand
drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org
September, 2008
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ISBN 978-974-362-323-3
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eJvpX.rh'Jv. (Nelson Mandela) 11
tJvHeX.%k;pbJ; (Eleanor Roosevelt) 16
'hbh;bJ(ef)ul&H,X> (David Ben-Gurion) 21
rg}uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX. (Margaret Higgin Sanger) 25
vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p. (Lech Walesa) 30
_zJ;cvh(ef)'H>vJed.%k;pbJ; (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 35
bsJ;'HrX>vJM>(ef) (Vladimir Lenin) 42
oH.,d.'d%k;pbJ; (Theodore Roosevelt) 50
rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.(Margaret Thatcher) 56
r[.'r;u.'H> (Mahatama Gandhi) 64
yRyRuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*R (Pope John Paul II) 71
0hpxX.cFX;cFŒ(vf) (Winston Churchill) 77
rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD; (Mikhail Gorbachev) 82
rg,.xdv.cd.rHeH. (Ayatollah Khomeini) 87
[dcFH.rh (Ho Chi Minh) 91
rD.pH.wd (Mao Zedong) 101
t'd;(zf)[h;wvX> (Adolf Hitler) 110
&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef) (Ronald Wilson Reagan) 119
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zJ 1988 eH.tylR< uGJR[lzsgySRxXw>upD.vJRxH.vdmoHuG>oH’d;uF‹(rfpf)

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=10=
]]vX,xH,uD>tylRM.tqduwX>yvDRb.qlCmd ylR0HRr;yuJx.D uD>cd.M.vDRI}}

"In my country we go to prison first and then become President."
]]w>vRuyDRt'd.uwX>vXyw>td.rltylRM.wrh>w>wvDRCHReDwbsMD .b.I A
rh>0Jy*JRqXxX.xDbzd yJ vDRCHRwbsvD >v>M.vDRI}}
"The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling,
but in rising every time we fall."
]]w>obVwzS.H w0mpH;w>M.wtd.b.I}}
"There is no such thing as part freedom."
eJvpX.rh'Jv.A(1918=AAA )
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uhRuvkm’l.tgzkt’H.rd.u&h.pH.oElM.vDRI t0J
b.vDRqlCmd ylRvX 27eH.twD>ylR0HR’D;*JRvdmu’D;w>
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1918 eH.vg,lRvH 18 oDteHRM.vDRI ySR,k>M>trHRvX&dvhv.vgrh’J
v. (Rolihlahla Mandela) M.vDRI ty>< [Je&H. (Henry) rh>ySR[h.ul.
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w>xk;xD.tDRohvXtrh> ?ySRrRwXxD.wXvDRw>/ M.vDRI twDRzk.uFd
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rHRvXtrh> ?eJvpX./ M.vDRI
=11=
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rRph>uD;cdcd.tw>zH;w>rRt*Rwz.M.vDRI zJty>pl;uGHmto;tcgb.
w>uG>xGu J [ku,muhRtDRvXbl;wH>vXttd.'D;tpdurDRvXtrh>xJbl
(Thembu) uvkmySRyXw>cX.p;M.vDRI b.q.t0J[;xD.vXzD;[J(&f)
(Fort Hare) rH;±SX.cDvh.uFd ‘D;zJM.t0Jy.CkmrRoud;w>vXuFdzdtw>yl
xD.xD’gySR0gzH;zdtw>u&Xu&drRvJ>tD.uD>tw>yXM.vDRI t0J’k;td.
xD.’D;*JRvdmw>vXeD>up>’D;’Duvkmtw>xl.zsJ;t*D>M.vDRI
eJvpX.rh’Jv.’d;M>w>ul.b.ul.ohvX0H;0DxX.p}xJzF.pdrdR (Univers-
ity of Witwaterstrand) ‘D;zsdxD.0JvXw>bsXoJp;wuyRzJ 1942 eH.M.
vDRI t0Jp;xD.EkmvDRrRoud;w>vXtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J; (African
National Congress–ANC) vXtrh>uvkm’l.tgzkt. J uvkmtw>[l; w>
*JRwzkvXt*JRvdmrRtd.xD.xH±>l uD>oJ;tw>qDwvJvXuvHRxH;tR_zRH
uRtylRM.vDRI
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xD.0J?w>eDRz;ySRolz;H 0gzH;tqXoEl/tzDvpH. rhwrh> 'k;td.xD.ql.w>
eDRz;uvkmtqXw>rRM.vDRI rhr>h tR_zRH uR’DuvkmcDu&J;wcDp;xD.[;
0hR0DR’k;td.xD.w>yX>qXvXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;’D;xD’gw>eDRz;u
vkmtqXoEltw>od.w>oDwz.M.vDRI zJ 1952 eH.tylReJvpX.rh’J
v.uJxD.0JtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;tu&Xcd.cX.p;tusgw*RvDRI zJ
1950eH.wz.uwX>tcgcDzsv d Xt0Jo.h b.uG>qX.rJmy’d.tw>yJRz;eDR
z;’d.’d.rk>rk>tCdeJvpX.rh’Jv.’D;twHRoud;tdvH;bX>xJbd. (Oliver
Tambo) ‘D;ySRt*Rwz.p;xD.[l;*JRtgxD.0JvXw>bSDb.rR*hRxD.uhR
tR_zRH uR’DuvkmcDu&J;t*D>M.vDRI zJ 1956 eH.tylRw>vdmuG>D ymw>u
r.vXtzDcd.vXtrh>ySRvXtrR[;*DRuhRtxHtuD>'D;,d;u'guhRbDt
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-arpeville) tylRM.vDRI wuwD>CD<xHuD>y’d.xk;xD.&RvDR0J*h>*D>tlw>
td.o;tvHmbd;b.&RvDR’D;qduwD>0JtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;tu&X
M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdtR_zRH uR‘DuvkmcDu&J;tu&XtHRrRuwX>uGmH 0J
tzDvpH.vXtrh>w>*JRvdmw>vXwtd.’D;w>pkq.l cD.wu;’D;eJvpX.rh’J
v.’k;td.xD.pXRw>u&Xu&dtok;rk>wzkvXuuJxD.0JtR_zHRuR’Du
vkmcDu&J;tpk’k.wDR’D;ud;0JvX ?Umkhonto we Sizwe/ rhwrh> ?The
Spear of the Nation =’DuvkmtbD/ M.vDRI w>CkxXxD.tDRvXok;cd.
usX>tvD>tvR’D;t0J[;xD.qlu>D csX’fo;d uxD.ok;w>rRvd’;D Ckw>rR
pXRvXtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;t*D>M.vDRI
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1963 eH.tylRw>zD.eJvpX.rh’v J .’D;tR_zRH uR’DuvkmcDu&J;cd.e>t*R
wz.cDzsdtw>[l;*JRrRvDRySD>y’d.vXw>pkql.cD.wu;tusJtCdvDRI w
eH.CDtylRw>pH.nD.eJvpX.rh’Jv.vXub.vDRCdmwpdRto;M.vDRI
vXtu'Do'XvDRuhRto;t*D>vXtw>uwdRvXcHuwX>tylRpH;0JvX=
?zJ,td.rl’H;tcg,[h.vDR,o;vXw>*JRvdmw>vXySRtR_zHRuRzdt
*D>vDRI ,’k;xD’gySR0gzH;zdtw>’d.pd’d.urDR’D;,’k;xD’gph>uD;ySRolzH;zd
tw>’d.pd’d.urDRM.vDRI ,ym’d.ymxD’H.rd.u&h.pH.’D;ySRw0XvXt
td.’D;w>obVvXySRud;*R’J;utd.wylRCDClClzd;zd;’D;td.’D;w>cGJ;w>
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uwJmuwDRvH,o;vX,uoHt*D>M.vDRI/
t0Jb.w>wh>EkmvDRtDRqluD;&D;bJtCdm (Robben Island Prison) ylRvX

=13=
ttd.ol.vDRto;vXch;(zf)xD(ef) (Capetown) tyD.vJ.uX>cd.< ‘D;vX

cHuhRw>qSXu’D;tDRqlzl(vf)prl0X. (Pollsmoor) CdmylRvXuD>ylRM.vDRI
zJt0Jtd.vXCdmylRtqXuwD>t0JuJxD.0J[D.cd.’Dbh.w>xD’gw>eDRz;
ySRol zH;0gzH;tqXoEltw>yeD.wcgM.vDRI
ylRuGHmtgM>teH.cHqHvXCdmylRtqXuwD> eJvpX.rh’Jv.em0JvXvXw>
*h>t&h’d.weDReDRtylRcd.e>ub.qXwJmw>vXteD>up>'.0JtCdt0J
qXwJmvXu*JRvdmw>vXtoDwrHRvDRI cDzsdvXeJvpX.rh’Jv.tw>usJ;
pX;wz.tCdvXw>clol.tylRw>qSXtDRvXuvJRrRoud;w>qluD>cd.
t0JR’X;vXuwX.yD.oud;b.C;’D;wrh>xJvXw>uys>uGmH tDRt*D>b.<
b.q.wX.yD.ph>uD;w>*h>b.xGw J >uqDvv J md uhRxHu>D w>eDRz;ySRolz;H
0gzH;tqXoElql’H.rd.u&h.pH.oElM.vDRI cDzsdvXxHvD>uD>ylR’D;[D.cd.
bDrk>wz.tw>qD.oeH;tCdzJvgzhR-bLRtg&H. 2 oD< 1990 eH.teHRu
vHRxH;tR_zHRuRy’d.ys>uGHmeJvpX.rh’Jv.< ‘D;wuwD>CDxk;uGHm0Jtw>
}wDCmtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;M.vDRI zJ 1991 eH.< eJvpX.rh’Jv.uJ
xD.uhRtR_zHRuR’DuvkmcDu&J;tcd.te>w*RM.vDRI
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w>vRuyDRtcd.z;wylRCD’D;tJ(zf)’bsL.‘H>csX;(cf) (F.W. de Klerk) vX
trh>uvHRxH;tR_zHRuRtuD>cd.zJqXuwD>t0JM.M.vDRI rRu’D;weH.
uvHRxH;tR_zHRuRrR0Juvkm’l.tgzktw>CkxXtrl;tcD.xH;uwX>w
bsD’D;w>CkxXxD.eJvpX.rh’Jv.vXuuJxD.uD>cd.< ‘D;zJM.t0Jrh>ySRol
zH;zdvXtuJx.D uD>cd.tqduwX>w*RvDRI zJ 1998 eH.tylRt0Jzst D o;
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trgcH*Rw*RvXtrh>0He>H (Winnie)vXt0Jo.h zst D o;vX 1958 eH.w*R
wcDvDRz;’D;tDRvX 1996 eH.tylR’D;trgw*RtHRrh>ySRvXt[l;*JR’H;’.
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=14=
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eJvpX.rh’Jv.rRpXR’H;’.w>t*kRt*Roh.wz.tguvkm< vDRqD’.w>
w>xD’gw>qgth;pf (HIV/AIDS) M.vDRI zJ 2004 eH.tylRt0Jbd;b.&R
vDRvXt0Jutd.bSH;uhRvXtw>rRw>vXursX>t*D>tCdursX>wz.t
w>oh.ngtw>zH;w>rRpSRvDR0JuG‹>uG‹>M.vDRI
zJvg,lRvH 18 oD< 2007 eH.teHRM.eJvpX.rh’Jv.< }uJ>c;r;%SJ(vf)
(Graca Machel) ‘D;’J;(pf)rD(‘f)wlwl (Desmond Tutu) ymzSd.xD.o;’D;’k;
td.xD.0J[D.cd.’Dbh.cd.e>o;yS>tu&XvX0h>uFD[geJ;bX; (Johannesb -
urg) ‘fod;u[h.eDRvDRb.tw>ul.oh’D;tw>yXw>qSXvXtobV‘D;ym
zsgxD.[D.cd.’DzsX.w>*h>uDvXt’d.uwX>wz.M.vDRI zJtw>uwdR
vDRw>zJteHRtd.zsJ.qXuhRtrl; 89 bsDwbsDtrl;tqXuwD>eJvpX.rh’J
v.bd;b.oh.ng0J’.tu&XtoDwzktHRtd.xD.t*h>< vXtrh>ySRo;
yS>wz.tu&XM.vDRI
?u&XwzktHRwJw>vXw>obVtylRoh’D;wJw>vXw>o;clwvh>tylRoh
vDRI u&XtHRurRw>vXursX>trJmng’D;uzD.ysHR'D;rRw>vXw>td.o;
vXtvD>td.vXw>u[H;*h>0DtvD>cHvDRI yurRoud;w>wylRCDvXw>
rRpXR'D;’k;td.xD.w>ol.’lo;’lzJw>ysHRw>zk;td.0JtvD>< u’k;td.xD.
pXRw>o;vDRyvdmzJw>obH.bk.td.xD.tvD>< ‘D;’k;td.xD.w>rk>v>t
vD>zJw>o;[;*DRtd.0JtvD>M.vDR</ t*h>eJvpX.rh’Jv.wJzsgxD.0J’.
M.vDRI
zJ 2007 eH.vgtDul; 29 oDteHRzJ0h>vd’d.zgvHrJpuGJ (Parliament Squ-
-are) M.w>bSDxD.0JeJvpX.rh’Jv.t*DRpd;ysRM.vDRI
=15=
]]wb.ysyJ RS vXtwtd.'D;w>pdw>urDRvXuwJA]rh>}AvXuwJeR ]wrh>b.}Aw*hRI}}

"Never allow a person to tell you 'no' who doesn't have
the power to say yes."
]]erh>wtX.vDRwl>vdmb.M.rwRr;'k;td.xD.ew>wl>b.vXeo;uqH;t*D>wohewD *Rb.I}}
"No one can make you feel inferior without your consent."
]]w>ol.xD.o;[h';D w>rRql.rRpd;rh>wtd.'D;tw>'db.rR[l;oXysXRuJx.D w>*h>

xJwrHR{dRvX[D.cd.csXtHRwohb.I}}
"Hate and force cannot be in just a part of the world
without having an effect on the rest of it."
tJvHeX.A±k;pbJ; (1884=1962)
tJ vHeX.%k;pbJ;(Eleanor Roosevelt) rh>uD>

cd.trXR’D;rh>ph>uD;xH±l>uD>oJ;ySR[l;*JRw
*RwkRcJueH.'.vJmt0Jrh>’f’.ySRvXw>b.ol.b.
o;tDRvXcd.e>vXt[l;*JRvXxHzduD>zdw>cGJ;w>,m
t*D>wz.’D;vXydmrk.ydmrXRtw>[l;w>*JRwuyRrh>
*hRM.vDRI
t0Jt.d zs.J xD.vX0h>EFL,D;tylRzJvgtD;uxdbX. 11 oD< 1884 eH.teHR
M.vDRI ty>trHRrh>0Jtv h ,
H X;±k;pbJ; (Elliot Roosevelt) vDRI thv,
H X;±k;
pbJ; rh>0JoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vXtrh>trJ&uRuD>cd.usX> (zJ 1901=1909
eH.tbX.pXR) t’Dyk>0J>cGgM.vDRI
zJtJvHeX.to;td.Cd;eH.tqXuwD>trd>oHo’.uGHmtDRcDzsdb.w>o;
tH;w>qgtCdvDRI tM.wbsDt0J’D;t’Dyk>0J>cGgwz.b.w>qSXtDRqlt
zHvXto;*hRw*RvXtrh>rR&Hvl;vd[D(vf) (Mary Ludlow Hall) ttd.
’D;td.qd;uhR0J’D;tzHzJM.vDRI zJtJvHeX.to;ySJRxD.teH. 10 tqXu
=16=
wD>ty>oHo'.uGHmu’D;tDRcDzsdb.w>qgvXtdoH;tgtCdvDRI tCdtJ
vHeX.uJxD.0Jzd.CJqJcd.M. vDRI
zJ 1899 eH.oh.v.vDRtqXuwD>trk>*>[h.*H>[h.bgtDR’D;qXwJmvX
uqSXtDRqltJvJ(ef)0l;tcJ’rH> (Allenswood Academy)< vXtrh>tJu
vH;ySRwl>’d.uDR’d.rk.wDRuFdwzsX.M.vDRI tuFdcd.rk.teD>up>’.0Jrh>ydm
rk.ul.b.ul.ohvXw>oh.ngymyeD.tDRw*RvXtCkusJ’D;’k;’d.xD.
vJ>xD.w>qdurd.obVwz.vXydmrk.o;p>wz.tylRM.vDRI zJM.tJ
vHeX.rRvd< uwdRvdjz.ph.tusmd wkRtohbs;J bs;J bs;D bs;D 0HRt0Jtw>em
M>vDRto;[Jtd.xD.vXtylRM.vDRI
zJt0JrRvdw>vXySRwl>’d.uDR’d.rk.zdtuFdvXuD>tJuvH;tylR0HRtvD>cH
t0JEkmvDRrRb.xGJxD.to;’D;ySR*h>0Dw>zH;w>rRoh.wz.M.vDRI 0HRt
vD>cHzJ 1905 eH.M.t0J’d;wh’d;zsDuhRto;’D;twcGg‘.0JvXtrh>_zJ;c
vh(ef)‘H>vJe.d ±k;pbJ;M.vDRI ‘ft0Rtod;< tJveH X.rh>‘H.rd._c;J oElzw
d *R
vXto;ql.’d.r;vXxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRtylRM.vDRI zJ 1906=
1916 eH.twD>ylRt0Joh.’d; M>b.tzdCk*R< tusgw*RoHzJ*DRuhvht
qXuwD>M.vDRI
zJ 1913 eH.M.uD>cd.usX>0l;_’d0hvpX.CkxXxD._zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;p
bJ;’fxHok;eJ.±GJ.oCJRM.vDRI rl’gtHRt0JrR0JvX[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsD’D
wuwD>tylRM.vDRI vXw>’k;tylRtJvHeX.rRw>’f*m wJm*DRu&Xzdw*R
tod;’D;zJ[.D cd.w>’k;wXwbs0D RH 'D;zJw>ywkmw>’k;vXrk>EkmwuyRtqX
uwD>t0JrR’f‘.w>vX*mwJm*DRu&Xt*D>M.vDRI
zJ 1921 eH.w>ud>cgtqXuwD>_zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;qd;uhxD.e;e;
uvJmM.vDRI wuwD>CDw>rRuG>tDR’D;oh.ngvXt0Jw>l b.yd.vH.,d.
=17=
(Poliomyelitis) tw>qgM.vDRI teD>cdvDRbVuGHm’Dw*RC.C.’D;t0J

[;wohvXRb.M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>tJvHeX.tH;xGJuG>xGJtDRvXt
w> qd;uhrHeDRvD>’DwuwD>’D;wdpXRrRpXRtDR’fod;utd.uhR’D;*H>bgtoD
vXu[H;zD.xD.u’guhRtrlt’gvXxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>rRtylRM.vDRI
tJvHeX.wcDvXxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>zH;w>rRtylR*JRysK>usJ;pX;rR’H;’.w>’D;
rRph>uD;w>vXydmrk.ySR[h.w>z;tu&X (League of Women’s Voters)<
xHvD>uD>ylRySRyORw>pl;ugw>u&X (National Consumer’s League) ‘D;ydm
rk.ySRrRw>zdtu&X (Women’s Trade Union League) t*D>M.vDRI t0J
p;xD.&hvdmph>uD;to;’D;ySRtR_zHRuRtrJ&uRul.b.ul.ohzdwz.vX
trh>xHvD>uD>ylRw>rR*kRxD.yoDxD.ySRolzH;zdu&X "National Associa-
-tion for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP)" teJ.±GJ.cH
M.vDRI cDzsdw>&hvdmwz.tHRtCdt0Jo;pJxD.vXySRtR_zHRuRtrJ&uR
xHzduD>zdw>cGJ;w>,mwz.tylRM.vDRI
zJ 1929 eH.vXt0Rtw>[;0hR0DRvXw>CkxXxD.tDRvXuxD.EFL,D;
uD>pJ.cd.tqXuwD>‘D;zJ 1932 eH.w>CkxXxD.t0RvXuuJxD.trJ&
uRuD>cd.usX>tcg< tJvHeX.*JRvdmrRvXySJRtrlt‘gvXt&h’d.wz.M.
vDRI vXuD>trJ&uRtw>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRtJvHeX.rh>uD>cd.trXRvXt
[h.vDRo;t[l;*JRvXxH±>l uD>oJ;w>rRtylRtqduwX>w*RM.vDRI vX
t0RurReXRw>t*D>[;0hR0DR0JvXmqXvXmuwD>Ckx.H M>w>*h>w>usRd w
z.M.vDRI wu;’fb.zJM.tqXuwD>t0J[;0hR0DR*JRvdmph>uD;w>vXydm
rk.ydmcGgoGH.xH;’D;uvkmtw>xJod;wkRod;t*D>M.vDRI
zJ 1935 eH.tylRtJvHeX.td.’D;w>ynd.vXu[h.oq.xD._zJ;cvh(ef)
‘H>vJe.d ±k;pbJ;vXuqD.xGw
J >xD’gw>pH.nD.oHtvHmy}wDmwbh.vXw>
ymzsgxD.tDRvXbsD.’d.w>td.zSd.tylRt*D>M.vDRI (w>pH.nD.oH
=18=
"Lynching" rh>ursX>w*Rtw>vdmuGD>pH.nD.oHySRvXtwzd;oJp;< ‘D;t

cD.xH;cD.bd[Jtd.xD.vXw>pH.nD.tusJoElvXySR0gzH;zdpl;ug0JvXw>
xD’gtR_zHRuRtrJ&uRzdvXtrh>uk>wz.t*D>M.vDRI) rh>emouh’fM.
’D;±k;pbJ;orXw>qD.xGJvHmy}wDmvXtupH.nD.Cdmcd.wz.b.C;'D;
t0Joh.tw>rRtrlt’gwvXwySJRvXw>’Do’XtySRCdmzdvXw>pH.nD.
oHt0Jo.h vXwtd.'D;w>pH.nD.w>rl;w>&>tCdM.vDRI t0JuwdR*h>vdm
w>’D;pH;0JvXt0Jrh>qD.xGJvHmw>od.w>oDy}wDmt0JtHRM.ySR0gzH;vXu
vHRxH;[D.u0DRvXt[h.w>z;wz.wys>tw>ur.eDwbsDb.< trJm
ngvXw>CkxXvXcHwbsDt*D>t0JuC.uGHmoyS>uwX>M.vDRI
zJ_z;J cvh ‘H>vJe.d ±k;pbJ;oHzJ 1945 eH.vgthjz.h tylRtqXuwD>tJveH X.

