Poh-imkv{Xw
Ch-cpsS ico-c-
Ch-fpsS ap´-
Iƒ°p ta¬
Chƒ Xs∂ AS-
bn-cp∂n´pw Ch-
fpsS a°-sf-ßs\
hyXy-kvX-cmbn!
AΩqtΩ.....
Rm\m-sc-t∏m-
sebm?
hc-b≥ IpXnc-bp-tSbpw tImgn-bp-tSbpw Nn¥-
Ifpw AΩq-Ωbpw t]c-°p-´nbpw XΩn-ep≈
kw`m-j-Whpw {i≤n-®n-t√? hc-b≥ IpXn-c-I-
fn-se√mw hc-Iƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Hcpt]mse-
bmtWm? tImgnbpw Ip™p-ßfpw XΩn¬
kmay- ß - f n- t √? A—- s ‚bpw AΩbp- s Sbpw
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSmsX AΩqΩ-bpsS khn-
ti-j-X-Ifpw t]c-°p-´n°p In´n-b-sX-ßs\?
\nß-fpsS ]cn-k-cØpw CXp-t]m-ep≈ \nc-
h[n DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bnt√?
amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
k¥m-\-ß-fn-te°p hym]-cn-°p-∂XpsIm≠m-
Wt√m Ah¿ XΩn¬ kmZr-iy-߃ D≠m-Ip-
∂Xv. F-∂m¬ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS kz`mhkhn-
94
Ønse hc-Iƒ
Bcv -h-c®n{X
IrXy-ambn!
A—s‚ \ndw....
AΩ-bpsS apSn.....
]ns∂.................
IÆp-Iƒ AΩq-
Ω-bp-tSXpw.
ti- j - X - I ƒ am{X- a mtWm k¥m- \ - ß ƒ°v
e`n°p-∂Xv? \nß-fpsS A`n-{]mbw Ipdn-°q.
.........................................................................................
F¥psIm- ≠ mWv amXm- ] n- X m- ° - f psS Nne
KpWhnti-j-߃ am{Xw k¥m-\-ß-fn-¬ {]I-
S-am-Ip-∂Xv? kmZr-iy-߃s°m∏w hyXn-bm-\-
ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? CØcw tNmZy-
ßfpw Ah-bpsS ]cn-Ie - v]\
- I
- fpw hfsc ]≠p-
ap- X te Db¿∂n- c p∂psh- ¶ nepw Chbv ° v
imkv{Xo-b-ambn DØcw Is≠-Øm\p≈ {iaw
Bcw-`n-®Xv {KnK¿ tPm¨ sa≥U¬ (Gregor
Johann Mendel) F∂ imkv{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
At±lw ]mc-º-cyimkv{X-Øns‚ ]nXm-hmbn
Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw AXpsIm≠m-Wv. \¬In-bn-
 Poh-imkv{Xw

cn-°p∂ hnh-c-WsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n sa≥Uens‚ kw`m-h-\-I-sf-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ti-

J-cWw \S-Øq.