EkmvDRy.CkmrR’H;’.w>vXxH±>l uD>oJ;tylRM.vDRI zJ 1946 eH.trJ&uR
uD>cd.toD[&J >H tJ;(pf)-xLrJ(ef) (Harry S. Truman) CkxXxD.tJveH X.±k;
pbJ;vXuuJxD.bDrk>pXzSd.u&XbsD.’d.w>td.zSd.tcX.p;w*RM.vDRI
t0J[H;rl’g[l;*JRvXw>uGJ;y}wDmbDrk>pXzSd.u&XtvHmbd;b.&RvDRb.
C;ySR[D.cd.zdcGJ;,mtylRM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>tJvHeX.[l;*JRrRtrl
t’g’fbDrk>pXzSd.u&XySRcGJ;,mcD.rH;±SX.tySRyXRvD>qh.eDRtqduwX>w
*Rtod;M.vDRI zJ 1948 eH.vgpJ;ywhbX. 28 oDteRM.tJvHeX.uwdR
vDRw>ymzsgxD.w>*h>b.C;vHmbd;b.&RvDRt*h>’D;ud;0JvX?ySR[D.cd.
zdud;uvkm’J;trReRcgw. (Magna Carta)/ ‘fypH;w>tod;ySR[D.cd.zd
ud;*Rt*H>cD.xH;’H.rd.u&h.pH.M.vDRI vHmbd;b.&RvDRwbh.tHRbDrk>
pXzSd.u&XbsD.’d.w>td.zSd.bSDb.rR*hRxD.0JzJ 1948 eH.vg’H.pJbX.t
oD 10 teHRM.vDRI zJ 1953 eH.tJveH X.td.bS;H uhRvXtw>[H;rl’gvXbD
rk>pXzSd.u&XtylR< 'D;rh>ph>uD;qXuwD>zJ’GJ;’H>tJ.pJ(ef)[D0X. (Dwight D.
Eisenhower) uJxD.uhRtrJ&uRuD> cd.tqXuwD>M.vDRI
tJvHeX.vXtw>td.rl’DwuwD>tylR< uGJ;xk;xD.b.teD>up>t*h>t
=19=
usRd vXvHmwbsK;bh.y.Ckm’D;t0JtRH rh>,*h>,usRd (This Is My Story)zJ

1937 eH.< w>vX,w>oh.eD.tylR (This I Remember) zJ 1949 eH.’D;
vX,up>’.0J (On My Own) zJ 1958 eH.tylRwz.M.vDRI tJvHeX.
±k;pbJ;oHzJ 1962 eH.vged.0hbX. 6 oDteHRM.vDRI
tJvHeX.±k;pbJ;zJteD>qH;’ftcgrh>ySRvXttd.’fywD>rk>w*Rtod;’D;tJ.
’d;[h.ySR*RvXw>tJ.w>uGH’D;vXcHuwX>zJt0J’d.wkmcd.ySJRtcgw>w
-uX;wb.vXtxH.oh.ng0Jwz.bSDb.uhR0J’fod;u[JpdmM>ySRtg*R
vXw>rkmw>yXR’D;w>rk>v>M.vDRI t0Jrh>ySRvk>’d.yOR’d.w*RvXySRtg*R
tJ.b.tDRo;vDb.tDRvXeH.u,R 20 twD>ylRM.vDRI
=20=
]]ySRohyRS b.w*Rrh>pH;vXtrR0HRw>wcgtHRrh>wohb.M.ud;M>ySRohyRS b.t*Rw*Rwuh>I}}

"If and expert says it can't be done, get another expert."
]]w>ol.'lo;'lM.rh>0JIIIw>oh.nge>yX>w>vXw>-uX;ysRH tDRwz.w>ub.ysRH tDR 'fv.J çA

'D;w>vXw>w-uX;ysRH tDRwz.w>wb.ysRH tDRb.'fv.J M.vDRI}}
"Courage is... the knowledge of how to fear what ought to be
feared and how not to fear what ought not to be feared."
]]vXuD>tH.p&hv;tylRç AvXeuuJx.D ySRoh';k td.xD.w>eD>eD>trh>twDw*Rt*D>

eub.emw>rRvDRv;wz.M.vDRI}}
"In Israel, in order to be a realist, you must believe in Miracles."
'hbh;bJ(ef)ul&H,X>A(1886=1974)
'h bh;bJ(ef)ul&H,X> (David Ben-Gurion) rh>ySR
vXt’k;td.xD.uhRySR,l’Rzdtbl.twD>vXcg
qlng’D;ol.xD.ySR,l’RzdtuD>toDwbh.M. vDRI
'D;rh>ph>uD;ySRvXtol.xD.rk>xD.w>vD>cX.o;xHu>D
wz.M.vDRI
‘hbh; bJ(ef)ul&H,X>td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1886 eH.vX0h>zsD(ef) (Plonsk)< vXuD>

zdvJ(ef) (vXcHuhRuJxD.&X±S.tw>yX) tylRM.vDRI t0Jrh>zdCk*Rw*R
vX[H.zdCzD v d Xttd.’D;o;o[D.vXpg,X>eHp>oEl* (Zionism) vXtrh>
xH±l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRwcgvXySR,l’Rzdutd.uhR’D;txHtuD>t*D>
M.vDRI ty>vXtrh>yD>&D’D;rh>ph>uD;{hR}bHRuFdo&.w*RtHRwbsDrh>wh>ok;
rk>tu&Xzdtusgw*RvXt’k;td.xD.u&X*JRvdmw>vXpdRwkRpg,X>eHp>
t*D>vXtrh> ?[H;bJ;pg,X> (Hibbatzion)/(ySRvXttJ.pg,X>wz.) M.
vDRI bJ(ef)ul&,H X>tHRtylRuGmH b.w>ud;trHRvX’h;bh;}uH(ef)‘D;vXcHuRh
zJt0JEkmvDRql{hR}bHRw>bgtylRM.w>,k>qDwvJuhRtrHRtvD>cHwzsX.
=21=
ql{hR}bHRusdm< ‘D;zJchcgtqXuwD>t0JM.t0J’d;M>b.0JcsK;pdR,l’Rtw>
ul.b.ul.ohvXtwrh>w>bl.w>bgtw>ul.b.ul.ohb.< 'D;wu
wD>CDt0JrRvdb.ph>uD;w>bl.w>bgtw>rRvdwz.M.vDRI
bJ(ef)ul&H,X>p;xD.vXtrh>’fzdo.tcg’.vJmtw>ohwDcd.&d.rJw>t
uH>tpD< txH±l>uD>oJ;w>xH.w>oh.ng’D;w>qdurd.wz.p;xD.td.
xD.to;vHM.vDRI zJt0Jo;td. 14 eH.tqXuwD>t0Ju&Xu&dx.D o;
p>wzkvXtud;0JvXtH;p&. (Ezra-ud;ph>uD;vX{hjpR) vXtrh>u&Xwzk
vX[h.vDRto;uwdRxJ{hR}bHRtusdmM.vDRI zJt0Jto;td. 17eH.t
qXuwD>t0JEmk vDRvXzGgvhRpg,X>u&X (Poalei Zion) (pg,X>tySRrRw>
zdu&X) vXtrh>qd±SJ.vh;,l’RxH±l>uD>oJ;u&X[l;*JRtqduwX>wzk< ‘D;
tgwuh>vXbJ(ef)ul&H,X>tw>wDcd.&d.rJtzDvmy.wH.wzktHRvXt
eH.vXtqHwz.t ylR’d.pdv>k bX0Jpg,X>eHp>toEl*vXySR*h>0D’;D xH±>l uD>
oJ;t*H>cD.xH;w>ol.xD.qDvDRo;wuyRM.vDRI
zJ 1906 eH.tylRbJ(ef)ul&,
H X>[;xD.vXuD>zdv(J ef)‘D;vJRtd.vJRqd;uhR
0JqluD>zgvJ.pwJ (yud;ph>uD;vXuD>zvh±So;) M.vDRI zJM.t0JrRw>’f
ySRrRw>vXwCh.o.usd;wz.tylRw*R’D;rRph>uD;w>vXpyH;usd;tylR
M.vDRI w>ol.w>zs;tvD>wz.tHRb.w>ol.xD.tDRvXySR,l’RzdvX
t[JEmk td.qd;tqduwX>zJw>vD>0JM.vXtylRuGmH teH.cHqt H wD>ylRvHR
vHRM.vDRI vXcHuRh < t0JvRJ rRph>uD;w>vXuD>uRvHvRH (Galilee< ud;ph>
uD;vXuD>uRvHRvg) ’fySRcd;w>zdw*Rtod;M.vDRI
vXvGH>eH.twD>ylRbJ(ef)ul&H,X>zH;rRw>vXpHmvD>usd;vD>wz.M.tylR<
zJM.tqXuwD>t0JEkmvDRrRCkmto;< bsXvDRto;vXw>*JRvdmvXySR
*pg,X>eHp>oElrh>wh>[D.cd.bDrk>xH%l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRwcgvXtqD.xGJw>ol.xD.
uhRxHuD>wbh.vXySR,l'Rzdt*D>vXuD>zgvgpwJtylR'D;vXtcD.xH;vHRvHR*JRvdmqD.
xGJw>ol.xD.uD>wbh.vXcJtHRrh>uD>tH.p&hv;M.vDRI
=22=
rRw>zd*h>0DtylR’D;uJxD.0JxH±l>uD>oJ;y.wH.zGgvhRpg,X>u&XtvD>cX.
o;yXqSXw>urH;wHmtu&Xzdw*RM.vDRI zJ 1910 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.
tDRvXtuuJx.D 0Jy.wH.wzktRH tvHmw>upD.ttJ;'H;xX.u&XzdvX
0h>,±lR±Sv.h tylRM.vDRI t0Jp;xD.uG;J w>uG;J xD&RD wz.vXvHmw>upD.
tHRtylR’D;qJ;vDRrHRvX{hR}bHRtusmd ?’hb;h bJ(ef)ul&,H X>/ vXtcDynDr>h
0J ?ch,k>zd/ M.vDRI
zJ 1912 eH.tylRt0JvJRqluD>xX;uH.tylR’D;rRvdw>bsXoJp;vXtH;p
w.bl(vf)zF.pdrdRuFd‘D;wuwD>CDt0JrRph>uD;w>’fySRxXw>upD.zdw*R
tod;M.vDRI cDzsdvXbJ(ef)’D;tw>u&Xu&d[l;*JRvXxH±l>uD>oJ;wuyR
tCdzJ 1915 eH.tylRt0Jb.w>[DxD.uGHmtDRvXuD>zgvJ.pwJtylRvX
tdxdrg(ef) (Ottoman) tw>yXtzDvmM.vDRI
w>[Dx.D uGmH tDR0HRtvD>cHt0JvRJ td.vJRqd;uhR0Jq0l >h EFL,D;< vXuD>trJ

&uRtylR’D;zJM.xH.vdmo;’D;&X±Sgrk.w*RvXtrHRrh>zDv;rX(ef)0H;(pf)
(Paula Manweis) M.vDRI t0Joh.cH*R’d;wh‘d;zsDuhRto;zJ 1917 eH.t
ylR< ‘D;vXcHuhR’d;M>0JtzdoX*RM.vDRI zJ 1918 eH.tylRt0JEkmvDRql}bH;
xH;(±S)f ok;rk>’d.tylR< uJx.D ok;zdw*RvXok;&h. 38 tylRvXtb.xG’J ;D
,l’Rtok;rk>wzktylRM.vDRI zJ[.D cd.w>’k;wXwbszD }J bH;xH;(±S)f rRM>uD>
zgvJ.pwJvXtdxdrJ(ef)vd.yRw>yXtpkylR0HRtvD>cHbJ(ef)ul&H,X>’D;t
ySR[H.zd[JuhRu’guhRqluD>zgvJ.pwJtylRvDRI
zJ}bH;xH;(±Sf)tw>yXuD>zgvJ.pwJuwX>uGHmtqXuwD>zJvgrhR 14 oD<
1948 eH.M.ySR,l’RzdtuD>< uD>tH.p&hv;< b.w>ol.xD.ymyeD.tDR
M.vDRI ow;’D;bJ(ef)ul&H,X>uJxD.0JxHoDuD>oDwbh.tHRtudwdmcd.
usX>tqduwX>w*RM.vDRI zJt0J’d;w>CkxX’D;yXb.w>cHuwD> (zJ
1948 eH.wkRvX 1953 eH.wbsD< ‘D;zJ 1955 eH.wkRvX 1963 eH.wbsD)
=23=
twD>ylRtw>usJ;pX;*JRvdmol.xD.qDvDRuhRtxHuD>rk>usdR0JRuGmcDzsdp;
xD.bSDb.rR*hRxD.uhRw>zH;tD.rRtD.’D;w>ol.w>zs;tusdRtusJwz.
tHRrh>w>vXtuJx.D vd.xD.z;xD.’d.r;M.vDRI t0J*RJ vdmwJM>cJ;w>vX
w>u’k;td.xD.zDvpH.oElwcgvXw>u[h.*H>[h.bg’D;uwl>vdmySR
b.uDb.cJ*D>rk>vX,l&yRxHuD>wz.tylR'fod;uok;tvD>qluD>tH.p
&hv;‘D;td.qd;td.y[Xb.0JzJM.t*D>M.vDRI
zJ 1963 eH.tylR bJ(ef) ul&H,X>td.bSH;u’guhRvXtw>rRtylRM.vDRI

b.q.cHeH.tylRuGHm t0J[H;zD.xD.u’guhRxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>zH;w>rR’f
rJ;zJ.y.wH. ( Mapai Party) tu&Xcd.tvD>tvRtod;’D;vXcHuhRzJ
1974 eH.tylRt0Jpl;uGHmto;M.vDRI
=24=
]]ydmrk.ub.td.'D;tw>obV'.0JvRD I Aw>tHRrh>0J*>H cD.xH;w>obVvXtb.C;'D; w>CkxX

vXt0Jt.J 'd;uJx.D rd>{gwuJx.D rd>{g'D;t0Ju[H;tzdyRJS *RvJ.M.vDRI}}
"Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of
choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how
many children she will have."
rg}uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX.A(1884=1966)
rg }uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX. (Margaret Higgin Sa-

nger) rh>ydmrk.w*RvXt’k;td.xD.w>’Do
’X[k;o;tusJ’D;tw>rRtHRxd.*JRxD.w>*JRvdm
vXydmrk.tw>xl.zsJ;t*D>M.vDRI
w>rRvXrg}uJ;pJuX.rRwh>ympXR0J’ftrh>trJ&uRySR[h.vDRo;vXw>’D
o’X[k;o;vXpJth.tusJ< [H.zdCDzdw>wdmusJR’D;w>’Do’XySRursX>t
w>tgxD.rh>w>vXtrRrHR[lo.zsgxD.tDRvX[D.cd.’Dbh.M.vDRI
rg}uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX.td.zsJ.xD.zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 14 oD< 1884 eH.vX

0h>cDM(if) (Corning)< EFL,D;uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI ty>rh>ySRvXtwwl>vdm
w>bl.w>bgtw>od.w>oD’;D w>pl>w>emw*RM.vDRI rhr>h trd>wcDr>h ySR
vXtpl>tem&drhRcJovh;w>bl.w>bgvhRwkRvhRwDRr;w*RvDRI wcsK;
vXtoHvXxH.bH.w>qgvXtrRb.’dtyod.’D;tCH’H;tcgt0Jtd.
zs.J wh>tzd 11 *RM.vDRI rg}uJ;pJuX.teD>up>’.0Jty>xH±>l uD>oJ;tw>
=25=
xH.vXw>qD.xGJydmrk.tw>cGJ;w>,mvXuzD.w>z;t*D>’D;w>rR*hRxD.
w>cdw>oGt
J oEltRH vk>bXt0Jto;’d.’d.uvJmM.vDRI cDzsv
d Xw>pl>w>
emoh.wz.tHRtCdtwHRoud;vXttd.vXt[H.cd.[H.CXRoh.w
z.xH.vXt0Joh.rh>ySRvXtcd.udRM.vDRI
rg}uJ;pJuX.rRvdwh>w>’D;zsdxD.0JzJt[D.u0DR’.0JtwDRxDuFdwzsX.t
ylR< 0HRvJRrRvduhRw>’D;zsdxD.uhR0JzJcsgbX;&J;(cf) (Claverack) cDvh.uFd
zJ0h>[XpX. (Hudson) vXEFL,D;uD>pJ.tylRvDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHrg}uJ;pJ
uX.EkmvDRrRw>od.vdtw>rRzJ0h>EFLuFXpH. (New Jersey) wkRvXt0J
b.uhRu’guhRqlt[H.vXuuG>xGu J Rh trd>vXtbl;uoHw>h M.vDRI zJ
1896 eH.tylRtrd>oHo'.uGHmtDR< ‘D;trd>tw>oHwbsDtHR[h.tDRw>
o;wrH’.d ’d.uvJmvXw>*h>b.xG’J ;D teD>up>‘.0JwuG>xGb J .trd>’D;ySR
w0Xw>uG>xGJw>td.ql.td.cVwuyRw*hRb.tCdM.vDRI 0HRtvD>cH
w,HmwrD>rg}uJ;pJuX.vJRtd.vJRqd;uhRql0h>0J;(xf)zV(ef) (White
Plains)< EFL,D;uD>pJ.tylR’D;rRvduoH.o&.rk.uG>ySRqgtw>rRvdzJ
M. vDRI t0JrRvdw>0HRok;u’D;uhRto;ql0>h EFL,D;’D;EkmvDRrRpXRySRzS.D zd
,mzdzJEFL,D;rk>xD.tcHvDRwuyRzJw>vD>vXtzSD.t,me;e;uvJmt
vD>M.vDRI zJ 1902 eH.tylRt0Jzst D o;‘D;0hv,X>pJuX. (William Sang-
-er) M.vDRI rg}uJ;pJuX.rh>td.’D;xH.bH.tw>qgw>yeD.b.q.t0JzsD
o;weH.0HRtvD>cH’d; M>b.tzdtcD.xH;uwX>w*RvXtrh>tydmcGg*hR*hR
M.vDRI ySR’Drg0RcH*RtHRw,Hmb.rRM>u’D;tzdydmcGgw*R< Ckm’D;tydm
rk.w*RvXtoHzJ*DRuhvhtqXuwD>M.vDRI
rg}uJ;pJuX.vXtw>vJRcDzsdw>zH;w>rRtylRxH.b.o*X>b.0Jrd>vXt
zSD.t,moh.wz.vXtChouGH>un;w>vXySRu[h.t0Joh.w>*h>w>
usdRb.C;w>[;qSJ;w>td.xD.’D;[k;o;t*D>M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdrg
}uJ;pJuX.to;td.xD.vXySR*h>0Dw>*JRvdmtylRM.vDRI ow;’D;t0JEkm
=26=
vDRrRoud;w>vXqd.%S.J vH;y.wH.u&XtylRvXtrh>u&XvXtem0JvX
xHuD>y’d.-uX;yX’D;[h.eDRvDRw>zdw>vHRcJvXmqltxHzduD>zdttd.M.
vDRI zJM.t0Jp;xD.EkmvDRql w>[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;trl;wz.tylR
‘D;t0JCkz;vHmvXtxH.M>0Jwz.b.C;’D;w>’Do’X[k;o;tusJoElw
z.t*h>M.vDRI zJM.t0Jp;xD.uwdRw>b.C;’D;w>zSD.w>,m[JcDzsdt
o;vX[H.zdCDzdteD.*H>tgwvXuGHmtcX;t*h>wz.M.vDRI zJ 1913 eH.
tylRt0Jp;xD.xk;xD.&RvDRwvgwbsv D mH w>upD.vXtrHRrh> "Woman
Rebel" ydmrk.yX>qXw>’D;t0J*JRysK>usJ;pX;[h.*H>[h.bg’D;[h.*H>[h.bg
[H.zdCzD v d XuymyeD.teD.*H>’D;p;xD.pl;ugvHmrJmzsX.vXtrh> ?w>’Do
’X[k;o; (Birth Control)/ M.vDRI t0Jxk;xD.&RvDRw>y&XM>xJCku
}wL>’D;b.w>vdmuGD>tDRvXy’d.ySRb.rlb.’gwz.< ‘D;w>ymw>ur.
vXtvdRvXt&RvDRvHmvJ> ?vXvDRo;b.tX< xD’gySR[D.cd.zdtM
qX.’D;eD>o;*h>0D/ qlursX>tusgtCdM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>t0JCh>zsd;
uGmH qlu>D ,l&yR’D;rRvdu’D;w>’Do’X[k;o;t*h>cDzsv d RJ [;td.oud;w>
[h.uoH.’X;wz.’D;wJoud;w>’D;ySRCko.h ngrRvdw>td.ql.td.cVt
*h>wz.M.vDRI
zJ 1916 eH.zJw>ur.vXw>pH.nD.[h.vDRtDRuwX>uGHmtqXuwD><
rg}uJ;pJuX.[JuhRu’guhRqluD>trJ&uR’D;p;xD.[h.w>od.vdqlxH
uD>’Dwbh.tylR0;0;M.vDRI vXEFL,D;uD>pJ.tylRw>vD>zJySRzSD.zd,mzd
td.0JM.t0J’D;t0Rp;xD.td;xD.w>’Do’X[k;o;w>qg[H.zdtqdu
wX>vXuD>trJ&uRwzsX.’fod;u[h.w>yD;w>vD’D;w>*h>w>usdRvXt
b.C;’D;w>’Do’X[k;o;wz.t*D>M.vDRI wbsDtHRw>zD.tDR'D;vdmuGD>
tDRvXtrRur.xHu>D w>bsXoJp;M.vDRI t0J’;D t’Dy>k 0J>rk.w*Rb.vDR
qlCmd ylR,Hm0JwvgtwD>ylR’D;zJt0J[;xD.vXCdmylRzJ 1917 eH.tqXu
wD>t0JrR’d.xD.vJ>xD.tw>[l;w>*JR< tw>[h.w>od.vd’;D CkxXus.d
phq.D xGv
J XySRwl>’d.uDR’d.vXtqD.xGt
J 0Jo.h wz.vX0h>EFL,D;tylRM.
=27=
vDRI t0JuGJ;ph>uD;w>uG>u’guhRw>’Do’X[k;o;t*h> (Birth Control

Review) ‘D;w>tHRuJx. D tw>*JRvdmw>ud;o}wDx.D vXcHqo H XeH.twD>
ylRM.vDRI rg}uJ;pJuX.to;ql.xD.cDzsdEFL,D;uD>pJ.uGD>bsD.u&XrRvDR
uqS.uhRtw>bsXoJp;vXtxD’gw>’Do’X[k;o;tCdt0JqDwvJuGHm
tw>*JRvdmt&h’d.wz.vXtrh>w>[l;w>*JRvdRvdR’D;w>rRpXRursX>ql
w>*JRysK>us;J pX;’fo;d w>urRvDRwH>0Ju>D pJ.wbh.utd.’D;tw>bsXoJp;
’D;zJ;’&X>uD>pXzS.d w>bsXoJp;vXtwCH;uJ.qd;b.vDRI nDE>k t0Jb.uG>
qX.rJmw>uDw>cJvXttd.xD.vXEFL,D;ySRb.rlb.’gwz.tusgemo
uht0J*RJ vdm[h.’f’.w>od.vdvXySRursX>tgtg*D>*D>tusg’D;t0Jq;J us;d
ph>uD;w>Ckoh.nguD>,l&yRw>’Do’X[k;o;t*h>M.vDRI zJ 1922 eH.t
ylRt0JvRJ [;ql,y.uD>vXtrh>w>vJRtcD.xH;uwX>wbsv D Xtw>vJR
[;qluD>th±SX.tbsDwz.tbsDtusgM.vDRI ylRuGHmweH.t0J’D;twHRo
ud;wz.td;xD.ql.cV*h>0Dw>Ckoh.ng0JRusdRrh>’fod;t0Joh.uymzSd.u
rsX>ql.cVt*h>tusdRwz.0HR&RvDRw>’Do’X[k;o;t*h>tusdRvX0h>EFL
,D;< 0h>cF.H u.ud.vXthvEh .JG (Illinois) uD>pJ.tylRt*D>M.vDRI zJ 1930
eH.wkRCDRtqXuwD>vXuD>trJ&uRtylRt0Joh.tw>qg[H.td.xD.
,J>qH,>J zsX.ngM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>rg}uJ;pJuX.vDRz;’D;t0R’D;zsu D
’guhRto;’D;uF‹>edtRth;(cFf)pvH (J.Noah H. Slee) M.vDRI
zJ 1927 eH.< zJrg}uJ;pJuX.u&Xu&d’D;p;xD.wJw>wcsK;w>rR[D.cd.’D

zsX.ySReD.*H>cDz&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d.vX0h>uFeHb> (Geneva) uD>pGH;pvJ(ef)
(Switzerland) tqXuwD>ySRp;xD.oh.ngtDR‘D;trHR[lo.zsgxD.vX
[D.cd.’DzsX.vDRI t0J’;D ySRrRoud;w>’D;tDRoh.wz.wJ&>J M>pXR’f’.w>’f
od;uD>pJ.’D;zJ’&X>uD>pXzS.d tw>bsXoJp;b.C;w>’Do’X[k;o;wz.u
vDRuqS.’d.xD.t*D>< ‘D;‘fod;w>u[h.eDRvDRw>oh.nge>yX>b.xGJw>
’Do’X[k;o;wz.cDzsdw>uG>xGJySR*h>0Dtw>wdmusJRw>zH;w>rRwz.M.
vDRI wkRCDRvX 1940 eH.wpku>D trJ&uRw>’Do’X[k;o;tw>[l;w>*JR
=28=
’k;td.xD.ql.cVw>zH;w>rRtw>wdmusRJ vXt*hR’d.r;wcg’D;ySRursX>tg
tg*D>*D>wl>vdmph>uD;w>wdmusJRt0JtHRcDzsdw>vlRydmrRxGJql.cVw>rRvX
tywD>xD’D;ursX>tw>ymol.ymo;vXw>*h>tHRph>uD;*hRxD.’d.xD.uU>
uU>M.vDRI
tgwuh>vXySRtrJ&uRzdwz.t*D>< rg}uJ;pJuX.rh>wh>’fySRvXtp;xD.
w>’Do’X[k;o;tw>[l;w>*JRtod;M.vDRI zJ 1939=1995 eH.tbX.
pXR[D.cd.w>’k;z;’d.cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>zJuD>,l&yRok;rk>'D;trJ&uR
EkmvDR’k;w>’D;uFXreH.< tH.wvH.’D;,y.tok;rk>wz.tcgrg}uJ;pJuX.
*h>vdmxD’gtrJ&uRtw>EkmvDRqlw>'k;ylRb.q.trHR[lo.zsg’f’.
w>M.vDRI (t0Jem0JvXw>’k;w>,Rwz.td.xD.cDzsdxHvD>uD>ylRursX>
teD.*H>tgxD.0JcVwvXtCdM.vDRI) zJ 1946 eH.t0J’k;td.xD.pXR[D.
cd.bDrk>w>&J.w>usJRrd>y>*h>0Du&XpXzSd. ( International Planned
Parenthood Federation) M.vDRI w>tHRrh>w>t'd.trk>vXtrRwh>0Jt
vD>cHuwX>wrHRM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHvXteH.cHqHtwD>ylRt*H>tbg
p>vDRb.q.t0J[;0hR0DR’f’.w>< [;[h.w>od.vd’;D xk;xD.&RvDRvHm
w>ymzsgoh.wz.M.vDRI zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 6 oD 1966 eH.teHRvX0h>xX;
pX. (Tucson) vXtg&H.pde. (Arizona) uD>pJ.tylRrg}uJ;pJuX.ymwh>uGmH
[D.cd.’D;oHuGHm0Jrkmrkmck.ck.M.vDRI
=29=
]],uX.vDRIAb.q.ySRvXtuX.M.rh>ySRoh.wz.vXt'k;td.xD.vh.y.'D;vh.,D>wz.rh>vX
t0Jo.h wtJ.'d;[;vXtcD.rhwrh>pdmw>vXteD>up>tCdM.vDRI}}
"I'm lazy. But it's the lazy people who invented the wheel and the
bicycle because they didn't like walking or carrying things."
]]zJeb.o*X>'D;w>ol.vDRbS;H o;vDRwDRçAw>td.rlvXte;tusRH 'D;eqdurd.vXw>rRpXRvX

e*D>wtd.vXRtqXuwD>uDvXeubSxD .D w>wrHRv>v>M.vDRI}}
"It is hardly possible to build anything if frustration, bitterness
and a mood of helplessness prevail."
]]'f,xH.tod;w>vXttd.'gvDRto;vXw>'k;td.xD.w>qDwvJvXt*hRtylRM.rh>
w>rRpXRySR[D.cd.zdw*RM.vDRI}}
"The thing that lies at the foundation of positive change,
the way I see it, is service to a fellow human being."
vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.A(1943= AAA)
vJ; (cf)0h(vf)p. (Lech Walesa) rh>zdvH;(±Sf)

tySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;w*R’D;rh>ph>uD;ySRvX
t[l;*JRrRwh>w>vXySRrRw>zdu&XpXzSd.‘D;ySRcGJ;,m
w>[l;w>*JRwz.t*D>M.vDRI t0J’k;td.xD.pXRpd;
vH.’ged. (Solidarnosc) ‘fypH;w>tod;w>&d.zSd.Cl
zd;u&XvXtrh>pd.bH.,J;xH±>l uD>oJ;u±l>tySRrRw>
zdu&XobV0HRt0J’d;M>ed.bX.(vf)w>rkmw>ck.t
cd.z;zJ 1983eH.M.vDRI zJ 1990=1995eH.twD>ylR
t0JyXqSXuD>zdvJ(ef)‘fuD>cd.w*Rtod;M.vDRI
vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.rh>ySRywD>rk>ySRxlpHmzdtzdcGgw*R< ‘D;t0Jtd.zsJ.xD.zJvg
pJ;ywhbX. 29 oD< 1943 eH.zJ0h>zd;zd;0d. (Popowo)< uD>zdvJ(ef)tylRM.
vDRI t0JvJRrRvdrR’d;w>’D;zsdxD.0JvXw>vk>tD.o;orltuFd0HRtvD>cH
=30=
t0JEkmvDRrRw>’fySRbSDodvh.w*RvXpJ;zDu[.0JRvD>p;xD.zJ 1961 eH.

wkRvX 1965 eH.twD>ylRM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHvXcHeH.twD>ylRt0JEkm
vDRrRpXRw>’fok;zdw*RvXok;rk>wzktylR< ‘D;t0J’d;M>b.ok;puDRzdt
vD>tvRM.vDRI ‘D;zJ 1967 eH.M.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.vDo
[D.ySRrRw>zdw*RvX’J.(cf) (Gdansk) w>whw>bSDubDtvD>M.vDRI zJ
1969 eH.M.t0J’d;wh’d;zsDto;’D;’gEl;x.ud;vd;(pf)(Danuta Golos) ‘D;
t0Joh.’d;M>b.tzdCd;*RM.vDRI
vJ;(cf) 0h(vf)p.rh>ySR[l;*JRvXySRrRw>zdu&XpXzS.d tw>[l;w>*JRtylR*hR

r;w*R’D;zJ 1970 eH.ySRrRw>zd’;D w>rRup>tw>obH.obk.td.xD.t
qXuwD>t0JuJxD.w>whw>bSDubDtvD>w>ymzsgw>b.o;urH;wHmt
ySRyXRvD>qh.eDRM.vDRI zJxHuD>y’d.rR'd.xD.w>tD.tyORuvHR0HRtvD>
cHvXbD(vf)xH; (Baltic) yD.vJ.uX>cd.w>vD>oukRq;’;M.w>wXxD.
wXvDRe;e;uvJmtd.xD.0J’.M.vDRI zJqXuwD>t0JM.vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.
rh>cd.e>vXw>xH.oh.ngtDRvXtrRtrlt’gvXySJRvX0h>’J.(cf)ySRrRw>
zdtusgM.vDRI 0h>’J.(cf)zJvJM>(ef)w>whw>bSDubDtvD>z;’d.td.0Jt
vD>M.w>ymyeD.vXturh>w>vD>cd.oh.wwDRvXw>ylxD.y’d.vXw>
wXxD.wXvDRwbsDtHRtylRvDRI vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.*JRvdmw>vXw>bSDb.
rR*hRxD.w>wbsDtHRt*D>< 'D;t0J[h.oq.xD.ph>uD;0JvXw>urRvDR
uqS.usJoElvXw>pl;ugtDRwz.vXw>urRvXySJRxD.w>ynd.t*D>
M.vDRI w>t’dwrHRvXt0JrRwh>0JM.rh>0Jt0J[.h *H>[h.bgySRylx.D w>u
td. 20<000 *RvXtokwEkmvDRrR[;*DRCdmvXttd.bl;’D;w>vD>t0J
M.wzsX.w*hRM.vDRI
zJ 1976 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.b.w>[D[;xD.uGHmtDRvXtw>rRt
ylRcDzsyd RS rRw>zdu&XpXzS.d tw>[l;w>*JRtCdM.vDRI ‘D;vXpSReH.twD>ylR
t0Jb.Ckwpd>wvD>tw>rRwz.vXtvk>tD.to;orluM>t*D>M.
=31=
vDRI zJM.tcgt0JrRy.Ckm’f’.to;vXw>u&Xu&dxD.ySRrRw>zdu&X
vXtwrh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdb.< ‘D;zJ 1980 eH.tylRt0J’D;twHRoud;pSR*R
’k;td.xD.0Jpd;vH.’ged.u&XM.vDRI w,Hmb.u&XtHRtu&XzdtgxD.
wkRvX 10uuGJ>’D;vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.uJxD.u&Xcd.e>vXt*hRw*RM.vDRI
zJvgtDul; 1980 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.yXqSX0J0h>’J.(cf)w>whw>bSDu

bDtvD>w>ymzsgxD.o;’D;tw>yXqSXwbst D RH ’k;tgxD.0Jw>[;ymzsgxD.
o;wz.vXxHuD>’Dwbh.ngtylR’D;ySRxH.tDR’ftrh>ySRymzsgxD.o;t
cd.w*Rtod;M.vDRI t0Joh.tw>ud;o}wDxD.tqduwX>M.rh>vXySR
rRw>zdcGJ;,mwz.t*D>M.vDRI zJM.w>rXql.xHuD>tySRb.rlb.'gw
z.vXutX.vDRwl>vdm’D;uwX.yD.oud;w>’D;vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.zJ 1980
eH.vgtDul; 31 oDteHRb.C;’D;0h>’J.(cf)w>tX.vDRvXu[h.ySRrRw>
zdwz.w>obVvXu[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;'D;uu&Xu&dx.D b.tu
&XpXzSd.obVt*D>M.vDRI
cJovh;w>td.zSd.qD.xGJt0Jtw>[l;w>*JRtHRM.vDRI zJvg,ElRtg&H.
1981 eH.tylRt0Jb.w> wl>vdmtDRvXyRyRuF(D ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*R (John
Paul II) vX0h>b.xH;u.tylRvDRI vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.teD>up>’.0JxDbd
ym’d.0JtcJ;ovh;w>bl.w>bgw>pl>w>emwrHR’ftrh>w>vXt’k;ql.xD.
t*H>tbg’D;w>vXt[h.ql.xD.to;o[D.M.vDRI zJ 1980=1981
eH.twD>ylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.vJR[;qluD>tH;xvH.< uD>,y.< uD>pGH;’J.
(ef)< uD>jz.ph.‘D;uD>pGH;pvJ(ef)’f[D.cd.bDrk>ySRrRw>zdu&XtySRwrSHRw
*Rtod;M.vDRI zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 1981 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.tDR’fpd;vH.
’ged.u&XtySRyXRvD>qh.eDRw*Rtod;zJw>rRxHvD>uD>ylRw>&d.zSd.Clzd;
cDu&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d.tqduwX>wbsDzJ0h>’J.(cf)tylRM.vDRI
w>obVvXxHu>D tHR’d;M>b.0JvXuwD>zk.udmtylRtHRuwX>uGmH 0J'.zJ

=32=
vg’H.pJbX. 1981 eH.tylRzJo;k cd.uF±;l pJ(vf)puH; (Jaruzelski) b.,d.

0JvXpd.bH.,J;uEkmvDR’k;t0Jo.h tCdt0J’;k td.xD.*h>*D>tlo;k w>uvk>
?qduwD>0J/ pd.vH.’ged.u&XrDudm< wu;’fb.zD.’k;Cm0Ju&XtHRt
cd.te>wpSRb.’D;rhrh>vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.wcDb.w>zD.’k;CmvX[H.vXt
,HR’D;0h>wzsX.tylRM.vDRI
zJvged.0hbX. 1982 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.xl.zsJ;xD.uGHmvXw>’k;Cm

tylR0HRt0J’d;M>b.w>cGJ;w>,mvXuvJRrRw>vX’J.(cf)w>whw>bSDu
bDtvD>tylRM.vDRI zJvg,lRvH 1983 eH.tylRw>xk;uGHm*h>*D>tlok;w>
uvk>< b.q.w>zD.CmySRw*Rb.w*RtcGJ;t,mtd.’f’.w>M.vDRI
0HRtvD>cHvXeH.t0JM.tylRvXw>uymyeD.tw>*JRvdmvXuD>zdvJ(ef)
w>yX>qXvXwtd.‘D;w>pkql.cD.wu;t*D>w>[h.vRuyDRtDRvXed.
bX.(vf)w>rkmw>ck.cd.z;M.vDRI
qXuwD>zJM.rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cF;D (Mikhail Gorbachev) rRM>uGmH xHu>D t

w>pdw>urDRvXpd.bH.,J;uD>pXzS.d tylR’D;w>tHRrRpXRySRbSb
D .rR*hRxD.
w>vXuD>zdvJ(ef)tylRwpSRb.M.vDRI zJ 1986 eH.tylRuDb;cFD.rRvDR
wH>uhR0JvXt0JwEkmvDRrRwHmwmto;’D;ySRxHyRS uD>vXttd.vXuD>,l
&yRrk>xD.txHvD>uD>ylRzDvpH.wz.vXRb.I zJM.0d.pH.(cFf)uF±l;pJ(vf)
puH; (Wojciech Jaruzelski) b.w>rXM>qD.cHtDR’fod;uuwdRwJusJRw>
’D;vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.’D;ySRrRw>zdu&XtySR*JRvdmw>wz.M.vDRI vXw>tHR
tCdw>tpXvXtd.xD.M.rh>0Jw>urRbsD.’d.w>zD.w>z;trl;wz.’D;
’k;td.xD.uhRxHuD>y’d.vXtwrh>cD.rFLeH;b.M.vDRI ‘D;zJ 1989 eH.M.
pd.vH.’ged.u&XuJxD.u&XvXtzd;oJp;M.vDRI
zJvg’H.pJbX. 1990 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.vXuuJxD.

zdvJ(ef)xHzdup>uD>tudwdmcd.usX>M.vDRI t0JrRw>wuJxD.vd.xD.
=33=
b.'D;ySRvXtyJRz;eDRz;tDRwz.zJM.wJzsgxD.0JvXt0J’k;td.xD.tw>
yXqSXtxHtuD>tusJoEl’fw>'d.pd'd.urDRoEltod;M.vDRI tw>ym
ol.ymo;w*X>wusXRwvDRwH>wvDRqJ;’D;w>yJRtXyJRoDtRD vXtrRCkm
to;bl;bl;wH>wH>vXok;*h>0D’;D w>bH.w>bXtw>rRwz.M.vDRI vXw>
M.tCd< zJvged.0hbX. 1995 eH.tylRM.tJvH;(cf)pg’X>uG;(pf)EFLpuH;
(Aleksander Kwasniewski) vXtrh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdvD>vHRw*RrReXRuGHm
tDR'D;xD.uGHmvXtvD>M.vDRI
=34=
]]w>vXyub.ysRH tDRM.wtd.eDwrHRb.çAb.q.w>ysRH tup>'.0Jt.d vDRI}}

"There is nothing to fear but fear itself."
]]qXwJm,RcDzs'd .k 'gvX,'k;td.xD.tDRwz.M.wuh>I}}
"I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made."
]]vXuvJRqlngt*D>ustJ .d 0JtgbdçAb.q.w>qXxX.*X>*X>usXRusXR
t*D>ustJ .d xJwbd{Rd vDRI}}
"There are many ways of going forward, but only one
way of standing still."
_zJ;cvh(ef)'H>vJed.±k;pbJ;A(1882=1945)
jzJ;
cvh(ef) ‘H>vJed. ±k;pbJ; (Franklin Delano
Roosevelt) rh>wh>trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tuD>
cd. 32 *Rw*RzJ 1933eH.wkR 1945eH.t
bX.pXRM.vDRI rh>wh>uD>cd.xJw*R{dRvXt’d;Ck
xXto;vG>H bsD< yXqSX0JtxHtuD>vX 12eH.twD>
ylRzJtxHtuD>b.o*X>’D;rk>usRd 0JRuGmtw>vDRw
-xK;’D;zJ[.D cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtcgM.vDRI %k;pbJ;
’k;td.xD.0Jw>wdmusJRwz.’D;oEloD’fod;txHt
uD>utd.uhR’D;w>vXw>ySJRt*D>M.vDRI
_z;J cvh(ef)‘H>vJe.d ±k;pbJ;vXtrh>0Jo.H ,d.’d±;k pbJ;twcGgvXt,HRw*R
tHRtd.zsJ.zJ0h>[J;z;(cf) (Hyde Park)< EFL,D;uD>pJ.zJvg,ElRtg&H. 30
oD 1882 eH.M.vDRI %k;pbJ;t'l.zdxXzdwz.rh>ySRvXtuJ’d.uJxD< ‘D;
rhrh>t0J’.wcDrRvdrR’d;b.w>cDzsdo&.vDRqD[Jod.vdtDRvXt[H.
wkRvXt0JvRJ rRvduRh w>vX}udx.d (Groton) uFzd t J o;eH.td. 14eH.w
pkM.vDRI t0JvJRrRvdb.w>vX[gb;(‘f) (Harvard) zF.pdrdRuFd‘D;cd.vg
=35=
bH,X>w>bsXoJp;tuFd‘D;rh>wh>uFdzdvXtrRvdw>*hR’d.r;w*RwcsK;vX
w>wl>vdmtDRvXEFL,D;pH.nD.uG>D u&Xw>rRtylRzJ 1907 eH.tcgM.vDRI
_zJ;cvh(ef)’d;wh’d;zsDto;’D;twcGgrk.’.0JvXtrHRrh>tJvHeX.±k;pbJ;zJ
1905 eH.tylRM.vDRI trHRyS>< thvH,X;%k;pbJ;< rh>oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;t’D
yk>0J>cGgvXtrh>wh>uD>trJ&uRuD>cd.zJ 1901 eH.wkR 1909 eH.tbX.pXR
M.vDRI tJveH X.rh>’H.rd._c;J oElzw
d *R'ft0Rtod;’D;t0Jo;pJvXxH±>l uD>
oJ;tylR’d.r;vDRI
zJ 1910 eH.tylR_zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;b.w>CkxXtDR’fEFL,D;uD>pJ.
bsD.’d.x;cDu&Xzdw*Rtod;’D;p;xD.zJM.trHR[lo.zsgxD.vXEFL,D;
uD>pJ.txH±l>uD>oJ;w>rRtylRM.vDRI t0Jtw>ohw>b.tHRtd.zsgxD.
vXuD>cd.0l;_’d0hvpX.trJmngtCd zJ 1913 eH.M.uD>cd.CkxXxD.tDR
vXuuJxD.xHok;rk>teJ.±GJ.pXRw*RvXub.[H;zD.xD.rl'gvXCkeH.
twD>ylRM.vDRI
0l;_’0d v
h pX.’D;’H.rd._c;J tcd.te>t*Roh.wz.ol.rHo;rkmvX_z;J cvh(ef)
tw>rRwz.vXqXuwD>uDcJtylR'fod;tHRtCdM.vDRI zJ 1917 eH.vX
trh>qXuwD>zJtrJ&uRuD>pXzS.d y’d.EkmvDRy.CkmvX[D.cd.w>'k;wXw
bsDtcg< _zJ;cvh(ef)txHok;w>vD>w>usJw>rRwz.vJRto;*hR*hRb.
b.M.vDRI zJw>’k;tqXuwD>t0J&J.usJRpXRw>’k;vXuvHRpd;yD.vJ.w
uyRvXw>rR[;*DRuFXreH.cs?H U-boat/w>'k;tw>[l;w>*JRwz.M.vDRI
zJ 1921 eH.w>ud>cgtqXuwD>< w>ql;w>qge;e;usRH usRH [Jb.o*X>_z;J
cvh(ef)M.vDRI w>M.tvD>cHw>Ckx.H ’D;oh.ngvXt0Jw>l b.w>qgyd.
vH.,d.< vXtrh>w>vDRbVw>qgM.vDRI tcD.vDRbVuGHmcHcDvXmC.
C.tCdt0J[;wohrlRrlReD>eD>vXRb.I _zJ;pJ;zX.ch(ef)(Frances Perkins)
vXtrh>bsD.’d.cX.p;tu&XzdvXtoh.ngvdmo;’D;_zJ;cvh(ef)w*Rem0J
vXw>qgtHRvJvdmuGHm_zJ;cvh(ef)tw>ymol.ymo;’D;vXw>tHRtCdt
=36=
0JuJxD.uhRySRvXt*hRxD.w*RM.vDRI pH;0JvX<?zJ%k;pbJ;wl>b.w>qg
tqXuwD>t0JvRJ cDzsbd .0Je>D o;tw>qDwvJe;e;usRH usRH M.vDRI zJt0J
udn>xD.uhR'D;[JuRh M.,xH.vXw>ymxD.xDo;wqH;wuh>vXttd.
’D;tDRwcsK;vXtqd;uhtcgvDRr>uGHmcJvXmvDRI ydmcGgtHRtol.*hRo;0g
xD.uhR< tw>oh.ngM>ySR*Rt*D>’D;ymuJySR*RtgxD.’D;tw>qdurd.t
w>ul.oht’d.t,dmtd.xD.uhR0Jph>uD;M.vDRI rh>vXt0Jb.o*X>wh>
w>b.ud>b.*DRt’d.t,dmtCdt0Joh.nge.yX>uhRySRvXttd.b.
vXw>uDw>cJtylRtw>*h>uDM.vDRI/
_zJ;cvh(ef)rh>b.[;vXvD>qh.eDRvh.zdb.q.zJ 1928 eH.tylRt0JEkm

vDRrRuhRw>vXxH±l>uD>oJ;tylRvDRI eH.vXt[JweH.tylRt0Jb.w>
CkxXxD.tDR’fELF ,D;uD>pJ.tySRyXqSXw>w*Rtod;M.vDRI zJt0Jt.d vX
trl'gw>rRtylRtcgt0Jx.H vdmo;’D;ySRvXttd.’D;w>xH.vXttJ.’d;
’k;td.xD.w>qDwvJb.C;uD>trJ&uRurRb.vdmuhRtrk>usdR0JR
uGmw>*h>uDoh’fvJ.wz.M.vDRI cDzsdySRoh.wz.tHRtw>’db.rR[l;t
Cd_zJ;cvh(ef)uJxD.ySR*JRxH±l>uD>oJ;t*hRuwX>tusgw*RvXuD>trJ&
uRtylRM.vDRI
vgtD;uxdbX. 1929 eH.w>jyKxD.vX0D(vf)p}xH; (Wall Street) rh>w>

vXtrRvDRw-xK;uD>trJ&uRtrk>usRd 0JRuGmvXtrJ&uRw>pH.pdRwJpRd
tylRM.vDRI trJ&uRuD>cd.[XbX;[l;bX> (Herbert Hoover) rRCXt
o;vXtw>[h.vDRuD>pXzSd.y’d.tw>rRpXRqlySRxlpHmzdwz.ttd.t
rJmngtcd.udR'D;w[h.rRpXRySRw>rRwtd.vXclylR0h>ylRwz.M.b.I
uD>cd.[l;bX>}wDph>uD;oJp;wbh.vXtChxD.0JvXw>u’k;td.xD.zJ;'
&X>uD>pXzSd.ySRvXtw>zH;w>rRwtd.cX.p;u&X‘D;wu;’fb.xD’g0Jw>
&J.w>usJRvXw>u’k;td.xD.ursX>w>zH;w>rRtw>wdmusJRwcgM.vDRI
‘f0h>EFL,D;uD>pJ.cd.w*Rtod;< _zJ;cvh(ef)*JRvdmrRpXRySRvXtw>rRw
=37=
td.wz.oyS>yS>M.vDRI t0J’;k td.xD.w>u&Xu&dwzkvXtrh>EFL,D;uD>

pJ.*h>*D>tlw>rRpXRtcD.rH;±SX.vXtp;xD.rRpXRySRvXtw>rRwtd.’D;
ySRol.uho;yS>vXtrRw>wuJvXRoh.wz.M.vDRI
zJM.tqXuwD>ySRxH._zJ;cvh(ef)‘fuD>pJ.EFL,D;tcd.w*RvXtrRuJxD.
vd.xD.w>t’d.trk>’D;w>CkxXxD.ph>uD;tDRvXuuJxD.’H.rd._cJ;wh;
uD>cd.cX.p;vXuEkmvDRw>CkxXzJ 1932 eH.w>rRxHu>D w>zD.w>z;trl;
vXtu[JtylRM.vDRI zJM._zJ;cvh(ef)woh.ngvDRwH>0JvXurRb.
vdmuhR0Jrk>usdR0JRuGmvDRw-xK;tw>*h>uD‘fvJ.b.< emouht0JrReXR
uGmH ySRvXtjyXw>’D;tDRvXtrh>xHzu
d p>uD>oElzvd XySRursX>b.ol.b.
o;tDRwtgb.wz.M.vDRI
‘fuD>cd.w*Rtod;_zJ;cvh(ef)tw>[l;w>*JRtqduwX>M.rh>0Jw>EkmvDR
rRb.vdmuhRxHuD>tphwX;tw>[;*lm[;*DRwz.M.vDRI p;xD.vXrk>
usdR0JRuGmtw>vDRw-xK;td.xD.vHRvHRphwX;cJvXmtusg,J>ylwylM.
w>rXql.vXuu;wHmuGHmto;M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdySRursX>wqHrs;
u,RtphymuDRvXto;orl'DuwD>t*D>vDRr>uGHm0J'.M.vDRI zJ 1933
eH.p;xD.oDtqXuwD>ySRtrJ&uRzdwz.wemM>vXRtphwX;tusJoEl
wz.vXRtCdursX>wz.p;xD.xk;uhRtph’D;ymuhR0JvXt[H.M.vDRI
zJ_zJ;cvh(ef)EkmvDRp;xD.uJxD.uD>cd.woDylRuGHmtqXuwD>t0J[h.vDR
tuvk>vXw>ub.u;wHmuGHmphwX;cJvXmM.vDRI xJM.wbsDt0JrX
bs.D ’d.u&XvXu'k;td.xD.w>od.w>oDvXttk.uDRto;vXySRvXt
ymuDRphvXphwX;tylRwz.zJus.d ph*>h 0Dw>vDRw-xK;rh>td.xD.toDwbsD
tcgt0Joh.tphwvDRr>b.vXRt*h>M.vDRI
zJ 1933 eH.vgrm±S; 9 oDteHRM._z;J cvh(ef)ud;bs.D ’d.u&Xw>td.zS.d vDR

qDM.vDRI vXw>td.zSd.tylRt0JpH;b.u&Xzdoh.wz.vXw>[h.w>zH;
=38=
w>rRwM>tw>*h>uDtRH w>rRb.vdmuhRohxv J X ?xHu>D y’d.teD>up>