{KnK¿ sa≥U¬ ˛ ]mc-ºcyimkv{X-Øns‚ ]nXmhv

{KnK¿ tPm¨ sa≥U¬ 1822 ¬ Hmkv{Sn-b-bnse {_¨ F∂ ÿeØv
(C∂sØ sN°v dn∏-ªn-°v) Hcp CS-Øcw I¿jI IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n-®p.
kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw thZ-imkv{Xw ]Tn®v ]utcm-lnXyw kzoI-
cn- ® p. hnb∂ bqWn- t h- g v k n- ‰ n- b n¬ `uXnIimkv { Xhpw XpS¿∂v
{]IrXnhn⁄m-\hpw ]Tn®v At±lw Hcp A[ym-]-I-\mbpw {]h¿Øn®p.
]ptcm-lnX-\m-bn-cnt° ]b¿ sNSn-bn¬ \S-Ønb ]co-£-W-ßfpw AXn-
{KnK¿ tPm¨ eqsS FØn-t®-¿∂ \nK-a\ - ß- fpamWv At±-lsØ ]mc-ºc - y-im-kv{X-Øns‚
sa≥U¬
]nXmhv F∂ \ne-bn-te°v Db¿Øn-bXv.
]b¿ sNSn-bnse 7 tPmUn hn]-coXKpW-ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cy t{]jWw sa≥U¬ hni-Z-ambn
hni-I-e\w sNbvXp. ]qhns‚ \ndw (Nph-∏v, shfp-∏v), hnØns‚ \ndw (a™, ]®), hnØns‚
BIrXn (Dcp-≠Xv, Npfp-ßn-b-Xv), Imfi-Øns‚ \ofw (Dbcw IqSn-b-Xv, Ipd™Xv) XpS-ßn-b-
h-bm-bn-cp-∂p h¿K-k-¶-c-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°nb Nne hn]-coXKp-W-߃. ]co-£-W-ß-fn¬
\n∂v At±lw Nne \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®¿∂p.
$ Hmtcm kz-`m-h-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip∂ Hmtcm tPmUn LS-I-߃ F√m Pohn-I-fnepw D≠m-
bn-cn°pw. Cu LS-I-ßsf At±lw {]Xo-I-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v kqNn-∏n-®p.
DZm: Db-c-°q-Sp-X¬ ˛ T T Nph∂ ]qhv ˛ RR
Db-c-°p-dhv ˛ tt shfpØ ]qhv ˛ rr
$ Cu tPmUn LS-I-ß-fn¬ H∂v amXm-hn¬ \n∂pw at‰Xp ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂p-am-bn-cn°pw e`n-
°p-∂-Xv.
$ hn]-coX KpW-߃ amXr-k-k-y-Øntem ]nXr-k-k-y-Øntem Bbn-cp-∂mepw ]co-£W
^e-Øn\v bmsXmcp am‰hpw D≠m-hn-√.
$ H∂mw Xe-ap-d-bnse sNSn-I-fn¬ c≠p hn]-coX e£-W-ßfp-sSbpw (KpW-ßfpsSbpw)
LS-I-߃ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≠m-hpw. F∂mepw AXn-semcp e£Ww am{Xta {]I-S-am-hp-I-
bp≈q.
sa≥Uens‚ ]co-£W^e-߃ 1866˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p-sh-¶nepw A∂v AXn\v th≠{X
AwKo-Imcw In´pI-bp-≠mbn-√. 1884˛¬ sa≥U¬ A¥-cn-®p. sa≥U-¬ ac-W-s∏´v 16 h¿j-
߃°p tijw lyq-tKm -Uo -{ho-kv (Hugo de Vries) , Imƒ tImd≥kv (Carl Correns), FdnIv
sj¿amIv (Eric Tshermark) F∂o imkv{X-⁄∑mcmWv sa≥Uens‚ ]mc-º-c-y-imkv{X \nb-
a-߃ kzX-{¥-ambn Is≠Øn ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. AtXm-sS {KnK¿ tPm¨ sa≥U¬ ]mc-
º-c-y-im-kv{X-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hm-bn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏´p. ]n∂o-SmWv ]mc-º-c-y-tØbpw hy-
Xn-bm-\-ß-tfbpw]‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ P\n-XIimkv{Xw (Genetics) F∂ imkv{X-imJ cq]w
sIm≠Xv.
]b- d p- s N- S n- b n¬ \S- Ø nb ]co- £ - W - ߃ (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4) ]cn-tim-[n°q. A\p-tbm-
ßfn¬\n∂v sa≥U¬ Nne \nb-a-߃ cq]- Py-amb coXn-bn¬ ]qcn-∏n®v kqN-I-ß-fpsS
s∏-SpØn. Ch sa≥Uens‚ ]mc-ºc - yt-{]-jW ASnÿm\-Øn¬ hni-Ie - \w sNøq. ]co-£W
^e-ßfpw sa≥U-ens‚ \nb-aß - f
- pw XΩn-ep≈
\nb-a-߃ (laws of inheritance) F∂ t]cn¬
_‘w a\-€n-em°n Ipdn∏v Xbmdm-°q.
Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-Ic - W
- -