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[h.w>zH;w>rRwM>tHRtw>*h>uDM.vDRI bs.D ’d.wl>vdmw>ywHx.D wbsD
tHRM.vDRI bs.D ’d.tw>td.zS.d vDRqDwbst
D RH w>p;xD.oh.ngtDR’ftrh>
rk>eHRwu,Rw>usJR‘D;w>tHRymzsgxD.±k;pbJ;oEloD*H>cD.xH;w>*h>wz.
M.vDRI
xHuD>y’d.p;xD.[h.vDRw>rRqlursX>ttd.vXurRw>rRtguvkmM.
vDRI _zJ;cvh(ef)*JRvdmrRpSRvDRuGHmw>[h.w>zH;w>rRwM>tw>*h>uD< ‘D;
t0Jus;J pX;rRpSRvDRph>uD;ySRvXtzH;w>rRw>wuJvXRwz.tw>*h>uDM.
vDRI w>u&Xu&dtusgwzkvX_zJ;cvh(ef)‘k;td.xD.wh>0JM.rh>0JzJ;’&X>y
’d.*h>*D>tlw>rRpXRyXqSXw>u&XvXt[h.usd.phw>qD.xGJqlySRvXt
vd.b.w>rRpXReD>eD>wz.ttd.M.vDRI zJvgtDul; 1935 eH.tylRM.
w>tX.vDRwl>vdmySR*h>0Dw>bH.w>bXtoJp;M.vDRI u&XtHR’k;td.xD.
0JxHvD>uD>ylRo;yS>uwD>usd.phqD.xGJtusJoEl‘D;&J.usJRyXqSXuD>pJ.pX
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M.vDRI
xHuD>w>rR*kRxD.yoDxD.M>w>vXySRolzH;zdt*D>u&X (vXtJuvH;usdm
wcDrh>0J National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
–NAACP) rk>v>0JvXw>CkxXxD._zJ;cvh(ef) zJ 1932 eH.tHRuqdwuD>
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=39=
wbh.vDRI w>od.w>oDy}wDmtHRymzsgxD.zJ;’&X>tw>vdmuG>D y’d.vXt

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oHuJxD.to;tqXuwD>M.vDRI zJ 1935 eH.tylRw>wdmtd.vXu[h.
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t*D>M.vDRI t0Jp;H 0JvXt0Jr>h qD.xGv
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uGHmvXw>CkxXvXcHwbsDtylRvDRI
zJ 1936 eH.w>CkxXxD.trJ&uRuD>cd.tqXuwD>w>xD’g_zJ;cvh(ef)
vXtwrRwDtw>tX.vDRvXurRb.vdmzd;'huhRphwdmymtCdvDRI ySR
weDReDRwcDymw>ur.vXtvdRvXtrh>cD.rFLeH;oElzdw*RvDRI rh>emo
uh< oEloDvXw>’k;td.xD.tDRtHRtgwuh>ySRzD.w>z;zdwz.b.ol.
b.o;0J’d.r;tCd_zJ;cvh(ef)rReXRuGHmxHzdup>uD>y.wH.cX.p;vXt’d;
CkxXo;wz.nDu’.M.vDRI
zJw>bd;b.&RvDRvX_zJ;cvh(ef)td.’D;w>wdmvXu’d;CkxXto;oX0Dw
0D0HRtvD>cHw>ymw>ur.vXt0JtpdurDR’d.xD.t*h>tgxD.0JM.vDRI
vXw>M.tCd_zJ;cvh(ef)uJxD.ySRxJw*R{dRvXtvk>oh.cgywmw>od.
w>oDvXwtd.uG;J vDRto;vXtrh>uD>cd.w*R’D;CkxXto;oX0Dw0Dw
ohvhRwuhRb.M.vDRI b.q.zJ 1940 eH.tylRt0JrReXRu’D;w>vX
w>CkxXoXbsDwbsDtylRM.vDRI
zJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>M.cDzsd_zJ;cvh(ef)rRpSRvDRtw>td.
qX xX.vXw>bX.pXRoEl'D;td.uhRvXod.rSHRu%l>wuyRtCd< vXcH
uwX>,y.tok;rk>wz.EkmvDR'k;trJ&uRtyvJubDoM (Pearl Har-
-bour) 'D;w>M.tvD>cHtrJ&uRb.EkmvDRqlw>'k;tylRM.vDRI zJ 1944
=40=
eH.tylRt0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDRvGH>0Dw0DvXtuuJxD.uD>cd.M.vDRI
b.q.wcsK;oXEGHzJuFXreH.ok;rk>[h.vDRuGHmto;vXw>’k;’D;ymvDRpku
0JRzJ 1945eH.vgrhR 7oDM._zJ;cvh(ef)‘H>vJed.±k;pbJ;pl;uGHmto;M.vDRI
t0JoH0HRtvD>cH< trgtJvHeX.±k;pbJ;‘D;tzdcGgcH*RvXtrh>uF‹(rf)±k;pbJ;
‘D;_z;J cvh(ef)±k;pbJ;uFLe,X>wz.[l;*JR0JvXxH±>l uD>oJ;w>zH;w>rRtylR
M.vDRI
=41=
]]w>obVrh>w>vXtvk>'d.yOR'd.pH;w>M.rh>w>vXtrh>twDvRD I AtCdw>vk>'d.yOR
'd.t0JM.w>ub.eDRvDRtDRvDRI}}
"It is true that liberty is precious - so precious that
it must be rationed."
]]ySRw*RvXttd.'D;uswd cd.M.yXqSXySRt*RA100AvXtuswd td.eDwcd.b.ohvRD I}}

"One man with a gun can control 100 without one."
]]w>vXw>vH.w>vDM.w>rh>wJtRD wvD>vD>uJx.D uhRvXw>trh>twDM.vDRI}}

"A lie told often enough becomes the truth."
bsJ;'HrX>vJM>(ef) A(1870 = 1924)
bsJ; ’HrX>vJM>(ef)(Vladimir Lenin) rh>ySR*JR

xH±l>uD>oJ;vXt&h'd.w*R’D;wuwD>
CDrh>,RzSd.eH. 20 w>yX>qX*h>0DtySR
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’db.rR[l;&X±Sg’D;[D.cd.’Db.h ph>uD;M.vDRI t0J[.h
ul.yXqSX&J.usRJ 0Jb(d vf)±Sb
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w>pdw>urDRySJRwkmvXuD>&X%SgtylRzJ 1917eH.tylR
’D;t0Jrh>ph>uD;pd.bH.,J;tcd.te>vXtol.xD.pd.
bH.,J;uD>tqduwX>w*RvDRI tw>[h.vDRto;
vXr;pH.(Marxist) oEltusRd tusw J z.tgwuh>w>
oh.ngtDRvXvJM>(ef)oEl (Leninism) M.vDRI
vJM>(ef)td.zs.J xD.vX0h>ph(rf)bX; (Simbirsk) vXuD>&X±SgtylRzJvgthjz.h

10oD< 1870 eH.teHRM.vDRI ty>rh>tvD>u0DRuFdySR[h.ul.w>vXtrh>
ySRvXtzD.usXRCmw>emvXttd.ympXR (Conservative) < ’D;rh>ph>uD;&X
±SgtDo’D; (Orthodox) tw>td.zSd.zdw*RM.vDRI trd>wcDrh>0JuoH.o
=42=
&.vXtyXb.w>vD>w>usJwz.tzdrk.M.vDRI t[H.zdCDzdw’l.tHRrh>
ySRvXtoGH.usJ.usD’D;uvkm’l.tguvkm< t0Jrh>ySR[JvDRpXRvXySR&X±Sg
zd< ySRcg(vf)rH;(cf)zd< ySR,l’Rzd< ySRuFXreH.zd< ySRpGH;’H;(±Sf)zd’D;b.wb.t
*Rutd.’H;0JM.vDRI vJM>(ef)to;b.w>vk>bXtDRvXxH±l>uD>oJ;yX>
qXw>tw>xH.wz.cDzsdt0J>cGg< tJvJ;pJ’X>< vXtod.vdtDRb.C;
cg(vf)r;(pf) (Karlmax) tw>qdurd.t*h>tusdRwz.tCdM.vDRI
zJt0JrRvdw>vXuFdtcgt0JrR'k;eJ.0JeD>uD>vXtrh>ySRvXtcd.Elm*hR< rh>
vXw>M.tCdtoud;oh.wz.[;qSJ;tDRM.vDRI t0Jrh>wtJ.’d;to
&.orgtw>zD.usXRCmw>emvXttd.ympXRtw>xH.wz.b.q.
vXtw>rRvdrR’d;tylRt0Jzsd;pd0J’.M.vDRI t0JtJ.z;vHmvXtb.w>
uG;J tDRvXud;(of) (Goethe) ’D;xX;uFJeJ; (Turgenev), 'D;w>uGJ;wz.tHR’d
b.rR[l;tDRvXtw>td.rl’DwuwD>ngM.vDRI
zJvJM>(ef)o;p>tcgw>ol.tk;o;tk;tvD>[Jb.tDRcHrHRvXtrRb.’d
tDR’d.’d.uvJmM.vDRI zJ 1886 eH.tylRvJM>(ef)ty>pl;uGHmto;cDzsd
cd.ElmovDtoGH.usdRwJmw>qgtCdvDRI zJvgrhR 1887 eH.tylRzJvJ
M>(ef)to;td. 17 eH.tqXuwD>t0J>cGgt’d.uwX>vXtrh>tJvJ;pJ’X>
b.zD.’D;w>pX>oHtRD cDzstd w>rRw>pkq.l cD.wu;vXw>rRyd>rh.yd>vXt
rRysHRrRzk;p>pDRyRtJvJ;pJ’X>oX*Rw*R (Tsar Alexander III) to;orl
tCdvDRI t’Dyk>0J>rk.tJe.wcDzJySRzD.t0J>cGgtJvJ; pJ’X>tcgt0Jtd.ph>
uD;vDRI ‘D;zJM.ySRxk;z;tDR’D;t[H.zdCzD ’d ;D vJRymtDRvXo0DwzsX.vXt
pDRpkR’D;tw>vD>cgp. (Kazan) 40 uHvdrHxX.M.vDRI cDzsdySRymtDRvXt
0Jr>h ySRyX>qXw>zdvXtoHumHG w*Rt'Dy>k 0J>cGgtCdt0Jx.H b.0JvXySRtg
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CdvJM>(ef)nduGHm0Jw>bl.w>bg’D;txHtuD>txH±l>uD>oJ;tusdRtusJ
M.vDRI
=43=
vXcHuwX>t0JrR0JwkRySRwl>vdmtDRvXcgp. (Kazan) zF.pdrdRzJt0JrRvd

b.C;w>bsXoJp;t*h>M.vDRI zJt0JrRvd'H;w>vXzF.pdrdRuFdtcg’.vJm
t0JrRoud;w>vXxH±>l uD>oJ;w>rRtylRM.vDRI cDzsv
d Xt0Jy.CkmvXw>
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t0JR'X;M.vDRI yXRuD>tusgw*RoHuG>tDRvX ?zdo.ydmcGgzd{X< b.rEkR
tCdeylxD.w>vJ.< w>cJvXm0HRtvD>cH< cJtHRvXerJmngtd.’D;w>’l.w
bh.vHI/ vXw>emM>vDRto;ySRJ qX.uvmtylRvJM>(ef)pH;qXtDR< ?w>
’l.t0JM.wusXRvXRb.I erh>qD.tDRM.uvDRySD>0J’.vDRI/ cDzsdt0Jt
w>rRwz.tCdySR[DxD.uGHmtDR’D;wwl>vdmtDRvXw>rRvdrR’d;tylR
vXRb.I
w>[Dx.D uGmH tDR0HRtvD>cHt0JvRJ ql0>h ph>(xf)zHxX.bX; (St. Peterburg)

‘D;rRvd‘.w>vXteD>up>’.0J’fuFdzdvXw>csXw*Rtod;M.vDRI t0Jzsd
xD.w>bsXoJp;tw>’d;pJ;zJ 1891 eH.tylR< ‘D;rh>ySRtcD.xH;uwX>w*R
vXtoud; 124 *RtusgvDRI 0HRtvD>cHvJM>(ef)p;xD.rRvdxHo;b.
C;w>bsXoJp;vXp.r.&. (Samara) tylRM.vDRI
zJ 1893 eH.tylRt0JvJRol.vDRuhRtw>td.w>qd;tvD>zJ0h>ph>(xf)zH
xX.bX;'D;zJM.t0JrRw>b.C;oJp;wuyRM.vDRI zJM.t0Jp;xD.’k;
td.xD.0Jr;pH; (Marxist) [D.vmw>[l;w>*JRwz.'D;eDRz;vDRtu&Xzdw
z.Ck*Rwu%l>M.vDRI t0Joh.p;xD.orHord;b.C;pJ;zDu[.w>rR
vD>< ymzSd.p&DywD>oh.wz.'D;uGJ;&RvDR0JvHm&RvDRwz.vDRI vXu±l>
wz.tHRtylRt0JxH.vdmph>uD;o;’D;rk.vd.bd w*RvXtrh>e;’JpX;’.
jcL;pug,> (Nadezhda Krupskaya) ‘D;t0Joh. ’d;wh‘d;zsDto;zJ 1898
eH.M.vDRI
zJ 1895 eH.tylRt0JvJRqluD>pGH;pvJ(ef)’fod;uxH.vdmto;’D;ySR’fod;
=44=
tDR'ftrh>ySR*h>0Dt’H.rd._cJ;zdvXtySJR’D;w>xH.w>qdurd.wz.M.vDRI
zJM.t0JxH.vdmuwdRoud;w>’D;uFDRuFHzsJ;cged. (Georgi Plekhanov) ’D;
t0Joh.*h>vdmoud;b.C;’D;w>’k;td.xD.uhRw>qDwvJvXuD>&X±Sgt
ylRM.vDRI zs;J cged.tJ.’d;'k;td.xD.vH;b&X>ySR*D>rm(ySRvXtwDRywD>td.
vXw>bX.pXR) twDRywD>< ‘D;rhrh>vJM>(ef)wcDo;pJvXw>'k;td.xD.ySR
rRw>zdtwDRywD>M.vDRI cDzsdvXw>o;wvDRyvdmtHRtCdySR*h>0D’H.rd.
_cJ;wh;y.wH.vDRz;0JcHzkvXtrh>rJ±SHbh;(pf) (Mensheviks) ‘D;bd(vf)±SH
bh;(cf) (Bolsheviks) u&Xwz.M.vDRI
zJvJM>(ef)[JuhRu’guhRqluD>&X±Sgtcg[JuhRpdmCkm0J’D;vHm&RvDRwz.
vXtwzd;oJp;wz.M.vDRI t0JtJ.’d;’k;td.xD.w>yX>qXtvHmw>u
pD.wbh.M.vDRI zJt0Jbl;up;xD.xk;xD.vHmw>upD.tHRweHRM.w>
zD.t0J’;D cd.e>rRoud;w>’D;tDRwz.M.vDRI t0Jb.vDRqlCmd ylRvX 15
vgtwD>ylRM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cHy'd.[DxD.uGHmtDRqluD>pH;bX&H,>
(Siberia) ‘D;zJM.t0J’D;jcL;pug,>‘d;wh’d;zsDto;M.vDRI t0Joh.td.qd;
zJM.wkRvX 1900 eH.wpkt0Joh.vJR0JqluD>pGH;pvJ(ef)zJt0Joh.’k;td.
xD.uhRvHmw>upD.wbh.vXtrh>tH;pjc> (Iskra)< tcDynDrh>0J ?rh.tl
tzD/ M.vDRI vHmw>upD.trHRtHR[JcDzsdto;vXxgwusdR< ?rh.tltzD
urRtd.xD.rh.tlv./ M.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vXuD>pGH;pvJ(ef)tqXuwD>
t0J’d;M>w>pdw>urDR’D;uJxD.b.ySR*h>0D’H.rd._cJ;wh;y.wH.tcd.te>w
*RM.vDRI t0Jtd.’D;tw>xH.wcDwXRvXtwtJ.’d;qDwvJ0Jb.tHRrh>
w>*h>cd.oh.wrHRvXt'k;td.xD.w>vDRz;vXy.wH.wzktRH tylRM.vDRI
w>rRoHql.oH*D>ySRvXph>(ef)zHxX.bX;zJ 1905 eH.tylR[h.ql.xD.vJ
M>(ef)to;vXuwJw>vXw>’k;td.xD.w>pkq.l cD.wu;tw>[l;w>*JR
t*h>M.vDRI w>wwXmwegtHRtd.xD.to;cDzsdcdpJ; (Cossacks) tok;rk>
wz.c;ySR[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;vXw>rkmw>ck.tylRwz.vXy>’d.uFD
uFRH uJ;yD (Georgi Gapon) wDcd.&d.rJ0JM.vDRI w>uJxD.o;t0JtHR’k;td.
=45=
xD.w>jyKxD.vXuD>&X±SgtylRwbsK;wDRngM.vDRI zJM.vJM>(ef)[JuhR
u’guhRqluD>&X±Sg’D;td.0JzJM.u,HmcHeH.< b.q.w>wp;xD.rRw>yX>
qXeD>uD>'H;b.< rh>vXp> (Tsar) pDRyR[h.w>cGJ;w>,mtgr;qlySRursX>t
td.’fod;tokwol.xD.o;[hw>vXRw*hRt*D>M.vDRI zJ 1906 eH.M.
w>CkxXxD.vJM>(ef)vXuuJxD.uD>&X±SgySR*h>0D’H.rd._cJ;wh;ySRrRw>zd
y.wH.turH;wHmw*RM.vDRI b.q.p;xD.zJM.wkRvXw>yX>qXp;xD.
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u’kwpd>wvD>vXuD>,l&yRtylR< ‘D;w>uDw>cJr>h [Jb.o*X>tDRe;e;usRH
usHRb.q.t0JusJ;pX;uGJ;&RvDR’.txH±l>uD>oJ;w>uGJ;wz.M.vDRI
zJ[D.cd.w>’k;wXwbsDp;xD.oDoH.bSJtqXuwD>vJM>(ef)td.qd;’H;’.
w>vXuD>tD;p}xH,gtylRM.vDRI zJvgtDul; 1914 eH.tylRt0Jb.w>
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tDRqlCmd ylRwpd>wvD>0HRtvD>cHw>[h.tDRtcG;J vXuok;tvD>qlu>D pG;H p
vJ(ef)M.vDRI zJt0JxD.w>td.zSd.vX0h>bX(&f)eH> (Berne) tcgt0Jymzsg
xD.tw>xH.vXw>’k;w>,RwbsMD .tzDc.d M.vDRI w>obH.obk.vX
ttd.xD.tHRt0Jym0JvXtrh>’.ySRrRvJ>tD.uD>tw>rR’D;wJzsgxD.0J’.
vXySRqd.±SJ.vh;zdoh.wz.vXtqD.xGJw>’k;M.rh>ySR,d;u'gbDqlySRzH;
w>rRw>zdtwDRywD>ttd.M.vDRI
vJM>(ef)o;wrkm’d.’d.uvJmcDzsdtgwuh>ySRqd.±SJ.vh;zdvXuD>,l&yRt
ylRwz.qXwJmvXuqD.xGJw>’k;tw>*JRvdmtCdM.vDRI zJM.tcgt0J
[h.tgxD.tw>qXuwD>’D;tw>*H>w>bgcDzsw d >[;0hR0DR*JRvdmw>vXw>
qDwvJuRh ?ySRrRvJ>tD.uD>w>'k;qlxv
H >D uD>ylRw>'k;/ M.vDRI vJM>(ef)
&J.usJR'k;td.xD.w>&RvDRoEl'fod;tu[h.oq.xD.od.rSHRok;rk>w
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=46=
zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 1915 eH.tylR< eHcdv;cH*Rw*R (Nicholas II) p;xD.yX

qSXuD>&X±Sgtok;rk>vXt’k;w>vXw>rJmngw>'k;ysD vXrk>xD.wuyRM.
vDRI tw>rRwbst D RH txHu>D ok;rk>w*X>wusXRvXRb.’D;zJ 1917 eH.t
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1<300<000 *R< ySRb.’dwcDxD.b;wkRvX ySR 4<200<000 *R‘D;ySRvX
’k.’gzD.M>M.tgM>’H;ySR 2<417<000 *RM.vDRI
w>’k;wbsDtHRrRb.’db.xH;ph>uD;uD>&X±Sgtrk>usdR0JRuGm’d.’d.rk>rk>M.
vDRI w>tD.w>tDoh.wz.pSRvDRtCdtyOR'd.xD.0J’.M.vDRI zJvg,
ElRtg&H. 1917 eH.M.vX0h>zJ;}xd}uJ;(‘f) (Petrograd) tylR< w>zdw>vHR
tyORtuvHRxD.wkRvXCkq;M.vDRI
vXcHuwX>zJ 1917 eH.M.w>yX>qXtd.xD.0J’.vXuD>&X±SgtylRM.vDRI

teD>eD>M.w>yX>qXtd.xD.0Jcw H RD vXw>weH.M.twD>ylRM.vDRI zJvgrm
±S;tylRySRrRw>vXx;pwHtw>rRvXph>(xf)zHxX.bX;0h>ylRwz.qXxX.
ylxD.uhRty'd.’D;tw>[;ymzsgxD.o;wbsDtHRySRvXtuxdwz.t
uxd*JRqXxX.xD'gw>vXusJtzDcd.M.vDRI p>pDRyRtw>pdw>urDR[;
*DRuGHm’D;‘lr> (Duma) u&XvXtb.w>wDcd.&d.rJtDRvXtJvJ;pJ’X>c&Jp
uH; (Alexander Kerensky) zD.xD.uhRw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI vJM>(ef)wcD
p;xD.&hvdmto;’D;ySRuFXreH.zdwz.vDRI t0Joh.qSXu’guhRtDRqluD>
&X ±SgylRylRzs;J zs;J rh>M>oXysXRt0Ju[H;M>w>pdw>urDR’D;rRuwX>uGmH w>’k;
vXuD>&X±SgtylRM.vDRI c&JpuH;ph>uD;bl;uvDRCHRwh>vXw>*h>uDwrHRCD
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=47=
qX.rJmph>uD;w>uDw>cJe;e;usRH usRH vXtxHv>D uD>ylRM.vDRI zJvgtD;u

xdbX.tylRvJM>(ef)xD.[H;uhRw>pdw>urDRvXw>*>oGH.*>pDRbl;wtd.
b.M.vDRI
zJbs;J ’HrX> tH.vH; vJM>(ef)to;td. 47eH.tcgw>CkxXxD.tDRvXtu

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M.vDRI y’d.toDwzktw>*h>uDwz.rh>w>vXt’d.trk>M.vDRI w>’k;w>
’D;uD>uFXreH.M.0HRuGHm0JwbsDCDM.vDR (tw>’k;wbsDtHRtw>ud;o}wD
rh>0J?ud.< wrh>w>’k;b./)I uFXreH.EkmvDRrRM>,l.jch(ef)b.q.w,Hm
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w>usJwz.w>[h.eDRvDRuGHmtDR< ‘D;w>vD>weDReDRM.rh>pHm{dRySJR{dRtvD>
wz.M.vDRI pJ;zDu[.w>rRvD>< w>cl.vX>cl.vh< phwX;’D;w>tyD;tvD
wz.vD>cX.o;y’d.[H;M>uGmH 0J’.M.vDRI rhr>h &X±SgtD;o’D;w>td.zS.d wcD
w>rRuwX>uGHmtDRM.vDRI
zJ 1918 eH.M.w>xD'.k xD'gtd.xD.vXrJ±b HS ;h (pf)"Mensheviks"(ySRt0g)

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’D;trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.b.q.vXw>*JRvdme;e;usHRusHR0HRtvD>cHt0Joh.
b.C.uGHm0J’.M.vDRI
zJ 1919 wkRvX 1921 eH.twD>ylRw>o.0HRvDR’d’;D w>vdRud>ySmH nd;w>qg

vDRvXuD>&X±SgtylR’D;ySRoHtgM>’H; 27 uuGJ>M.vDRI vXw>urRb.vdm
uhRw>[;*lm[;*DRt*D>vJM>(ef)p;xD.ymvDRrk>usRd 0JRuGmw>wdmusRJ toD
wcgM.vDRI w>&J.w>usJRtHRtd.’D;w>qdurd.wz.vXw>urRrlxD.
uhRrk>usdR0JRuGmvXtvDRw-xK;tHRM.vDRI ySRxlpHmvdmySJRwz.’d;M>b.
w>cGJ;w>,mvXuqgb.w>tD.w>tDvXzFgz;’d.tylR’D;’d;vJySRrRw>zd
=48=
vXurRw>vXt0Jo.h t*D>M.vDRI ySRxlpmH zdvXtrRvJ>xD.tpHmvD>M.

w>p;xD.oh.ngtDR’ftrh>ulv. (Kulaks) wz.M.vDRI pJ;zDu[.w>
rRvD>vXt’d;vJyRS rRw>zdpRS M>’H;t*RcHqMH .w>qguGmH tDR’D;w>rRvD>t
up>vD>vHRwz.ChxD.vXuyXu’guhRtDRoh0JM.vDRI rh>emouht0J
wxH.b.tw>wdmusRJ tHRtolto.vXvXySRJ ySRJ eDwbsb D .I zJvgtDu;l
30 oD< 1918 eH.teHRqd.%S.J vh;yX>qXw>u±l>tcX.p;< ‘d&>c.zs> (Dora
Kaplan) c;vJM>(ef)’D;usc
d scH zH sX.EkmvDRqltrd>yS>tylR’D;w>xk;xD.uhRtDR
wM>b.tCdvMJ >(ef)tw>td.ql.td.cVw*hR'fo;d vXtylRuGmH vXRb.I
zJvgrhR 1922 eH.tylRuvHRzF;tDRtqduwX>wbsD’D;weH.wcsK;ySJRxD.

uvHRzF;u'D;tDRcHbsDwbsDM.vDRI tw>td.rlvXttd.wh>cHeH.twD>ylR
t0J*JRvdmbSDb.uhR0Jw>vXtwb.bsd;b.'gwz.M.vDRI t0JxH.0J
vXtvD>td.vXt0Joh.urRoud;w>’D;rDRtd.,XRtxHtuD>wz.’D;
rRvDRr>uGHmw>wvXxD.ySJRxD.vXtbFL.&d.u&h.pH.w>rRtylRwz.
M.vDRI t0JusJ;pX;rRvDRwH>ph>uD;vX}xdpuH. (Trotsky) uxD.b.uhR
vXtvD>< wrh>pwgvh. (Stalin) b.M.vDRI t w>*JRvdmtHRwvXxD.
ySJRxD.b.I pwgvh.rh>ySRvXtohtb.’D;td.’D;w>ul.w>q;’d.wuh><
wkR’.vJmvXvJM>(ef)b.ymyeD.tDRM.vDRI zJ 1923 eH.tylRpwgvh.
xH.vXtw>qge;xD.’D;b.o*X>ph>uD;w>xD.toDwbsDtCdt0JoHw
cDyR’D;uwdRw>wohvXRb.I t0Judn>xD.wohvXR’D;oHuGHmcDzsdtcd.
ElmovDtoGH.usdRwJmw>qgzJ 1924eH.vg,ElRtg&H. 21 oDM.vDRI
=49=
]]uwdRw>uzDvzD 'd ;D pdmCm'D;eD.vJmz;'d.wbdwuh>I}}

"Speak softly and carry a big stick."
]]e[;qS;J w>'dw>wD>rh>ohM.wD>eDwxH.w*hRçAb.q.wb.wD>uzDvzD ed wD bswD *hRI}}

"Don't hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting;
but never hit soft."
oH.,d.'d±k;pbJ;A(1858–1919)
oH. ,d.’d±k;pbJ; (Theodore Rossevelt)

rh>wh>trJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tuD>cd. 26
*Rw*RM.vDRI t0Jrh>wh>cd.e>vXt
ol.ql.o;ql.td.*X>cX.oeX>’D;*JRvdmxJ;*H>xJ;bg
oyS>yS>vXtw>rR’d.xD.vJ>xD.uD>trJ&uRtw>
EkmvDRrRCkmto;’D;xH*kRuD>*R*h>0Dwz.M.vDRI
oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;td.zsJ.xD.zJvgtD;uxdbX. 27 oD 1858 eH.vX0h>EFL

,D;tylRM.vDRI t0Jrh>ySRrRrk>usdR0JRuGmtxl;twDRtzdcGgvGH>*RtusgcH
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tcgvXtwtJ.’d;0Jb.M.vDRI t0Jw>l b.w>qgvXtrh>w>o;bH;’D;w>
rJm,kmvXt0JxH.w>xJtbl;M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdvXto;uql.xD.
t*D>ty>pH;b.tDRvX< ?etd.’D;ecd.Elm< b.q.ewtd.’D;erd>yS>b.<
eub.’k;td.xD.erd>yS>vDRI/ vXurRpXRb.tzdcGgt*D>< ty>teD>u
p>’.0JbSDxD.eD>cdw>td.ql.td.cVw>*JRvdmuGJt’X;wzsX.zJt[H.ylRzJ
xJ’H> ?*JRvdmuGJ’D;rR*hRxD.teD>cd*H>}wDqXto[D.’D;vXcHw>oh.ngtDR
vXt*H>ql.xJod;’D;ye>rHR/ w’kngM.vDRI zJoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;o;p>’ft
=50=
qXuwD>t0JvJRydmtySR[H.zdCDzdtcHql,l&yRxHuD>wz.tylR’D;zJM.
t0JohxD.jz.ph.’D;uFXreH.tusdmrlmrlmeD>eD>M.vDRI
zJ 1876 eH.oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;to;td. 18 eH.tqXuwD>t0Jb.w>wl>

vdmtDRvX[gb;(‘f) (Harvard) zF.pdrdRtylRvDRI zJM.tqXuwD>b.C;
’D;w>vdmcd.vdmuGv
J Xto;pJwz.tusgy.Ckm’D;w>eD.cs<H bD;upX.w>
xd< w>’d;uoh.’D;w>[;0hR0DR[;vdmuGJwz.M.vDRI vXw>rRvdrR
’d;wuyRph>uD;oH.,d.’d±;k pbJ;rh>uFzd v
d Xto;pJ’;D us;J pX;xJ;*H>xJ;bgvX
tw>rRvdtylR’D;vXw>od.vdtqXuwD>t0J[h.vDRt*H>bgto[D.
’D;[l;*JRvXu±l>w>rRvdoud;w>tylRoyS>yS>M.vDRI wbsDzJtw>rRvd
'X;tylRo&.w*RpH;b.tDRvX ?uG>vXtHR±k;pbJ;{XIIIoh.ngvXySRvX
tod.vdw>vXwDRylRM.rh>,RvDR/ M.vDRI
zJ 1878 eH.tylR< oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;xH.vdmto;’D;tJvH;[J;o;0hRvHR

(Alice Hathaway Lee) vXtrh>ySRbD;pxX.zd[H.zdCDzdw’l.tzdrk.M.
vDRI t0Jo.h cH*Rb.ymw>tJ.wDz;,Hm’D;zJt0Jo.h Chx.D vXu’d;wh’;d zsD
to;tqXuwD>ySR}wDt0Joh.< b.q.vXcHuwX>zJvgtD;uxdbX.
27 oD< 1880 teHRM.t0Joh.’d;wh’d;zsDb.uhRto;*hR*hRb.b.M.vDRI
zJqXuwD>t0JM.tylRoH.,d.’d±;k pbJ;ty>< cDzsv
d XcJpX.w>qgb.tu
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{dRto;e;e;uvJm< wu;’fb.owl>uvmt0Jx.H vDRuhRto;vXt0J
uJxD.vH[H.cd.CDcd.w*RvHM.vDRI
xJM.wbsDoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vJRrRvdu’guhRw>vXcd.vdbH,>w>bsXoJ
p;udF‘D;zJ 1881 eH.tylRrh>vXt0J[JuhR[l;*JRvXuD.pJ.EFL,D;w>td.zSd.
z;’d.tylRtCd[;xD.uGHm0JvXtuFdM.vDRI zJM.w>CkxXxD.tDR'ftrh>
=51=
&H.zXbsH;cX. (Republican) tu&Xzdw*Rtod;'D;vXcHw>CkxXxD.u'D;

tDRcHbsDvXuyXqSX&H.zXbsH;cX.tySRwz.t*D>M.vDRI
qXuwD>zJM.oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;’fq.trJ>xD.[JujyK>u_yDRxD.tod;t
vD>tvRvXtywD>xD.uU>uU>tHRw>qduwD>tDRwohwM>eDwrHRb.I rh>
emouh’fM.’D;< zJ 1884 tylRtw>td.rlb.td.uhRvXw>o,k>ond
w>ol.vDRobSH;o;vDRobSH;e;e;uvJmtylRM.vDRI t*h>wcD[Jto;’f
tHR< zJtrgtd.zsJ.xD.tzdydmrk.vXtrHRrh>tJvH;±k;pbJ;vHzJvgzhR-bLR
tg&H. 12 oDteHRM.uvh>w>qgb.trgtCdtd.zsJ.0HRcHoDzJw>tJ.t
rk>eHR (Valetine) M.trgpl;uGHmto;M.vDRI w0HR’fb.wuwD>CDtrd>ph>
uD;qd;uhe;e;uvJmb.w>vdRud>ySmH nd;w>qgM.vDRI w>weHRCDzJ 1884
eH.vgzhR-bLRtg&H. 14 oDteHRtrgoH0HR[gcDvDRM.trd>ph>uD;oHo'.
uGHmtDRM.vDRI
zJ 1884 eH.tylR< oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;vJRqltuD>rk>EkmwuyRvX’gcd.x.

0h> (Dakota) vXt td.ySJRxJw>b.,d.b.bSD’D;bk.tD.q.zduD>zdzJM.<
rk>v>0JvXyszD ;vJ>o,k>wk>vXttd.qd;0JvXtylRtHRurRvDRr>pXRtw>
wl>b.cD.b.vXtuDtcJwz.M.vDRI t0JvJRcDzsdb.0Jrk>EkmySRvHRvlR
usLqSgwz.tw>rRqg’D;rRo;thMtDR< uG>tDRwrkmvXt0Joh.ud;tDR
vX ?ySRrJmcsvH >HG zsX.zd/ cDzsv
d Xt’d;rJm’d;tCd’;D ?ySRcD.ngp>zd/ cDzsvd Xt
td.vX0h>’D;wrRnDEk>w>rRe;b.tCdvDRI vXcHu,Du,DySRud;*Roh.
ngymuJxD.tDRcDzdst0JrRqXySRvXtrRtXtDRrRthMtDRwz.vXw>u
wdRvDReHRvDRthvXte;tusRH rhwrh> wbsb D sv
D Xtpkc.d o.td.0Jp>h uD;’d;
oMRxD.to;vXySRrRtXw>’D;t0Jo.h tw>rRy,Gt J zDc.d M.vDRI tw>
ol.’d.o;zsd;tHRrwRr;woh.ngeDwcD.b.I ySRoh.ngM.t*h>M.rh>xJ
’.w>bs.wzk{Rd vXt[k.tcs’H ;D vXcHEt HG wD>ylRt0JC>d uhR0JvX’gcd.x.
w>vD>oukRq;’;< w>vJRusJrh>uDcJb.q.w'G;0JvXRb.M.vDRI 'D;vX
=52=
cHuwX>ySRvXySRud;tDRvX ?rk>xD.x;cDySRcD.ngp>zd/ w*RtHRzD.csK;M>

u,J>ySRvXt[k.tcsHwz.M.vDRI zJqXuwD>tHRtylRt0JuGJ;ph>uD;vHm
vJ>wz.< 'D;vHmvXtuGJ;0HR0Jwz.tusgy.Ckm’D;vHmvGH>bh.vXtrh>
?History of America’s Westward Expansion/ vXw>xk;xD.&RvDRtDR
zJ 1889 eH.’D; 1896 eH.twD>ylRM.vDRI
zJ 1889 eH.tylR&H.zXbsH;cX.uD>cd.[J&H;pX.CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.
uD>trJ&uRxHvD>uD>ylRw>zH;w>rRcD.rH;±SX.tu&Xzdw*RM.vDRI zJ
1895 eH.tylRoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;uJxD.0J0h>EFL,D;yXRuD>tcd.M.vDRI ylR
uGHmweH.&H.zXbsH;cX.uD>cd.rch(ef)vh (Mckinley) CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJ
xD.xHok;teJ.±GJ.oCJRM.vDRI oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;*JRvdmoyS>yS>vXw>
qD.xGJw>rR’d.xD.vJ>xD.uD>trJ&uRxHok;t*H>tbgrh>’fod;urRtg
xD.uD>trJ&uRtw>EkmvDRrRy.Ckmto;vX[D.cd.’Dbh.*h>0DtywD>
t*D>M.vDRI zJpyh.’D;trJ&uR’k;vdmo;tqXuwD>oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;[l;
*JR’fok;cd.’d.*D>*h>vXtyXrkmo;rRuvDcD.cVok;&h.w&h.M.vDRI
zJ 1898 eH.tylRoH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;uJxD.0JEFL,D;uD>pJ.tcd.’D;vXcHuhRzJ
1900 eH.M.t0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJxD.uD>cd.cH*Rw*RvXr
ch(ef)vhtzDvmM.vDRI uD>cd.rch(ef)vhb.w>ul.tXrRoHumHG tDRzJvgpJ;
ywhbX. 1901 eH.tylRtCdt0Jx.D uhRvXuD>cd.usX>tvD>wbsC D v
D RD I
0HRtvD>cH’fuD>trJ&uRxH±l>uD>oJ;tusJoEltd.ympXRtod;zJ 1904
eH.w>rRxHuD>w>Ck xXtqXuwD>w>CkxXxD.uhR oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;
vXuD>cd.M.vDRI zJt0Juu J >D cd.tqXuwD>‘k;td.xD.0Jw>xD’gw>M>yXpd
&dRrRw>oElrh>’fod;urR*hRxD.0J’D;uymyeD.}wDCmrk>usdR0JRuGmu&X
usX>rk> (Corporation) wz.tw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI wu;‘fb.< vXuD>
pJ.zsD.&H;’. (Florida) tylRzJ 1903 eH.M.t0Jol.xD.0JursX>tzDu&X>
tqduwX>wu0DR< ‘D;zJ 1906 eH.tylRwcDt0Jbx DS .D 0Jxu
H >D tvX>xl.
=53=
tqduwX>wzsX.zJ0drh(if) (Wyoming) uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI
b.C;’D;xH*Rk uD>*R*h>0Dw>rRtylRwz.wcD< oH.,d.’d±;k pbJ;bd;b.&R

vDR0J’.vXuD>trJ&uR ?-uX;uwdRw>uzDvDzd’D;pdmCm'D;eD.vJmz;’d.
wbd/ M.vDRI tw>emM.rh>0JzJxHuD>t*Roh.wz.oh.ng0JvXtrJ&
uR’Do’Xtw>rd.M>o;vDwz.cDzsw d >’k;w>,Rtw>rRysRH rRzk;oh0v
J t
H
qXuwD>w>bH.w>bXvXtrJ&uRt*D>u*hRxD.0J’.M.vDRI oH.,d.’d
±k;pbJ;’fMqX.tod;tw>zD.*X>Cmrd(ef)&dtw>ymo;oEl (Monroe
doctrine) tHRtCd}wD0J’fod;xH*kRuD>*Rwz.tokw[Jol.vDRto;vXcJ
&h>bH,g[D.u0DRw>vD>wz.tylRw*hRM.vDRI 0HR‘D;t0JChxD.ql.0Jw>
cGJ;w>,mvXtrJ&uRxJwzk{dRuEkmvDRy.Ckmb.vXv;wh.trJ&uR
w>vD>wz.tylRM.vDRI t0J[h.*H>[h.bgph>uD;vXw>ubSDxD.yegrgxH
usdRM.vDRI zJ 1906 eH.tylRt0J’d;M>ed.bX.vfw>rkmw>ck.cd.z;cDzsdt
w>[H;rl’gb.C;w>ywkmuGHm&dpd (Russo) ‘D;,y.w>’k;tCdM.vDRI
oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;td.bSH;uhRvXuD>cd.tvD>zJ 1908 eH.tylRM.vDRI zJ

1912 eH.w>rRxHu>D w>CkxXtqXuwD>t0J*RJ vdmxD’gySRvXtxD.wh>
tvD>vXtrh>0hv,X.x;(zfx)f (William Taft) rh>vXt0Jo;wvDRyvdm
’D;ySRtHRtusoJ Elb.tCdM.vDRI tw>*JRvdmtHRrRvDRrk>_yjH ygySR[h.&H.
zXbs;H cX.w>z;wz.0HR[h.vDRuhRw>cG;J w>,mql0;l _’d 0hvpX> (Woodrow
Wilson) vXtrh>‘H.rd._cJ;oElzdvXuuJxD.uhRuD>cd.M.vDRI vXcHuhRzJ
1919 eH.vg,ElRtg&H. 6 oDteHRM.oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;pl;uGHmto;M.
vDRI t0Jrh>oHb.q.tw>M>ogvXtymvDRwJmwh>0Jwz.td.rl‘f’.w>
wkRrk>rqgweHRtHRM.vDRI oH.,d.’d±k;pbJ;rh>uD>cd.vXtrJ&uRCkxX
xD.t*hRuwX>tusgw*RM.vDRI tgM>tM.t0Jrh>wh>0Rw*RvXtol.
bsXo;bsXvXtrgtzDc.d < rh>wh>y>w*RvXtzdwz.uG>vdrR’d;tDR< ‘D;rh>
ph>uD;xHzduD>zdw*RvXt*kmusJ;pX;CkusJ’D;’k;td.xD.w>t’d.trk>vXt
=54=
xHtuD>t*D>< ‘D;vX[D.cd.’Db.h t*D>ypH;ohvRD I t0Jr>h wh>ySRuG;J vHmzdvX

tw>rRtolto.td.xD.tgtguvJm< rh>wh>ySR[;0hR0DRvXw>’Do’X
*H>cD.xH;ySR*h>0DcGJ;,mwz.vXwtd.’D;w>vDRbSH;vDRwDRb.< rh>wh>ySR*JR
xH±l>uD>oJ;ul.w>oh’d.r;w*RvXtqDwvJ[D.cd.MqX.w>td.o;0;
w&H;tDRwz.’D;xDbdM.tw>[l;w>*JRwz.’d;oMRxD.to;vXw>xH.
b.C;’D;w>obV< w>wDw>-w>wkRod;xJo;d vXw>bsXoJp;tzDvm’D;t
0Jrh>ySRvXttd.zsgol.zSHo;nDw*RM.vDRI
zJteD>qH;’ftcgtrHRvdmuGJvXySR,k> M>tDRvXtrh>?xJ’H> (Teddy)/w

zsX.td.rlwkRrk>rqgweHRtHRvXwRoluGDwuvkmtylRvXw>ud;vXwR
olzdxJ’H> (Teddy Bear) M.vDRI
=55=
]]ydmrk.w*Rv>v>vXte>yX>w>yXqSX[H.CDtw>*h>uDwz.M.td.bl;xD.vH';D w>e>yX>
w>yXqSXxHu>D tw>*h>uDvMH .vDRI}}
"Any woman who understands the problems of running a home will
be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country."
]]w>uJb.ySRvXttd.'D;tpdurDRM.'fo;d 'D;w>uJb.ySRwl>'d.uDR'd.rk.w*Rtod;vDRIAerh>b.
wJyRS *RvXerh>rEkRvJ.M.ewrh>ySRwl>'d.uDR'd.rk.b.I}}
"Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell
people you are, you aren't."
]],rh>ySRvXto;plRvDRqDztJ vD>cHuwX>,rh>rRM>w>vX,o;vDwrHRtcgvDRI}}
"I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my
own way in the end."
rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.A(1925=AAA)
rg }uJ;oJ;cFX. (Margaret Thatcher) rh>ydmrk.t

qduwX>vXtuJxD.,l.eJ;wJ;ch'X.(rf) t
udwdmcd.usX>M.vDRI t0J[H;zD.xD.rl‘gCkm’D;w>
tX.vDRvXurRM>uhR-bh;xh(ef)rk>usdR0JRuGmtw>
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uGHmxHuD>y’d.tw>rRvD>tgwDRvXw>yXuhRtDRvX
ySReD>w*RM.vDRI
t0Jrh>ySRqgw>upJ;upd;w*Rtzdrk.’D;td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1925eH.vgtD;u
xdbX. 13oDteHRzJ0>h }uJ> og (Grantham) vh(ef)cd>±Sg,X> (Lincolnshire)
uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI t0JvJRrRvdw>zJtD;pzD; (Oxford) zF.pdrdR‘D;zJt0Jzsd
xD.uFd0HREkmvDRrRw>’fySRCkoh.ngrRvduoH.uoDyDngw*RM.vDRI
vXcHuhRt0JrRvduhRoJp; w>bsX0HR'D;uJxD. yD>&Dw*RM.vDRI
zJ 1951 eH.vg’H.pJbX. 13 oDteHRt0J’d;wh’d;zsDto;’D;ySRrRrk>usdR0JR

=56=
uGmzdw*RvXtrHRrh>‘JeH;(pf)oJ;cFX. (Denis Thatcher) M.vDRI ‘fcD.pXbX;

xh;y.wH.tu&Xzdw*Rtod;w>CkxXxD.rg}uJ;oJ;cFX. (Margaret
Thatcher) vXuuJM>zh;(cFf) vh (Finchley) tcX.p;zJ 1959eH.vgtD;u
xdbX.tylRM.vDRI cHeH.ylRuGHmtqXuwD>t0JEkmvDRvX[g&d.rJ;rh;
vJ(ef) (Harold Macmillan) ty’d.tylR’fbsD.'d.teJ.±GJ.oCJRvXo;yS>
uwD>usd.phw>qD.xGJ’D;xHvD>uD>ylRw>tk.uDRo;w>rRt*D>M.vDRI
zJ 1964 eH.w>rRxHu>D w>[h.w>z;trl;tuwD>cD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.C.

uGHm'D;[g&d.0hvpX. (Harold Wilson) uJxD.uhRudwdmcd.usX>toDM.
vDRI tJ;'0;[J;(xf) (Edward Heath) vXtrh>cD.pXbX;xh;tcd.te>toD
w*RCkxXxD.uhRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.vXuuJxD.y.wH.xD'gw>tySRwJw>yX
vXo;yS>uwD>usd.phw>qD.xGJ’D;xHvD>uD>ylRw>tk.uDRo;w>rRt*D>M.
vDRI vXcHuhRvXy.wH.xD'gw>tw>rRtylRt0J[H;zD.xD.uhRtrlt’g
b.C;w>ymvDR[H.CD (zJvgtD;uxdbX. 1965 eH.)< us.d ph (vgthjz.h
1966 eH.) od’D;vDo[D. (zJvgtD;uxdbX. 1967 eH.)< 0HpdmwDqSXw>
rR (vged.0hbX. 1968 eH.) ‘D;w>ul.b.ul.ohw>rR (vgtD;uxdbX.
1969 eH.) wqDb.wqDM.vDRI
zJ 1970 eH.w>rRxHu>D w>[h.w>z;trl;zJc.D pXbX;xh;y.wH.rReXRw>t

cgrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.uJxD.ul.oh’D;pJth.yDng0JRusdRteJ.±GJ.w*RM.vDRI zJ
vgtD;uxdbX. 1970 eH.tqXuwD>w>*h>vdmbSDvdmt’d.trk>td.xD.
cDzsdt0JywkmuGHmuFdtw>[h.vDRuvDw>Ek>xHvXzdo.EGHeH.qltzDcd.w
z.’D;rR’d.xD.0JuFdw>tD.tbl;tvJtCdM.vDRI
zJM.tqXuwD>cDzsdvXudwdmcd.usX>tJ;‘0;[J;(xf)tw>*JRvdmymvDRzD
vpH.vXw>yORw>uvHR’D;w>[JEkmtzDcd.tCdw>obH.obk.uJxD.
vXt0J’D;ySRrRw>zdu&XtbX.pXRvDRI tw>ymvDRw> bsXvXtxD’gySR
=57=
qXxX.ymzsgxD.o;wz.uJxD.uhRw>obH.obk.vXySRrRw>zd’D;w>
rRup>wz.tbX.pXRM.vDRI zJ 1973 eH.M.w>cl.vX>cl.vhtySRrR
w>zdqXxX.ymzsgxD.o;’D;td.’D;w>ymvDRw>ymo;toElvXtrh>
?Work-to-rule/< 'fypH;w>tod;rRw>vXuyXb.w>t*D>M.vDRI vXw>
tHRtCdvXoXEGHtwD>ylRw>wb.vD>b.p;td.xD.0J’D;rh>vXySRrRw>zd
wz.wrRw>'D;[;ymzsgxD.w>b.o;tCdvDrh.tlo[D.oHwvD>vD>
M.vDRI zJ 1974 eH.wkRCDRtcgtJ;‘0;[J;(xf)rRxHuD>w>[h.w>z;trl;
b.C; ?rwRyXw>vJ./ M.vDRI t0JC.uGHmtCdzJM.[g&d.0hvpX.’D;
ySRrRw>zdy.wH.tw>pdw>urDR[Jtd.xD.u’guhRM.vDRI
zJvg,ElRtg&H. 1975eH.tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.b.cD.qXvdmto;'D;tJ;'
0;[J;(xf)vXw>*kmvdmyXcD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.tylRM.vDRI zJvgzhR-bLR
tg&H. 4oDteHRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.rReXRuGHmtJ;‘0;[J;(xf)cDzsd’d;M>b.w>z;
130< rhrh>[J;(xf)wcD’d;M>0J 119 w>z;M.vDRI t0JuJxD.cd.e>ydmrk.t
qduwX>w*RvXtyXqSXxH±>l uD>oJ;y.wH.t’d.trk>wzktRH M.vDRI cDzsd
vX[J;(xf)C.uGHmtCdorX0Jw>[H;zD.xD.rl’gvXoJ;cFX.w>yXw>jy;t
u’kzDvmM.vDRI
zJ 1976 eH.vgrm±S; 16 oDteHR[g&d.0hvpX.[H;zD.xD.rl'g'fudwdmcd.