95
 Poh-imkv{Xw

]co-£Ww : 1
Dbcw IqSnb ]b¿ sNSnbpw Dbcw Ipd™ ]b¿ sNSnbpw
XΩn¬ ]c-]c- m-KWw \S-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ.

amXr-k-kyw ]nXr-k-kyw
(Db-cw IqSnbXv) (Db-cw Ipd-™-Xv)
TT tt

T _oPtImi߃ t

(.........................................)
Tt
H∂mw Xe-apd (F1 Xe-apd)

Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.1

kqN-Iß
- ƒ
{]I-S-k-z-`mh \nbaw
¬ H∂mw- X - e - a p- d - b n¬ {]I- S - a mb KpW
hntijw GXv? Hcp tPmUn hn]-coX KpW-߃ IqSn-t®-cp-
tºmƒ AXn-semcp KpWw am{Xw {]I-S-am-
¬ {]I-S-am-hmØ KpW-hn-tijw GXv?
hp-Ibpw ({]I-S-Kp-Ww) at‰Xp ad-™n-cn-°p-
¬ Dbcw IqSnb amXr-kk- y- Ø
- nepw H∂mw Xe-
Ibpw (Kp]vX-Kp-Ww) sNøpw.
ap-db
- nse k¥Xn-Ifnepw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂
LS-I-߃ XΩn-ep≈ hy-Xymkw F¥v?

96
 Poh-imkv{Xw

]co-£Ww : 2
H∂mw Xe-ap-dbpsS kz]cm-KWw
F1 Xe-apd

(.........................................)
kv{Xo_o-P-߃ Tt
]pw_o-P-߃

T t .......... ..........

......................................... ......................................... ......................................... .........................................

TT Tt .................. ..................

c≠mw Xe-apd (F2 Xe-apd)

Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.2
kqN-Iß
- ƒ t]mse-bmtWm?

¬ H∂mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ \n∂v c≠mw Xe-ap-d- ¬ amXr-kkyØn¬ tPmUn-bmbn ImW-s∏´

bnse k¥m\-ßfn¬ I≠ hy-X-ymkw LS-I-߃ (Tt) _oP-tIm-i-ßfn¬ ImW-
F¥v? s∏-Sp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv?
¬ c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Dbcw IqSnb kk-y- hnth-N\ \nbaw
ßfpw Dbcw Ipd™ kk-y-ßfpw GX-\p- _oP-tIm-i-߃ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ KpW-hn-ti-
]m-X-Øn¬ D≠mbn? j-ßsf \n¿W-bn-°p∂ ]mc-ºcy LS-Iß - ƒ
¬ c≠mw Xe-ap-d-bnse Dbcw IqSnb F√m tPmUn]n-cn-bp-Ibpw Hmtcm∂pw Hmtcm enwK
kky- ß - f p- s Sbpw P\nX- I - L - S \ Hcp tImi-Øn-te°v t]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

97
 Poh-imkv{Xw

]co-£Ww : 3
H∂n-e-[nIw KpW-߃ tN¿∂mtem?

amXr-kk
- yw ]nXr-kk- yw
(Db-cw IqSnbXpw Nph∂ ]q°ƒ D≈Xpw) (Db-cw Ipd-™Xpw- shfpØ ]q°ƒ D≈-Xpw)
TTRR ttrr

TR tr
_oPtImi-߃

F1 Xe-apd

(........................................................)
TtRr

Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.3

kqN-Iß
- ƒ ]co£Ww 3 se F1 Xeapdsb kz]-cm-K-W-
Øn\v hnt[-b-am°n sa≥U¬ \S-Ønb ]co-
¬ ChnsS {]ISKpW-߃ GsXms°?
£-W-amWv Nn{Xo-I-cWØn¬ (7.4.) \¬In-bn-
¬ Kp]vX-Kp-W-ßtfm? cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv \nco-£n®v ]´nI (7.1.) ]qcn-
¬ amXr-˛]nXr kky-ß-fnse LS-I-ßfpw ∏n-°q. kqN-Iß - f - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ Ipdn∏p
H∂mw Xe-ap-d-bnse k¥m-\-ß-fnse LS- Xbmdm-°q.
I-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw F¥v? .........................................................................................