usX>tod;vXuF‹(rf)cDvJ;[J(ef) (James Callaghan) tvD>M.vDRI zJM.t
qXuwD>rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.pl;ug'D;bSDb.rR*hR’k;td.xD.uhRpkxGJoElxH±l>uD>
oJ;tw>wdmusRJ uU>uU>’D;t0Jwmd ol.ymo;tgxD.ph>uD;vXzFgtrk>usRd 0JR
uGmwuyRM.vDRI zJvg,ElRtg&H. 1978 eH.tylRw>ymw>ur.vXt
vdRcDzsdtw>xD.uwdRw>’D;ymzsgxD.w>b.,d.b.bSDb.C;t0Joh.
tw>wl>b.ySRwcDbrD >k vXt[JEmk vDRqlxv H >D uD>ylRt ?w>vk.bX/ t
0Joh.t*h>tCdM.vDRI
=58=
zJ 1978 eH.tylR’JeH;(pf)[Hvh (Denis Healey) vXtrh>usd.ph0JRusdRcd.*h>

vdmbSDvdmp;xD.ymvDR0Jtw>yXqSXusd.ph*h>0DvXtCH;M.vDRI w>tHRy.
Ckm’D;w>rRpSRvDRursX>tusd.phvXtpl;ug0JvXw>ul.b.ul.oh’D;w>
td.ql.td.cVt*D>M.vDRI ySRyJRxHeDRz;w>wz.wJzsgxD.0JvXw>tHR'k;
td.xD.0JoElwrHRvXw>p;xD.oh.ngtDR'ftrh>*H>cD.xH;w>xk;xD.usd.
phoEl (Monetarism) M.vDRI wkRCDRzJ 1978 eH.wbsDcDzsdw>rRpSRvDRu
rsX>tusd.phtw>rRtCdursX>wz.tw>ol.wrHo;wrkmtd.xD.'D;w>
ymzsgxD.w>b.o;t’d.trk>ydmxGJxD.tcHM.vDRI tCd zJ1979 eH.w>
rRxHuD>w>[h.w>z;trl;tqXuwD>ySRrRw>zdy.wH.C.uGHmnDu’.
M.vDRI
zJM.tqXuwD>vXuD>}bH;xh(ef)tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.uJxD.ydmrk.tqdu
wX>w*RvXtuJxD.xHuD>tudwdmcd.usX>M.vDRI ‘D;zJvged.0hbX.
1979 eH.tylRt0JvJRxD.uD>,l&yRrk>usdR0JRuGmw0Xtcd.’d.e>vJ>w>
td.zS.d < ‘D;zJM.t0JrRw>wX.yD.oud;b.C;uD>}bH;xh(ef)tw>[h.vDR
o;vXuD>,l&yRrk>usdR0JRuGmw0X (European Economic Community-
EEC) tphwdmymtylRM.vDRI
oJ;cFX.ty’d.tHR*JRvdmzD.Cm’H;’.usd.ph*h>0DtzDvpH.wz.vX’J;eH;(pf)
[Hvh’k;td.xD.0J’.M.vDRI phod.oGHpSRvDR0J< b.q.zJ 1979 eH.’D;
1980 eH.tbX.pXRySRvXtw>zH;w>rRwtd.wz.tgxD.0JcHq;M.vDRI
zJ 1981 eH.pX>uF.H tD;jz.h [d0>H (Sir Geoffrey Howe) vXtrh>us.d ph0RJ usRd
cd.bd;b.&RvDR0Jtw>rRpSRvDRtgxD.w>pl;ugusd.phvXursX>t*D>w
z.M.vDRI zJqXuwD>‘fod;tHRtylRw>rRw>[H;ursX>tw>b.o;'D;w>
tpXzsgxD.vXrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.rh>udwdmcd.usX>vXySRb.o;tDRtpSRuwX>
w*RvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)w>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRM.vDRI
=59=
oJ;cFX.ty’d.Ckph>uD;phymuDRcDzsdrR0J’.w>qguGHmxHuD>y’d.trk>usdR0JR
uGmw>rRqlySReD>w*RtpkylRtw>wdmusJRM.vDRI w>tHRy.Ckm’D;w>qg
uGHm}bH;xH;(±Sf) xJvH.w>qJ;usd;tcDyeH.< }bH;xH;(±Sf)ubD,lRw>vJRw>
uhRw>rRvD>wz.< &d(vf)±G;J (pf) (Rolls Royce) ‘D;}bH;xH;(±S)f pwHw>rRvD>
wz.M.vDRI
zJ 1982 eH.vgthjz.h xD. 2 oDteHRtguFx J eH > (Argentina) tok;rk>EkmvDR

’k;uD>zD;(cf)vJus>d wz. (Falkland Islands) M.vDRI rRu’D;weHRbDr>k pXzS.d
u&XymzsgxD.tw>rRb.vdmuhRw>*h>uDeD.*H> 502< ChxD.0JvXtguFJ
xHe>tok;rk>u[;xD.uGHmvXuD>zD;(cf)vJtylRM.vDRI ‘D;zJvgthjzh.xD.
5 oDteHR}bH;xH;(±Sf)xHok;[;xD.vX0h>zD;rD;(of) (Portsmouth) ‘fod;u
vJRrRpXRzD;(cf)vJt*D>vDRI }bH;xH;(±Sf)tok;rk>qDvDRto;vXuD>zD;(cf)
vJutd. 200 rHRvm0;0;’D;zJ 1982 eH.vgrhRxD. 2 oDteHRtguFJxHe>t
ubD’k;ok;vXtrHRrh>uFJe&X>bJ(vf)}uJed. (General Belgrano) vDRbsX0J
’.M.vDRI cHoDtylRuGHm}bH;xH;(±Sf)tubDvXtrHRrh>pDRvd.pDRyRubD±SJ;
zH(vf) (HMS Sheffield) b.’D;rsdmo.z;’d.wzsX.M.vDRI
}bH;xH;(±Sf)tok;rk>pH.vDRvX0h>pgcgvd;(pf) (San Carlos), uD>zD;(cf)vJ(‘f)

us>d tylRzJvgrhR 21 oDteHRM.vDRI w>’k;uJx.D wkRvX}bH;xH;(±S)f tok;rk>
rRM>0h>zD;pwgvh (Port Stanley) wpk’D; zJ1982 eH.vg,lR 1 oDteHRtguFJ
xHe>tok;rk>ymvDRuGHmpku0JRM.vDRI rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.teD>up>‘.0JtrHR[l
o.zsgxD.’d.’d.uvJmcDzsw d >’k;wbstD RH rh>w>uJx.D vd.xD.vXt*hR’D;zJ
1983 eH.w>rRxHuD>w>zD.w>z;trl;tqXuwD>cD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.rR
eXRw>vXw>z; 144 zsX.vXtrh>w>z;ttguwX>M.vDRI
rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.’k;td.xD.w>&hvdmo;bl;bl;wH>wH>’D;trJ&uRtuD>cd.&d;
eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)M.vDRI t0Joh.cH*RvXmo;vDRyvdmvXuymto;*X>*X>
=60=
'D;ql.ql.vXpd.bH.,J;tzDcd.M.vDRI vXw>tHRtCdw>oh.ngtDR’ft
rh>ydmrk.vXtcd.udRtod;M.vDRI rh>emouh’fM.’D;zJvged.0hbX. 1983
eH.tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.o;xD.w>’d.’d.uvJmcDzsdvXtrJ&uRtok;rk>Ekm
vDR’k;}uJe’> (Grenada)< vXtb.w>yXtDRvX}bH;xH;(±S)f vXwtd.’D;w>
wX.yD.oud;qdb.tCdM.vDRI
oJ;cFX.ty’d.[l;*JRrR’f’.zDvpH.oElvXw>rRpSRvDRySRrRw>zdu&Xw>
pdw>urDRM.vDRI zJM.w>w[h.tcGJ;vXySRuqXxX.ymzsgxD.o;’D;u;
wHmuGHmus;wz.b.I tCdySRrRw>zdu&Xcd.e>wz.vXw>urRw>qX
xX.ymzsgxD.o;tw>[l;w>*JRwz.tzDcd.b.[H;M>tu&Xzdwz.t
w>b.o;vX-uX;rR0J{gw-uX;rR0J{g< wu;'fb.rh>rR0JoXysXRu&XwcD
b.[H;rl'gvXtu&Xzdtw>[l;w>*JRtzDcd.M.vDRI xHuD>y’d.qXxX.
*X>usXRxD’gw>rRup>’D;ySRrRw>zdtw>obH.obk.wz.< ’D; 1984eH.
ySRcl.vX>cl.vhzdtw>ymzsgxD.to;tHRvX 12 vgtwD>ylRb.qduwD>
uGHmto;’D;w>uJxD.vd.xD.wtd.eDwrHRb.M.vDRI
zJw>cl.vDRuGHmpd.bH.,J;cd.e>cd(ef)pwJxhcFX.eH;ud. (Konstantin
Chernenko) zJ 1985 eH.vgrm±S; 13 oD0HRtcgrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.xH.vdmt
o;’D;cd.e>toDrh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD; (Mikhail Gorbachev) M.vDRI zJuD.
b.cF;D bd;b.&RvDRtoEltoDvXtud;0JvX?Perestroika/ ('fypH;w>t
od;w>ol.xD.qDvRD uhR) 0HRtvD>cHrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.tw>xH.vXpd.bH.,J;
uD>pXzSd.tzDcd.vJvdmuGHmto;M.vDRI oEloDtHRbd;b.&RvDRtw>bSD
b.rR*hRxD.rk>usdR0JRuGm< xH±l>uD>oJ;’D;w>qJ;w>vRvXttd.'D;w>y
nd.vXurRwkRxD.xD.b;uhRpd.bH.,J;trk>usdR0JRuGmt*D>M.vDRI
uD.b.cFD;‘k;td.xD.ph>uD;usJoElwz.vXtynd.0JvXuol.xD.qDvDR
uhRrk>usRd 0JRuGmw>rRcDzs[
d .h *H>[h.bgpd.bH.,J;pJ;zDu[.’D;w>ol.w>
zs;tw>rRvD>oh.wz.vXtb.w>yXtDRvXySReD>w*RM.vDRI
=61=
zJ 1985 eH.vged.0hbX. 13 oDteHRw>rRw>td.zS.d tqXuwD>rg}uJ;oJ;

cFX.wtX.vDRwl>vdmw>xH.b.C;w>EkmvDRqlu>D ,l&yRw>vJvmd us.d
phtywD>tw>zH;w>rR (European Exchange Rate Mechanism) tylR
b.I rh>emouh< wvgylRuGHmt0JvJRxD.vl.pJbX.,l&yRu&XuD.u;
(Luxembourg European Council) tw>td.zSd.< ‘D;zJw>td.zSd.tqXu
wD>t0Jo;vDRyvdm’D;qJ;pkyeD.vX ?Single European Act/ tylRvDRI
zJvgthjzh. 1986 eH.tylRrh>vXrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.[h.tcGJ;vXtrJ&uRubD

,lR'k;ok;upD>vDRvXuD>}bH;xh(ef)tylR‘D;[;xD.vJRwh>vDRrh.yd>vXuD>
vH;bF>tylRtCdt0Jb.w>yJRtXyJRoDtRD vXySRtgtg*D>*D>M.vDRI w>tHR
rh>vH;bF>tySRrRwXxD.wXvDRw>tzktu&Xwz.vJR'k;wh>vHtrJ&uR
tbsDwpSRb.tvD>cHtw>ydmxGJxD.M.vDRI
zJ 1987 eH.w>rRxHu>D w>CkxXtrl;M.t0J’;d M>tw>pdw>urDRoXbsw D

bsD’D;rReXRw>cDzsdw>z; 102 M.vDRI zJeH.t0JM.tylRw>oh.ngymyeD.
tDRvXtrh>udwdmcd.usX>vXtyXuD>}bH;xh(ef) ,HmuwX>vXteH. 100
twD>ylRM.vDRI rh>emouhzJvgthjzh. 1989 eH.w>’k;td.xD.ySRw0Xw>
[h.w>bl;w>vJ (w>ChyRS unDtcd) vXuD>puD;vJ(‘f)(Scotland) tcgt
w>rHR[lo.zsg[;*DRuGHme;e;uvJmM.vDRI w>ChySRunDtcdt0JtHRw
eH.ylRuGHmr;uD>}bH;xh(ef)’Dwbh.vlRydmrRxGJ0JM.vDRI cdoGJtoDwrHRtHR
wrh>w>vXtuJxD.vd.xD.b.trJmngqSXySRursX>vXw>[;ymzsgxD.
w>b.o;wz.tylRM.vDRI
zJvged.0hbX. 1990 eH.tylRrg}uJ;oJ;cFX.’ftrh>cD.pXbX;xh;y.wH.u

&Xtcd.w*Rtod;b.EkmvDRjyXw>vXw>rRxHuD>w>CkxXtrl;tylRM.
vDRI w>CkxXtcD.xH;uwX>w0Dt0JrReXRw>b.q.vXcHw0Dt*D>ySR
vXtzD.w>z;vXt*D>wz.wvXwySRJ vXRb.tCdzv J ged.0hbX. 20oD<
=62=
1990 eH.teHRt0JpH.vDRvXudwdmcd.usX>tvD>’D;uFD(ef)rhuFX> (John

Major) uJxD.uhRudwdmcd.usX>toDM.vDRI
vXcHuwX>rg}uJ;oJ;cFX.zJvgrm±S; 1992 eH.tylRt0J[;xD.uGHmvXbsD.

'd.vmtylRM.vDRI vXcHuhRt0JEkmvDRqlbsD.'d.x;tylR'ftrh> ? Baro-
-ness Thatcher of Kesteven/ tod;M.vDRI
=63=
]]rJmcswH wd.'D;wwd.t*D>M.urRbs.D [D.cd.'Db.h trJmcsvH RD I}}

"An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind."
]]tcD.xH;t0Jo.h wue.CkmeRb.IA0HR'D;t0Jo.h ueHRb.z.vJeRçAt0Jo.h uylx.D xD'geR

'D;tuwX>M.erReXRw>M.vDRI}}
"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they
fight you, then you win."
]]yrh>tJ.'d;xH.w>qDwvJrRto;vX[D.cd.csXtHR'D;yub.rR'k;td.xD.tDRvDRI}}
"We must become the change we want to see in the world."
r[.'r;u.'H> A (1886=1948)
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b.I
u.’H>rRvdw>bsXoJp;vX0h>vd’.d (London) tylR’D;[JuRh u’guhRqlu>D

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zJ 1893 eH.M.w>bsXoJp;vXtrRvdb.0Jwz.pl;ug0JvXuD>th’,.ylR
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,.zdwz.w>wwl>vdmph>uD;t0Jo.h vX[H.’Gt J gzsX.< w>wD>qgtDR’D;nD
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td.xD.0Jp;x,;u&;[; (Satyagraha) (w>[h.vDRv; vXtrh>twD)
‘D;usJtHRrh>usJvXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;b.'D;rh>w>vXubSDb.rR
b.bsd;b.’guhRw>urlRur.wz.M.vDRI t0Jtw>rRusJoEltHRrh>’f
od;uylxD.xD’gxH±l>uD>oJ;w>wwDw-w>wz.vXusJvXw>pkql.cD.w
=65=
u;wtd.b.tylR’D;pl;ugph>uD;usv J Xtrh>’l.csXxD’gw>< w>wrRCkmrR

oud;w> (w>wbX&X>Ckm)< w>uGJ;vHmvJ>’D;&RvDRvHmuhvHmcDwz.’D;
w>yX>qXxD’gw>vXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;b.wz.M.vDRI zJt0J
td.vXuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRuD>teH. 20 twD>ylRt0Jb.vDRqlCdmylRw
bsK;bsv
D RD I zJ 1914 eH.M.uvHRxH;tR_zRH uRxHu>D y’d.tX.vDRwl>vdm0J
’.u.’H>tw>ChxD.w>wbsK;rHRM.vDRI
t0JrReXRw>zJuvHRxH;tR_zRH uRtylRzJ 1914 eH.0HRtvD>cHu.’H>[JuRh

u’guhRqlu>D th’,.tylRM.vDRI t0Jtw>rRwpd>wvD>tHRuJx.D 0Jw>
[;0hR0DR’D;rRw>vXySRunDo;l oh.vRuyDRt*D>vXteH. 20twD>ylRvDRI
zJu.’H>to;td. 45eH.M.t0JEkmvDRqlxH±l>uD>oJ;vXth’,.tw>Ch
M>uhRw>obVvX}bH;xH;(±Sf)tpkylRvDRI zJ 1919 M.ySRylxD.xD’g}bH;
xH;(±Sf)wz.tgxD.*D>xD.0J'.M.vDRI }bH;xH;(±Sf)wdmym0JvXu'k;td.
xD.w>bsXoJp;vXuzD.wh>EkmySRursX>wz.vXtylx.D xD’gw>wz. ql
CdmylRvXtud;0JvX&dvJ;w>&J.w>usJR (Rowlatt acts) M.vDRI w>tHR’d
b.rR[l;u.’H>vXubd;b.&RvDR Satyagraha toDvXtxk;M>ySRvX
qD.xGJrRpXRu.’H>to;vXtuuGJ>wz.tuuGJ>vDRI
zJvgthjzh. 1919 eH.M.w>[l;*JRylxD.xD’g&dvJ;w>&J.w>usJRtCd}bH;

xH;(±Sf)ok;wz.rRoHql.oHpd;ySRxHzduD>zd*D>rk>*D>yRvDRI zJ}bH;xH;(±Sf)rRM>
w>upD.vXySRth’,.zdwz.’D.wJmvDysRH tusRd ’D;rRwHmwmvh.rh.tlusJ
vXtbl;’D;0h>tJ(rf)&H;p> (Amritsar) M.t0Jo.h xk;xD.bd;b.&RvDR*h>*D>
tlw>uvk>vXw>wb.rRw>xH.vdmtd.oud;vdmto;b.I }bH;
xH;(±S)f bd;b.&RvDRvXw>wb.td.zS.d &dz.dS b.oemuh[.D u0DRcDu&J;
y.wH.w>td.zSd.&dzSd.b.w>rRtDRM.vDRI zJrk>Ch>vDR 5 e.&H. 15 rH;eH;
tuwD>M.}bH;xH;(±S)f =th’,.ok;rk>oH.bdwz.u0DRCmw>td.zS.d &dz.dS
vDRI ok;uhcd.&h.eD.(vf)‘JeX. (Bri. Reginald Dyner) tok;zdwz.c;oH
=66=
ySRvXwtd.’D;pku0JRwz.vXtrh>0JydmcGg< ydmrk.’D;zd’Hzdo.wz.vXt
ymzSd.&dzSd. xD.to;zJ 0h>tJ(rf)&H;p>M.vDRI ySRok;zdwz.c;w>,Hm0JrH;eH;
10 C.C.’D;w>oh.ngb.vXc;usdt0Dutd. 0J 1<650 0D rhrh>ok;zdw
*RM.c;0Jusd 33 0DM.vDRI }bH;xH;(±S)f y’d.w>bd;b.&RvDRvXtzd;oJp;ym
zsg0J’.vXySRoHySRyS>cJvXmcJqhtd.0J’. 379 *R< 'D;rhrh>w>bd;b.&RvDR
vXw>csXvXtwzd;oJp;ymzsg0J’.vXySRoHcJvXmtgM>’H; 1<000 *R’D;ySR
b.'dwcDtgM>’H; 2<000 *RC.C.M.vDRI y’d.tySRrRw>zd‘D;uxX.p
rH; (Dr. Smith) wcDymzsg0J’.vXw>oHw>yS>cJvXmtd.0JtgM> 1<800 *R
vDRI cDzsdvX0h>tJ(rf)&H;p>w>rRoHql.oH*D>tHRtCdySRqD.xGJrRpXR}bH;
xH;(±Sf)vXtuuGJ>wz.uJxD.uhRySRrRpXRqD.xGJySRth’,.zdwz.vDRI
zJ 1920 eH.M.u.'H>uJxD.ySRt&h’d.uwX>w*RvXth’,.txH±l>uD>
oJ;tylRvDRI t0JqDwvJuGHmth’,.’DuvkmcDu&J; (Indian National
Congress) ‘D;rR0Jw>&J.w>usRJ b.C;'D;w>wbX&X>rRCkmrRoud;w>rkm
rkmck.ck.’D;}bH;xH;(±Sf)‘D;xD’g’l.csX0Jw>zdw>vHR’D;w>ol.xD.vXtb.
C;'D;}bH;xH;(%Sf)wz.tCdySRursX>b.zD.vXtuxdwz.tuxdvDRI
zJ 1922 eH.M. u.’H>b.w>pH.nD.’D;b.vDRqlCdmylR,Hm 6 eH.M.vDRI

cHeH.ylRuGHmtcgt0Jxl.zsJ;xD.uGHmvXw>pXCmtylR’D;*kRuhRtcHvXxH±l>
uD>oJ;’D;[h.vDRto;vXmvXmqhqv h Xu*JRysK>us;J pX;rR*hRxD.w>&hvmd
rkmvdmvX[H.’l>'D;rl.pvh.tbX.pXRM.vDRI vXw>*h>tHRtCdw>td.
o;e;xD.’d.M>tvD>vDRI zJ 1930 eH.tylR< u.’H>bd;b.&RvDR’D;u&X
u&dxD.ySRxHzduD>zdwz.vXtuxD’gw>[h.tHo.cdoGJtw>[l;w>*JR
vDRI ySRursX>tg*RymzS.d xD.to;’D;vJRqly.D vJ.eHR’fo;d urRyF;0J‘.vX
t0Joh.wz.rRtHo.ohvXteD>up>’.0J’D;yD.vJ.txHM.vDRI
vX}bH;xH;(±Sf)w>bsXoJp;tylRymzsg0J’.vXth’,.wz.xk;xD.tHo.
=67=
vXtrh>ySRth’,.zdtw>tD.tcd.oh.xH;vXteD>up>’.0Jwohb.<
b.q.yORtHo.M>xJ’.vXcDyeH.w>rRvD>vXw>[h.cG;J wz.ttd.vDRI
cDyeH.w>rRvD>wz.tHRrh>}bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.tw>M.vDRI u.’H>&J.usJRu
&Xu&dx.D ?24 oDtwD>ylRw>vJRqly.D vJ./ ‘D;xk;xD.tHo.vXyD.vJ.
ylRM.vDRI w>vJRqlyD.vJ. w>[l;*JRtHRtylRt0JxXzSd.ySRursX>t*H>t
bgM>vXtuvD>wz.tuvD>vXtydmxD.tcHM.vDRI zJvgthjz.h 15oD
M.u.’H>vJRwkRvXyD.vJ.eHR’D;pH;uwdRvDRw>qlySRursX>wz.ttd.
vDRI ‘D;zJ 8; 30 e.&H.M.t0J[H;xD.tHo.qH;qH;zdwud>vd.tCd< zJM.
u.’H>uJxD.ySRvXtvk.oh.cgy wm}bH;xH;(%Sf)tw>bsXoJp;vHM.vDRI
zJu.’H>p;xD.rRur.}bH;xH;(%Sf)tw>od.w>oDtcgySRtg*RydmxGJxD.
tcH’D;rR0J'fM.ph>uD;tCdw,Hmb.’D;vXwEGHtwD>ylRw>zD.wh>Ekmt0J
oh.wz.qlCdmylR< ySJRvk.uGHmb.r;to;’D;u.’H>teD>up>’.0Jph>uD;
vDRb.qlw>pXCmtylRu’D;M.vDRI
zJ 1931 eH.M.u.’H>xD.td.zS.d vXvD>qh.eDRu0DRcDz&J;w>td.zS.d z;'d.’f

th’,.’DuvkmcDu&J;cX.p;xJw*R{dRvXw>rRtDRvX0h>vd’d.M.vDRI
b.q.t0J[;xD.uGHmvXy.wH.tylRzJ 1934eH.vXuxD’gw>’D;uol
usJvXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;’fxH±l>uD>oJ;w>td.o;td.0Jtod;M.
vDRI uF0>[;v;M>±l; (Jawaharlal Nehru) uJx.D cd.e>vXu.’H>tvD>vDRI
u.’H>b.o;vXth’,.u[H;Cm*X>usXRrd>vky>v>’lo0Drk>usdR0JRuGm
tusJoemuhudwdmcd.usX>M>±l;wcDtw>xH.wvDRyvdm’D;u.’H>vXw>
*h>tHRtzDc.d b.I tCdM>±l;qDwvJumHG th’,.’fcsK;pdRtod;‘D;bSx
D .D pJ;zD
u[.w>rRvD>wz.< vh.rh.tlusJwz.’D;usJtoDwz.M.vDRI
zJ 1945 eH.M.}bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.p;xD.wJ&J>w>t’d.trk>b.C;vg,lR
1947eH.rD;b;w.tw>usJR (Mountbatten Plan) ’D;w>&J.w>usJRtHRrh>
=68=
usvJ Xw>u[h.uhRw>obVqlxu H >D toDcb

H .h vXtrh>uD>th’,.’D;uD>
y.uH.pw.< 0HR’D;w>ueDRz;vDRuD>qX'fw>bl.w>bgyedbsXzDcd.tod;
M.vDRI zJvgtDul; 15oD< 1947 eH.teHRM.th’,.rRM>uhRxHuD>w>o
bVvX}bH;xH;(±S)f ttd.M.vDRI uD>th’,.tHRb.w>yXtDRvX}bH;xH;(±S)f
p;xD.vX 1857eH.vHRvHRvHM.vDRI w>’k;w>,Rql.’d.xD.’D;w>wX
xD.wXvDRvX[H.’l>’D;rl.pvh.tbX.pXR[JydmxGJxD.tcHvDRI u.’H>wJ
M>cJ;w>vXuD>th’,.uCluzd;t*D>’fod;[H.’l>’D;rl.pvh.utd.qd;w
ylRCDvXw>rkmw>ck.tylRvDRI uD>th’,.oh.z;uGHmcHuh’D;uJxD.uD>cH
bh.zJ 1948eH.M.vDRI uD>th’,.tylRySRtd.qd;tgwuh>rh>ySR[H.’l>zd
’D;rhrh>rk>Ekmy.uH.pw.xHuD>M.ySRrl.pvh.zdtd.qd;0JtgM.vDRI rk>xD.
y.uH.pw.M.tcJtHRuJxD.xHuD>vDRvDRqDqDwbh.vXtb.w>ud;
tDRvXuD>bhuvg’h;(±Sf) (Bangladesh) M.vDRI u.’H>orXxD’guD>th’
,.tw>oh.z;uGmH qltuhtcD’;D t0Jto;tk;’d.’d.uvJmvXw>obH.
obk.uJxD.vXw>bgcHzktuql;tCdM.vDRI
zJvg,ElRtg&H. 13 oD< 1948 eH.zJu.’H>to;td. 78eH.tcgt0Jp;

xD.’k.w>tD.Chbgxkuz.vXttd.’D;w>ynd.vXuqduwD>uGmH w>rR
oHrR0DvDRI zJylRuGHm 5oDM.ySRylxD.xD’gw>tcd.te>wz.tX.vDRwl>
vdm0J’.vXuqduwD>uGHmw>obH.bk.tHRtCdu.’H>ywkmuGHmw>’k.
w>tD.Chbgxkuz.w>M.vDRI t0Jtw>’k.w>tD.Chbgxkuz.tHRuJ
xD.w>rRpXRwpJ;wrS;J vXw>pkq.l cD.wu;'D;w>obH.bk.uJx.D oukR
q;’;vXySR[H.’l>zd’;D ySRrl.pvh.zdwz.tbX.pXRvXtrRrJmqS;t0Jo.h
cHcDcHuyRvXmM.vDRI b.q.w>obH.bk.tHRtd.0J’.wkRrk>rqgweHR
tHRvDRI
zJ 1948eH.vg,ElRtg&H. 30 oDteHRzJu.’H>qduwD>uGHmw>’k.w>tD.
Chbgxkuz.w> 12 oD0HRtvD>cH< t0Jb.w>ul.tXrRoHuGHmtDRvXySR
=69=
[H.’l>zdvXtcd.udRw*RvDRI ySRvk>’d.yOR’d.w*RtHRtpdturDRvk>bX
uGmH zdpRd vHRpdRtpdRwz.tpdRM.vDRI ‘D;ySR'fo;d tHRtusgw*Rrh>ph>uD;0Jrg
wh.vloX.ch (Martin Luther King Jr) vXtrh>ySRvXtpl;ugu.’H>toEl
vXtrh>w>ylx.D xD’gvXtwtd.’D;w>pkq.l cD.wu;tusv J Xt’db.rR
[l;’D;qDwvJuGHmySRw0X*h>0DvXuD>trJ&uRpXzSd.tylRM.vDRI
zJu.’H>pl;uGmH o;tqXuwD>w>rRvRuyDRtDR’D;w>uwdRvk>’d.yOR’d.t
zsX.wz.tusgpJth.ySRul.b.ul.ohvXtrHR[lo.zsgvXtrh>tJ(vf)
bX;tgpwg (Albert Einstein) pH;0J’ftHR=“Generations to come will
scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and
blood.” 'fypH;w>tod;<?zdpdRvHRpdRySRvXu[JvXcHwz.wrh>uem0JvX
ySRvXt[h.vDRto;vXmvXmqhqeh >D uD>’D;oG.H ’D;xH’t
f RH td.vX[D.cd.
csXtHRb.M.vDRI/
=70=
]]w>obVpH;w>M.wrh>w>rRzJ'.yo;b.çArhr>h wcDr>h w>td.'D;w>obVcG;J ,m

vXyurR w>vXy-uX;rRM.vDRI}}
"Freedom consists not in doing what we like, but in having
the right to do what we ought."
]]w>*JRvdmrRvXySRJ xD.ySR*h>0Dw>wDw>w>vXw>pkq.l cD.wu;tuswJ ohb.IAAw>pkq.l cD.wu;rR
ovH RD uhRw>vX t ynd.0JvXu'k;td.xD.0Jwz.M.vDRI}}
"Social justice cannot be attained by violence. Violence kills
what it intends to create."
]]qXuwD>vXtu[Jp;xD.to;weHRtHRvDRI Awrh>cJ*RD uXmb.I}}

"The future starts today, not tomorrow."
yRyRuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*R A(1920=2005)
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(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*R(Pope John Paul II)
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cJ;ovH;c&Hmzdw>td.zSd.tw>pH.pdRtylRt0Jrh>
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w>’D;ySR*D>rk>tgM>’H;yRyRvXt*Rwz.M.vDRI
t0Jrh>ySRvXt*JRvdmrRtd.xD.pdRwkRyRyRtw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI zJyRyR
t*Rwz.td.'.vXtvD>,HR'D;ySR*D>rk>< w[;,HR'D;b.xH;u.
(Vatican) b.tqXuwD>< uFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*Rtw>rRtgvXw>vJR0hR
vJR0DR[;Ckoh.ngw>tylRM.vDRI vXcHqHCkeH.twD>ylRzJt0JuJyRyRt
qXuwD>t0J[;xD.vXuD>tH;wvH.tcsX’D;[;rRw>o;ckupD. 102bsD
’D;vJR[;td.oud;xHu>D 130 bh.vX 144 bst D ylRM.vDRI t0Jr>h yRyRw
*RvXt[;0hR0DRpDRpkR,HRM>’H;yRyRt*Rwz.tw>vJRymzSd.M.vDRI
zJ 1978 eH.vgtD;uxdbX. 16oDteHRzJuFD(ef)zD(vf)cH*Rw*RtHRto;
=71=
td. 58 eH.tqXuwD>t0Jb.w>CkxXxD.tDRvXuuJx.D yRyRM.vDRI

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b.tqduwX>w*RM.vDRI ySRvXtxH.vdmto;’D;tDRwz.wJzsgxD.
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vXySRoh.ngtgwzsX./ ‘D;zJt0JvJRuhRwylRv>v>ySRtJ.b.tDRo;vD
b.tDRM.vDRI
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Peter) tvD>cH< ‘D;tw>rRrl’g’fyRS pdmw>o;ckupD.tHRvJRto;’d.M>*hRM>
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xhv; (Karol Wojtyla) M.vDRI zJt0Jto;td.Cd;eH.tqXuwD>trd>oH
o’.uGHmtDRM.vDRI ylRuGHmoXeH.t0J>cGgw*Rrh>vXw>vdRud>ySHmnd;b.
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zJ 1941 eH.tylRoHo’.uGHmtDRph>uD;M.vDRI yxH.b.vX< cg&d(vf)0d;
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ul.b.ul.ohw*R< ‘D;t0JuwdR< uG;J ’D;z;usmd 11usmd b.bs;J bs;J bs;D bs;D

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"We shall draw from the heart of suffering itself the means of
inspiration and survival."
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"We make a living by what we get, but we make a life
by what we give."
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"It is no use saying, 'We are doing our best.' You have got
to succeed in doing what is necessary."
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te>vD>vRvXtrh> “Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster” M.vDRI
rh>vXt0Jto;wrkmvXtw>pdw>urDRwtd.vXRvXxHu>D y’d.w>’k;&J.
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?Chancellor of the exchequer/ tvD>tvRM.vDRI
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vDRuGmH vXtvD>tvRtylRzJ 1955eH.< b.q.rh>’f’.bs.D ‘d.cd.e>w*R
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M.vDRI
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"If not me, who? And if not now, when?"
]]w>vXerR0HRtDRvXr[gweHRrh>zsg'd.b.eRM.weHRtHRtwD>ylRerRw>0HRwtguJ.qd;b.I}}
If what you have done yesterday still looks big to you, you
haven't done much today."
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"I am a Communist, a convinced Communist! For some that may
be fantasy. But to me it is my main goal."
rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cFD;A(1931=AAA )
rh. ch(vf)uD.b.cFD; (Mikhail Gorbachev)

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qD.xGJvH,d.}xd;puH> (Leon Trotsky) M.vDRI t0Jb.td.vXCdmylR’D;
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Reagan) ‘D;qJ;pkyeD.vXvHmCH;Cmb.C;w>urRuwX>uGHmEFLcsH,gt
=85=
ok;rk> (ud;0JvX Immediate Nuclear Forces [INF]) M.vDRI t0JrRvDR

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vXySR*JRxH±>l uD>oJ;vXtql.tudRvXcD.rFLeH;y.wH.t’GyJ Rl M.vDRI uD.
b.cFD;cDqXuhRw>*h>uDtHRcDzsdywkmuGHm0JvD>cX.o;yXqSXw>urH;wHmM.
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vXt0Jo.h t xHu>D ylRt*D>b.I}}
"In the revolution that was achieved in Iran, people were screaming
that they wanted Islam; these people did not rise up so their
country could have democracy."
]]ySRvXtxD'gySRoh.wz.'fo;d '.'D;cJpX.w>qgud.vd.wz.vXw>b.zS;J xk;xD.uGmH tDRM.vDRI

rhwrh>'fM.b.'D;t0Jo.h u[k.rR[;*DRw>ud;rHR'J;vDRI }}
"Those who are against us are like cancer tumors that need to be
removed surgically; otherwise they will corrupt everything."
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"People have to learn from the mother who brought her own son
to court and then her son was hanged."
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tg ,.xdv.cd.rHeH. (Ayatollah Khomeini)<

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al-Khomeini)M.vDRI rh>wh>w>bl.w>bgcd.e>w*RvX
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&.(ef)ty’d.tqduwX>wzkzJ 1921eH.cDzsd&X±Sgy’d.tw>rRpXRtCd
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w>vR’D;vk>v>xloElvXuD>tH.&.(ef)tylR’H;w*hRM.vDRI zJ 1941eH.
tylRcd.rHe.H uG;J vHmqlz.vgbH;ty’d.vXtpH;0J< ?w>uvk>wz.vXok;
rDRpd&dRy’d.’k;td.xD.’D;ym*X>ymusXR0Jwz.tvk>tyORwtd.eDwrHR
b.I/&H;p.±S.z.vgbH;0HRtvD>cHtzdcGg< rd.[.rJ;&H;p.±S.z.vgbH;
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z.vgbH;y’d.tod.rSHRu&Xwz.vXu[DxD.uGHmt’k.t’gvXtrh>ud
wdmcd.usX>rd.[.rJ;rd;p.’J; (Mohammad Mosaddeq) M.vDRI ok;u±l>
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p.±S.z.vgbH;ty’d.M.vDRI
zJeH. 1960 p;xD.oDwz.tylR±S.ty’d.wzktHRbd;b.&RvDR0Jw>yX>

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qdurd.tgrHR’ftrh>w>cG;J w>,mwkRod;xJo;d vXydmrk.t*D>’D;w>ul.b.
ul.ohvXtwb.xGJ’D;w>bl.w>bgb.oh.wz.M.vDRI zJw>rRzH;pH.
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=89=
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=106=
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xH;uwX>w*R</ ‘D;rh>ph>uD;ySR,d;u’gbDqrl .D pH.wdttd.M.vDRI t0Jp;l
uGHmto;zJ 1969eH.vXw>’k;CmtCdmylRM.vDRI ySRvXtb.xGJ’D;vH
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uGHmtDRvXy’d.tvD>tvRylR0HRw>wh>Ekmt0Joh.qlCdmylR rhwrh> [DxD.
uGmH 0JvXxHv>D uD>ylRM.vDRI ok;cd.vhbg{d. (Lin Biao)< vXtrh>ySRvXt
td.ySdRrD.pH.wdtw>qJ;w>vRw>yX>qXtusJoElM.xD.uhRvXrD.pH.wd
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od.vdto;vXySRcdcd.zdwz.ttd.M.vDRI [H.zdCDzdwz.xDbdw>ym
vDRz;t0Jo.h ’D;rXql.t0Jo.h vXutd.vXw>td.o;vXte;e;usRH usRH
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wbst D td.M.vDRI 0h>’d.0h>xDtw>qJ;w>vRwz.b.w>qDwvJuRh tDR
qlw>yX>qXtw>*JRuvH.< w>*JR'd*JRwJm‘D;vHmvJ>yDngwz.’D;w>oh.
wz.tHRb.w>’k;td.xD.tDRcDzsdrD.pH.wdtrgvGH>*Rw*RvXtrh>uFH,g
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=108=
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y.wH.tzkwqHcDu&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d.zJ 1973eH.0HRtvD>cHySRwcDwXRo
ElzdvGH>*RtHRyXb.0JtvD>tvRySJR’D;w>pdw>urDRvXzdvH;bl&d. (Polit-
buro) M.vDRI zJr.D pH.wdozH J 1976eH.0HRtvD>cH< trguF,H g%S(H if) ’D;ySRvG>H
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qJ;w>vRtw>yX>qXM.vDRI
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]]w>vXySR*h>0Db.xGwJ >vd.M.rh>w>ymzsgxD.w>tD&mD tDy'D ;D w>o;ok.t*h>M.vDRI}}

"Humanitarianism is the expression of stupidity and cowardice."
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"Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they
will believe it."
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"The very first essential for success is a perpetually constant and
regular employment of violence."
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&Xu&d?qhuRolC;/vXt[H;rl’gvXe;pH.y.wH.tok;rk>t*D>M.vDRI
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=113=
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vDRI tw>ol.uh.o;ugySR,l’RzdvXt’d.xD.uU>uU>tHRuJxD.uhRvX
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b.&RvDRw>*h>w>usdRvXy.wH.w>td.zSd.wz.t*D>td.zsgxD.0JvXw>
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tw>ymo;’D;tw>uvk>ohuwdRb.xk;M>ySRo;tHRtd.zsgxD.vXw>
td.zSd.zJw>rRtDRzJ 1919eH.vgtD;uxdbX. 16oDteHRM.vDRI
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vDRI 0HR’D;t0Jp;xD.rR*X>xD.uhRto;u,Du,D’;D tw>td.xD.td.vDR
tuh>t*DRvXtuwdRvDRw>tylRqDwvJumHG to;M.vDRI t0Jp;xD.[l;
0;,Dm,kR,Dm,kRqltRH qlb;’D;p;xD.uwdRw>wcDc’D ;k eJ.pk’;k eJ.cD.wcDcD
vDRI t0JuwdRvDRw>vXw>uvk>’d.uxgoGgtylR’D;uwdRrSu H wdRys>D w>
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xD.tySR’due.tDRwz.to;vXutd.’D;w>ol.[ho;[h’;D w>ol.uh.
o;ugt*D>M.vDRI zJ[h;wvX>uwdRw>0HRtcgursX>wz.bl;xD.vXu
ysK>b.to;’D;rh>[h.ul.0J’fvJ.*hRb.q.t0Joh.urRxGJ0J'.M.vDRI
[h;wvX>uwdRvDRw>0HRtqXuwD>[;xD.uGmH vXys>J pDRcd.wbsC D cD Vo

’H;’D;ySRwxH.tDRvXRb.I ySRu’dM>tDRw>*DRM.orX0J< ynd.0JvXu’k;
=114=
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?rhR±SHtRySRtk.uhRcD.uhRw>toD/w*Rtod;tw>pH.wJRwJvDRM.vDRI
[h;wvX>ty.wH.ySRrRw>zdwz.rRpXRtDR’D;t0Ju;JG y}wDm0Jty.wH.w>
wdmusJRvXty.Ckmw>*h>cHqH,J>xH.M.vDRI w>uGJ;y}wDmtHRw>ymzsg
xD.tDRvXursX>tw>td.zSd.tylRzJ 1920eH.vgzhR-bLRtg&H. 24oDt
eHR‘D;ySRo;td.[Jx.D w>td.zS.d tgM>’H;t*R 2<000 M.vDRI w>*h> 25xH.
tHRtusgy.Ckm’D;w>rR[;*DRuGHmbX>pJ(vf)w>tX.vDR (Versailles
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wbs0D RH tuwD>uD>uFXreH.b.C.uGmH vXw>'k;tylR’D;xHzud >D zdwz.t
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uGHm0J’.M.vDRI vXbX>pJ(vf)w>tX.vDRtylRymzsgxD.ph>uD;0JvXuFXr
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w>usRJ tHRcJvXmtd.xD.wkRvXuFXreH.xHv>D uD>ylRw>xl;w>wDR 38rs;u
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w>wh>EkmvDRqlCdmylRvX0h>vJpbX; (Landsberg) M.vDRI w>pH.nD.tDR
vXt0Jub.vDRqlCdmylR,J>eH.M.vDRI emouht0JvDRb.qlCdmylRxJ
cGHvg{dR’D;ySRys>xD.uGHmtDRM.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vXCdmylRtqXuwD>p;xD.
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=116=
vHmtHRtu}wL>cHb.w>xk;&RvDRtDRzJ 1927eH.M.vDRI zJ[D.cd.w>’k;

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oh.wz.M.vDRI t0JymzsgxD.0JvXySRuFXreH.zd (vXw>urlRur.tylR
uGJ;zsg0J’ftrh>tg&H,> [Aryan] uvkm’l.) rh>uvkmwuvkmvXtywD>
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C.rh>’.ySRtg&H,>zdtw>rRM.vDRI/
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wkRCDRvX 1937eH.wbsD’fusJoElvXtuGJ;zsg0JvXrh(ef)cg(ef)vHmtylRt
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trk>tHRtolto.M.vDRI zJw>rRz.&X>cDz&J;w>td.zSd.z;’d. (FÅhrer
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vXok;*h>0Dcd.e>’d.xDuwX>wz.wylRCD’D;uGJ;&J.vDR0Jtw>&J.w>usJR
vXu’d.pdvX[D.cd.csXt*D>M.vDRI ySRvXtxD’gw>&J.w>usJRwz.w>
ywkmuGHmt0Joh.M.vDRI
t’d;(zf)[h;wvX>yXb.uD>uFXreH.vX 12eH.twD>ylRzJ[D.cd.w>’k;cHbsD
wbsDtuwD>tHRySRb.oHb.[;r>uGHmt*RvXtuuGJ>M.vDRI vXw>
tHRtCdt0JuJxD.pH.pdREkmtySRtXoHCd>oHvXySRo;[htDRt’d.uwX>
=117=
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0JqDvDRymvDRtw>od.w>oDvXtoDwz.< Ckm’D;yXRuD>clol.tXoD
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(Gypsies) wz.’D;xH±>l uD>oJ;ySRxD‘gw>wz.t*D>M.vDRI [h;wvX>txH
*kRuD>*Rw>rRtzDvpH.vXttXoHe;oHtHRrh>w>vXt’k;td.xD.[D.cd.
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vDRI vXw>’k;’DwuwD>tylRw>&J.w>usJRtd.vXw>ul.rRoH[h;wvX>
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td.o;zsgvXt0Joh.uC.uGHmvXw>’k;tylRwbsDtok;cd.*D>*h>vXt
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w’due.tDRvXRb.I tCdzJ 1945eH.vgthjzh. 30oDteHRt0JrRoHvDR
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*Concentration camp rh>'Ju0DRzJw>vJRymySRvXtwzD.pku0JRwz.'ftrh>xH%l>uD>oJ;

ySRCdmzd< ySRvXt[JvXxH*kRuD>*R< ySR,l'Rzd'D;t*Rtd.'ftgr;vDRI 'Ju0DRtHRw>ol.
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wbsD'D;zJ[D.cd.w>'k;cHbsDwbsDzJ 1939=1945eH.twD>ylRM.vDRI
=118=
]]ursX>w'k;td.xD.w>'k;wz.b.çArh>'.xHu>D y'd.vXt'k;td.xD.w>'k;M.vDRI}}
"People do not make wars; governments do."
]]erRpXRt0Jo.h vXuxH.b.w>uyDRrh>wM>oXysXR'k;wl>t0Jo.h vXw>ud>wuh>I}}

"When you can't make them see the light, make them feel the heat."
]]td.0;w&H;'D;ySRt*hRuwX>vXexH.M>tDRohwz.0HR[h.vDRw>pdw>urDR'D;rRwHmwmw>w*hRI}}
"Surround yourself with the best people you can find, delegate
authority, and don't interfere."
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cd.tod;ySRtg*Roh.eD.tDR’ftrh>cd.e>vXtrRrl’g
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vX0h>xJ;zH;ud. (Tampico)< thvEh >JG (Illinois) uD>pJ.tylRM.vDRI ty>t
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b.wqD’;D vXcHuwX>t0Jo.h ol.vDRb.tw>td.w>qd;tvD>vX0h>’H;
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trkmuwX>cH,k>vXt’dwh>0JM.rh>0JEl;&D;cH(ef) (Knute Rockne)< ySRtrJ&
uRzdcJvXmvXt*JR’d0JySRxlzsX.xltrHR[lo.zsguFD;uFH;(zf) (George
Gipp) t*h>< ‘D;t*Rw,k>wcDr>h 0J ?King’s Row/ vXt0Jb;l u’d;M>tcJ’
rH>w>rRvRuyDRtcd.z;ngM.vDRI zJ[D. cd.w>’k;cHbsDwbsDtqXuwD>
t0J*JRvdmrRw>vXw>*DR[l;*JRw>rRtqduwX> (First Motion Picture
Unit) wcgtylR’D;’k;td.xD.0Jw>*DRrl[h.w>od.vdvXySReD.ubD,lRwh>
vDRrh.yd>wz.t*D>M.vDRI zJt[H;rl’grRw>’ftHRtqXuwD>< *JR’db.0J
vXw>*DRrltgM>tbh.,J>qHtylRM.vDRI
zJ 1940eH.tylR&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)‘d;wh’d;zsDuhRto;’D;rk.*JR’dvX
t’d;M>tcJ.’rH>w>vRuyDRcd.z;w*RvXtrh>0JuF‹(ef)0h(rf)rJ(ef) (Jane
Wyman) M.vDRI ySR’Drg0RcH*RtHRw,HmwrD>rRM>0JtzdcH*RvXtrh>< rD>
&H(ef) (Maureen) ‘D;r;uX>(vf) (Michael)< (rhrh>tzdoX*Rw*RwcDtd.
zsJ.qdwvXtvgwb.’fb.tCdtd.zsJ.0HR’D;oH0J’.M.vDRI) t0Joh.
td.Ckmqd;Ckm0Ju,HmCd;eH.’D;zJ 1948eH.tylRvDRz;0J’.M.vDRI vXcH
uhRzJ 1952eH.M.&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)[H;u’D;trgvXtoDw*R
vXtrHRrh>eJ(ef)pH>’;bH;(pf) (Nancy Davis)< rh>ph>uD;rk.*JR’dw*RM.vDRI
=121=
t0JzsDo;0HRw,HmrRM>ph>uD;tzdcH*RvXtrh>&d(ef) (Ron) ‘D;zJ}xH;±S.

(Patricia) M.vDRI t0Jt.
d Ckmqd;Ckm’D;trgcH*Rw*RtHRwkRvXto;orl
’DwpdRngM.vDRI
zJe.H 1940 wz.bl;uvXm’D;vXeH. 1950 wz.tylR< &d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.

&HuJ>(ef)p;xD.oDtxH±l>uD>oJ;tw>[l;w>*JRcDzsd[;0hR0DRuwdRxD’gySR
cD.rFLeH;zdvXuD>trJ&uRtylRwz.’D;xD’gph>uD;0JySRvXt0Jem0JvXtrh>
ySRwz.vXtEkmvDRclol. vX[DvH0l;tylR’D;Ckoh.ngclol.w>wz.M.
vDRI zJ 1946 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.tDR’ftrh>cGg*JR’d ?Screen Actors
Guild/tu&Xcd.w*RM.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&Hu>J (ef)
vJvdmuGHmph>uD;xH±l>uD>oJ;y.wH.tu&Xwz.< vXtrh>’H.rd._cJ;
(Democrat) ql&H.zXbsH;cX. (Republican) M.vDRI
zJ 1966eH.tylR&d.eJ(vf)0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)qXwJm0JvXu’d;CkxXto;
vXuuJx.D cJ.vH.zde, H gtuD>pJ.cd.< ‘D;t0JrReXR0JyRS vXtjyX’D;tDRvX
trh>zJ;}bD(ef) (Pat Brown) M.vDRI ‘fuD>pJ.cd.e>w*Rtod;t0Jywkm0Jy
’d.tw>olusd.olph’D;cdoGJwz.wpSRb.M.vDRI t0Jywkmph>uD;w>qD.
xGvJ ;H b&X>ySR*h>0Db.xGw
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t0Jem0JvXuD>pJ. y’d.w-uX;rRpXRw>wdmusJR’fod;tHRwz.b.M.vDRI
zJ 1969eH.< uFdzdoh.wz.qXxX.ymzsgxD.to;vXursX>zDu&X>tylR
td.Ckm’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;tcgt0JqSXvDR0JxHvD>uD>ylR*XRuD>wz.ql
bX;uJvh (Berkeley) uFdzdu&X>vXtb.C;’D;cJ.vH.zdeH,gzF.pdrdRuFd’f
od;uywkmuGHmuFdzdymzsgxD.to;rRwysKmwysDRw>t*D>M.vDRI xHvD>
uD>ylR*XRuD>wz.b.pl;ugw>pdurDR’D;w>pku0JRvXuywkmySRymzsgxD.
o;wbst D RH t*D>M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>uFzd rd .k uFzd cd gG wz.b.‘db.xH;
tgr;’D;vXtusgoHxJw*R{dRM.vDRI w>uJxD.to;tHRrh>w>vXt’k;
vDRol.uwkRvDRo;uwkRySR< ‘k;vDRurXur.ySRt’d.uwX>zJ&d.eJ(vf)
=122=
0hvpX.&HuJ>(ef)yXw>’fuD>pJ.cd.w*RtpdRvXcHuwD>vXmtylRM.vDRI
zJ 1976eH.tylR&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)ymvDRo;vXuEkmvDR[l;*JRvXuuJ
xD.uD>cd.t*D>M.vDRI t0JjyXvdmto;’D;uD>cd.u&X(vf)zD;(‘f) (Gerald
Ford) zJw>rR&H.zXbsH;cX.*H>cD.xH;w>zD.w>z;trl;wz.tylR< b.q.
wrReXRw>b.I vXcHuhRzJ 1980eH.tylRt0J[l;*JRu’guhR’D;rReXR0JvH;
b&X>&H.zXbsH;cX.uFD;(uFf)bl;(±Sf) (George Bush) zJw>rR*H>cD.xH;w>zD.
w>z;trl;tylRvDRI t0JrReXRuGmH bl;(±S)f ’D;[h.vDRuhRtDRw>cG;J w>,mvX
uuJxD.cX.p;vXu’d;CkxXto;vXuuJxD.uD>cd.cH*Rw*RvX&H.zX
bsH;cX.tylRM.vDRI t0Joh.cH*R*JRvdm’D;rReXRuGHmuD>cd.uF‹rH>c;xX.
(Jimmy Carter) vXtrReXRwh>uD>cd.zD;(‘f)zJ 1976eH.w*RM.vDRI zJ
1981eH.< &d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)to;td. 69eH.tcgt0Jb.w>CkxXxD.
tDRvXuuJxD.trJ&uRuD>cd.usX>< vXtrh>ySRvXto;yS>uwX>vXySR
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D RH b.td.ywkmuhRcDzsv
d X
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1981eH.vgrm±S; 30 oDteHRtCdM.vDRI vXw>wqdurd.tylR< [h(ef)
cVtw>c;uD>cd.wbsDtHRwb.xGJ’D;xH±l>uD>oJ;eDwrHRb.I rh>’fod;u’k;
ol.rHo;rkmrk.*JR’do;p>w*RvXtrh>uFd;’HRzD;pxX. (Jodie Foster) t*D>
M.vDRI w>[h.&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)*h>*D>tlw>ulpg0HRtvD>cHt0JbsguhR*hR
*hRM.vDRI xJM.wbsDweH.CDzJvgtDul;tylRt0J[DxD.uGHmubD,lRw>
vJRw>uhRoMcd.pD>tySRrRw>zd 13<000*RvXtw’due.vlRydmrRxGt J
w>uvk>’D;ymzsgxD.tw>b.o;xD’gtDRtCdvDRI
&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)txHvD>uD>ylRzDvpH.tHR’d;oMRxD.to;vXw>od.
w>oDwz.vXtb.C;’D;w>rRpSRvDRrRtH.vDRzJ;’&X>uD>pJ.pXzSd.trl
=123=
t’g’D;trl’gwuGD>wz.’D;t*RwrHRw>ud;vX?&HuJ>(ef)eDrh;oEl* (Rea-
ganomics)/vXt’d;oMRxD.to;xJvXw>xk;xD.&RvDRtusJoElw
uyR{dRvXrk>usdR0JRuGmySR[l;*JRtgoX>v;zX> (Arthur Laffer) ‘k;td.xD.
0JM.vDRI w>uwdR ?&HuJ>(ef) eDrH;oEl/ tHRrh>vHmrJmzsX.trHR[lo.zsg
tusgwzsX.vXtb.xGJ’D;&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)trk>usdR0JRuGmoElM.vDRI
zJeH. 1980 &H.zXbsH;cX.*H>cD.xH;u±l>[l;*JRtcg< bl;(±Sf)ymzsgxD.usJo
Elt0JtHR’ftrh>bl’ltrk>usdR0JRuGm (Voodoo economics) oEl’fypH;w>t
od;rk>usdR0JRuGmoElvXtvDRo;pJb.q.rRw>wwkRxD.xD.b;b.M.
vDRI bl;(±Sf)’fySRtg*Rtod;em0JvX&HuJ>(ef)tzDvpH.wz.tHRwuJxD.
uJxDeDwbsDvXud;eHRtw>td.rltylRb.M.vDRI rk>rqgweHRtHRzJyuG>
u‘guhRw>rRto;vXtylRuGHmM.ySRrRrk>usdR0JRuGmtg’Htg*Ro;vDRy
vdm’D;bl;(±Sf)M.vDRI
uD>cd.&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)[;0hR0DRxD’gzJ;’&X>y’d.tw>olusd.olphtgtg
*D>*D>< b.q.t0JrRtgxD.w>olusd.phvXw>’Do’XwuyRM.vDRI t0J
pl;ug0J’Dv>tubDvXtu,Rwz.tu,RvXok;*h>0Dt*D>< w>pku0JR
t*D> (vX’fttd.ympXRnDEk>tod;’D;EFLcsH,X.w>pku0JR)< pJ;zDu[.w>
rR’D;w>CkxH.oh.ngw>rRuG>tw>rRwz.t*D>M.vDRI tw>wdRusJR
qH;udmzdwrHRvXtrh> SDI rhwrh> Star Wars tw>wdmusJRtHRvDRvX0Jph’D
v>tgM>’ftuuGJ>wuuGJ>M.vDRI tw>wdmusJRtHRvXcHuhRb.w>xk;
*Reaganomics rh>rk>usdR0JRuGmtusJoElvXtrJ&uRuD>cd.&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)’k;td.xD.0J
M.vDRI w>*h>vGH>xH.vXtb.C;’D;&HuJ>(ef)trk>usdR0JRuGmusJoElM.rh>0J=
=w>rRpSRvDRxHuD>y’d.w>pl;ugusd.ph
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=yXqSX&J.usJRw>xk;xD.usd.ph’fod;’D;urRpSRvDRphod.oGHt*D>wz.M.vDRI
ySRvXtxD'grk>usdR0JRuGmoElt0JtHRud;0JvXbl'lrk>usdR0JRuGmoEl (Voodoo
Economic) M.vDRI
=124=
uGmH tDRM.vDRI t0JrRw>tHRrh>’fo;d trJ&uRutd.uwJmuwDRto;vX

pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzS.d tw>[JEmk vDR’k;t0Jo.h M.vDRI pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzS.d rh>
xHuD>wbh.vXtrJ&uRqX.rJmwh>vHvXw>’k;ck.tylRp;xD.vXeH.
1940 tcX.o;vHRvHRvHM.vDRI t0Jtw>td.uwJmuwDRto;wz.
td.ymvHb.q.zJt0J[;xD.uGHmvXuD>cd.tvD>0HRtvD>cHw>&hvdmvX
uD>trJ&uR‘D;uD>&X±SgtbX.pXR*hRxD.0JoyS>uwX>cDzsdvX&X±Sgpd.bH.
,J;tcd.e>rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cF;D tw>*JRvdmxJ;*H>xJ;bgtCdvRD I uD.b.
cF;D ’D;&d.eJ(vf)&Hu>J (ef)b.qJ;pkyeD.vXvHmCH;CmwbsK;bh.tylRvXt0J
oh.tX.vDRvXurRpSRvDRw>xk;xD.EFLcsH,X>w>pku0JRvXxHuD>cHbh.
vXmtylRzJ&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)uJuD>cd.cHbsDwbsDtuwD>M.vDRI
w>&hvmd o;’D;pd.bH.,J;uD>pXzS.d *hRxD.0Jb.q.&d;eJ(vf)&Hu>J (ef)EkmvDR

’k;xD’g’f’.w>ySRcD.rFLeH;zdwz.vX[D.cd.’Dbh.tylRM.vDRI zJ 1982eH.
trJ&uRtok;rk>tw>EkmvDR’k;uD>}uJe’> (Grenada) tqXuwD>t0Jrh>
ySRvXtzD.ysHRM.vDRI wu;’fb.bsD.’d.ymyeD.0JvXw>EkmvDRrRy.Ckm
o;vXuD>eH>c&;uG> (Nicaragua) w>*h>rh>w>vXwzd;oJp;emouh&d.
eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)EkmvDRqD.xGJ’.w>w>yX>qXtu&XvXtrh> ?Contras/
vXtyX>qXxD’geH>c&;uG>ty’d.M.vDRI zJt0Jrh>’fuD>cd.tqXuwD><
uD>trJ&uRqSXvDRph>uD;w>Clw>zd;tok;rk>wz.qluD>vJ;bed. (Leba-
non) tylR’D;vJRwh>vDRrh.yd>rR[;*DRuGHmuD>vH;bH.,g (Libya) ySRrRw
ysKmwysDRw>u&Xwz.M.vDRI
zJ 1984eH.w>rRxHu>D w>CkxXtoDwbst D qXuwD>ursX>CkxXxD.u

’D;uD>cd.&d.eJ(vf)&Hu>J (ef)vXu[H;rl’gcHuwD>wuwD>vX[H.0gtylRM.
vDRI t0JrReXRuGHm0JySRjyXw>’D;tDRvXtrh>‘H.rd._cJ;wh;0D(vf)xX.rD’h(vf)
(Walter Mondale) M.vDRI tw>[H;rl’g’fuD>cd.w*Rtod;wuwD>tHR
b.w>cJ.olcJ.*DRtDRvXtrRy.Ckmto;’D;tH.&.(ef) (Iran) ‘D;eH>c&;
=125=
uG>yX>qXw>u&XtCdM.vDRI w>yJRtXyJRoDtRD vXtqgw>pku0JRqlu>D

tH.&.(ef)’fod;urRM>usd.phvXurRpXRySRxD’gcD.rFLeH;oElvXuD>eH>c&;
uG>t*D>M.vDRI
zJ 1989eH.uF;D (uf)F bl;(±S)f xD.uD>cd.tqXuwD>&d.eJ(vf)&Hu>J (ef)[;xD.

’D;td.bS;H uhR0J’.M.vDRI t0JvRJ ok;uhRtvD>’D;td.bS;H vXt[H.toDw
zsX.vX0h>zd0h>bJ(vf)tJ(&f) (BelAir) vXvD;(pf)thuFX>vJ;tylRM.vDRI zJ
1992eH.tylRt0Jo;vDRyvdmvXutk.to;vXw>Cdxo H rHord;t0Jt
w>rRCkmto;’D;tH.&.(ef)=eH>c&;uG>yX>qXw>u±l>tusgwcgb.q.
w>ywkmuGHmtw>qXwJmtHRcVo’H;rh>vXySRCdxHorHord;w>wz.oh.
ngvX&d.eJ(vf)&HuJ>(ef)tw>wd>eD.w>vXtuJxD.to;zJt0JyXw>t
qXuwD>w*hRvXRb.tCdM.vDRI w,HmwrD>uoH.o&.rRuG>tDR’D;
ymzsg0JvXt0J‘;d M>tJ(vf)pJrX>w>qg (Alzheimer’s disease) vXtrRb.
’dtcd.Elm’D;tw>rReD.wz.M.vDRI tCdzJ 1994eH.tylRt0Jtd.bSH;uhR
0JvXw>rRw>vXursX>t*D>0HRtd.qd;uhR0J’D;trgeJ(ef)pH>vXtrk>eHRrk>oD
vXttd.wD>’H;wz.’DwuwD>ngtylRM.vDRI t0Jpl;uGHmto;zJ 2004
eH.vg,lRxD. 5 oDteHRzJ0h>bJ(vf)tJ(&f)< cJ.vH.zdeH,guD>pJ.tylRM.
vDRI
=126=
]]ok[rJ RrEkRzJtRH vJ.IAvXokCwd >wXxD.wXvDRvX,0h>ylRvXmvHI}}

"Why are you here? My city is in chaos because of you."
ySRunDodvh.x;A(rh)AySRylxD.w>zdvXySRwoh.ngw*R
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Man or Unknown Rebel)< rh>rHR
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ymzsgxD.o;vXxH,gegrJpuGJ,g (Tiananmen Square) tqXuwD>vDRI
0HRtvD>cHw>&RvDRw>upD.’D;w>*DRwz.tHRtCdt0JtrHR[lx.D ogvDR
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w>tHRuJxD.to;zJw>vD>vXtbl;’D;xH,gegrJpuGJ< usJrk>cd.vXuvJR
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J g,lR 5oD 1989
eH.teHRM.vDRI rh>ph>uD;zJuD>w±l;ty’d.rRwysKmwysDRrRoHrR0DySRqX
xX.ymzsgxD.o;vXxH,gegrJpuGJ,gwz.ylRuGHmwoDtvD>cHM.vDRI zJ
eHRt0JM.ySRydmcGgw*RvJRqXxX.vXusJrk>tcX.o;xJw*R{dRzJok;od
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0Jt0Joh.tcd.vXuymzsgxD.tw>[l; *JRvXwtd.‘D;w>pkql.cD.wu;
b.M.vDRI ydmcGgt0JM.}wDCmok;odvh.x;wz.0HR< vJRxD.0Jqlodvh.
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Cd.E RHR (Lo - ZSGVX, Rzsd. Eh. A20Atylrwz.: Famous Leaders in The 20Th Century

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Cd.E RHR (Lo - ZSGVX, Rzsd. Eh. A20Atylrwz.: Famous Leaders in The 20Th Century

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cd.e>rHR[lo.zsgvX,RzSd.

Drum Publication Group

,R zSd.eH. 20 b.xGJvdmto;'D;qXuwD>zJ 1901=2000 eH.t

t0Jtd.zsJ.xD.zJvg,ElRtg&H. 15oD< 1929eH.vX0h>t;wvgw.< vX

vXwqHoXvgtwD>ylRySRolz;H zdvXrD;(xf)udr&H.0h>ylRutd. 17<000 *R

vX0h>-uH(pf)bd&d. (Greensboro)< uvHRpd;c.&dvhe> (North Carolina)

xDbrd gwh.vloX.chwzJ sgxD.0Jw>zD.w>z;tvHmuhvXtrh>w>t&h’.d M.

*clcsX;csg(ef) (KKK) rh>ySRrRysD>rR*DRw>tw>u&Xu&dclol.vXtrJ&uRuD>pXzSd.tylRt

zJvgthjzh. 13oD< 1967eH.teHRrgwh.vloX.chuwdRvDRw>vXursX>t

zJvgrm%S; 28oD< 1968eH.rgwh.vloX.ch&J.usJRw>ymzsgxD.o;vXrJ

tw>rR< rhwrh> zJ;'&X>w>CdxHorHord;0JRusdR (FBI) tw>zD.ysHRtCd

zJ 1988 eH.tylR< uGJR[lzsgySRxXw>upD.vJRxH.vdmoHuG>oH’d;uF‹(rfpf)

]]vX,xH,uD>tylRM.tqduwX>yvDRb.qlCmd ylR0HRr;yuJx.D uD>cd.M.vDRI}}

eJ vpX.rh’Jv. (Nelson Mandela) wDcd.&d.rJ

zJvgrm±S; 1960 eH.tylR< ySRolzH;zdvXtymzsgxD.o;xD’gw>eDRz;u

t0Jb.w>wh>EkmvDRtDRqluD;&D;bJtCdm (Robben Island Prison) ylRvX

ttd.ol.vDRto;vXch;(zf)xD(ef) (Capetown) tyD.vJ.uX>cd.< ‘D;vX

]]wb.ysyJ RS vXtwtd.'D;w>pdw>urDRvXuwJA]rh>}AvXuwJeR ]wrh>b.}Aw*hRI}}

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tJ vHeX.%k;pbJ;(Eleanor Roosevelt) rh>uD>

(Poliomyelitis) tw>qgM.vDRI teD>cdvDRbVuGHm’Dw*RC.C.’D;t0J

"Lynching" rh>ursX>w*Rtw>vdmuGD>pH.nD.oHySRvXtwzd;oJp;< ‘D;t

zJ_z;J cvh ‘H>vJe.d ±k;pbJ;oHzJ 1945 eH.vgthjz.h tylRtqXuwD>tJveH X.

usRd vXvHmwbsK;bh.y.Ckm’D;t0JtRH rh>,*h>,usRd (This Is My Story)zJ

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]]vXuD>tH.p&hv;tylRç AvXeuuJx.D ySRoh';k td.xD.w>eD>eD>trh>twDw*Rt*D>

‘hbh; bJ(ef)ul&H,X>td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1886 eH.vX0h>zsD(ef) (Plonsk)< vXuD>

w>[Dx.D uGmH tDR0HRtvD>cHt0JvRJ td.vJRqd;uhR0Jq0l >h EFL,D;< vXuD>trJ

zJ 1963 eH.tylR bJ(ef) ul&H,X>td.bSH;u’guhRvXtw>rRtylRM.vDRI

]]ydmrk.ub.td.'D;tw>obV'.0JvRD I Aw>tHRrh>0J*>H cD.xH;w>obVvXtb.C;'D; w>CkxX

rg }uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX. (Margaret Higgin Sa-

rg}uJ;[Huh(ef)pJuX.td.zsJ.xD.zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 14 oD< 1884 eH.vX

vDRI t0JuGJ;ph>uD;w>uG>u’guhRw>’Do’X[k;o;t*h> (Birth Control

zJ 1927 eH.< zJrg}uJ;pJuX.u&Xu&d’D;p;xD.wJw>wcsK;w>rR[D.cd.’D

]]zJeb.o*X>'D;w>ol.vDRbS;H o;vDRwDRçAw>td.rlvXte;tusRH 'D;eqdurd.vXw>rRpXRvX

vJ; (cf)0h(vf)p. (Lech Walesa) rh>zdvH;(±Sf)

t0JEkmvDRrRw>’fySRbSDodvh.w*RvXpJ;zDu[.0JRvD>p;xD.zJ 1961 eH.

vJ;(cf) 0h(vf)p.rh>ySR[l;*JRvXySRrRw>zdu&XpXzS.d tw>[l;w>*JRtylR*hR

zJvgtDul; 1980 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.yXqSX0J0h>’J.(cf)w>whw>bSDu

w>obVvXxHu>D tHR’d;M>b.0JvXuwD>zk.udmtylRtHRuwX>uGmH 0J'.zJ

vg’H.pJbX. 1981 eH.tylRzJo;k cd.uF±;l pJ(vf)puH; (Jaruzelski) b.,d.

zJvged.0hbX. 1982 eH.tylRvJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.xl.zsJ;xD.uGHmvXw>’k;Cm

qXuwD>zJM.rh.ch(vf)uD.b.cF;D (Mikhail Gorbachev) rRM>uGmH xHu>D t

zJvg’H.pJbX. 1990 eH.tylRw>CkxXxD.vJ;(cf)0h(vf)p.vXuuJxD.

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_zJ;cvh(ef)rh>b.[;vXvD>qh.eDRvh.zdb.q.zJ 1928 eH.tylRt0JEkm

vgtD;uxdbX. 1929 eH.w>jyKxD.vX0D(vf)p}xH; (Wall Street) rh>w>

td.wz.oyS>yS>M.vDRI t0J’;k td.xD.w>u&Xu&dwzkvXtrh>EFL,D;uD>

zJ 1933 eH.vgrm±S; 9 oDteHRM._z;J cvh(ef)ud;bs.D ’d.u&Xw>td.zS.d vDR

w>rRwM>tw>*h>uDtRH w>rRb.vdmuhRohxv J X ?xHu>D y’d.teD>up>

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bsJ;'HrX>vJM>(ef) A(1870 = 1924)

bsJ; ’HrX>vJM>(ef)(Vladimir Lenin) rh>ySR*JR

vJM>(ef)td.zs.J xD.vX0h>ph(rf)bX; (Simbirsk) vXuD>&X±SgtylRzJvgthjz.h

vXcHuwX>t0JrR0JwkRySRwl>vdmtDRvXcgp. (Kazan) zF.pdrdRzJt0JrRvd

w>[Dx.D uGmH tDR0HRtvD>cHt0JvRJ ql0>h ph>(xf)zHxX.bX; (St. Peterburg)

zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 1915 eH.tylR< eHcdv;cH*Rw*R (Nicholas II) p;xD.yX

vXcHuwX>zJ 1917 eH.M.w>yX>qXtd.xD.0J’.vXuD>&X±SgtylRM.vDRI

qX.rJmph>uD;w>uDw>cJe;e;usRH usRH vXtxHv>D uD>ylRM.vDRI zJvgtD;u

zJbs;J ’HrX> tH.vH; vJM>(ef)to;td. 47eH.tcgw>CkxXxD.tDRvXtu

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zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 1915 eH.tylR< eHcdv;cHRwR (Nicholas II) p;xD.yX

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