98
 Poh-imkv{Xw

]co-£Ww :4 ¬ k¥m- \ - ß - f n¬ ]pXnb C\- ß ƒ

GsXms°?
H∂mw Xe-ap-d-bpsS kz]cm-KWw
¬ F1 Xe-ap-d-bpsS amXr-˛]n-Xr-k-k-y-ß-fn¬
F1 Xe-apd
H∂n®p\n∂ KpW-hn-ti-j-߃ Hcp-an®p
Xs∂-bmtWm F√m k¥-Xn-I-fn-te°pw
ssIam‰w sNø- s ∏- ´ Xv? As√- ¶ n¬
Fßs\? \nßfpsS \nK-a\w Ipdn-°q.
.........................................................................................
\nß-fpsS \nK-a\w kzX{¥ A]-hyql\
\nb-a-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøq.
(......................................) kz-X{¥ A]-h-yq-l\ \nbaw
Tt Rr
ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam tPmUn hn]-co-X-Kp-
kv{Xo_o-P-߃ ]pw_o-P-߃ W- ß ƒ IqSn- t ®- c p- t ºmƒ AXn- t emtcm
tPmUn- KpWhpw A]-c-tPmUnbpambn IqSn-
TR ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........
°-e-cmsX XnI®pw kz-X-{¥-ambn ASpØ
Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.4 Xe-ap-d-bn-te°p hym]-cn°p-∂p.
Cu _oP-tIm-i-߃ IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ F¥m- apØ-—-s‚tbm apØ»n-bp-sStbm KpW-hn-ti-
Wv kw`-hn-°p-∂-sX∂v t\m°mw. j-߃ A—-\-Ω-am-cn¬ {]I-S-a-s√-¶nepw Nne-
t∏mƒ t]c-°p-´n-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-dn-t√?
]pw_o-P-߃
F¥mWv CXn\v ImcWw? sa≥Uens‚
TR Tr tR tr ]mcºcy \nb-aß- f
- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬ N¿®-
sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.
kv{Xo_o-P-߃

TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr

.........................................................................................
Tr ............... ............... ............... ...............
amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v kz-`mhkhn-ti-j-X-
tR Iƒ Nne LS-I-ß-fn-eqsS k¥m\-ßfnte°p
............... ............... ............... ...............
hym- ] - c n- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂v sXfn- b n- ° m- \ mWv
tr ............... ............... ............... ttrr sa≥U¬ {ian-®-Xv. F¥mWv Cu LS-I-߃?
Ah FhnsS ÿnXnsNøp∂p? sa≥Uen\p-
Nph-∂-]q-°fp≈ Dbcw IqSn-bh : .......... tijw CØcw tNmZy- ß sf ap≥\n¿Øn
Nph-∂-]q-°fp≈ Dbcw Ipd-™h : .......... Ht´sd Kth-j-W-߃ \S-∂p. AXns‚ ^e-
sh≈-∏q-°fp≈ Dbcw IqSn-bh : .......... ambn At\Iw ]pXnb Is≠- Ø - e p- I fpw
sh≈-∏q-°fp≈ Dbcw Ipd-™h : .......... D≠mbn. Cu Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fmWv ]n∂oSv P\n-
k¥-Xn-I-fpsS A\p-]m-Xw : ........................... X-I-im-kv{X-sa∂ hn]p-e-amb imkv{X-im-J-
]´nI ˛ 7.1 bmbn hf¿∂-Xv. P\nXIimkv{Xhgn-bnse
{][m\-s∏´ Nne \mgn-I-°-√p-Iƒ NphsS
kqN-Iß
- ƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah hni-I-e\w sNbvXpw
¬ _oPtImi-߃ F{X-X-c-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂p? IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Ønbpw P\n-XI
Ah GsX√mw? imkv{X-Øns‚ hf¿®sb-∏‰n Ipdn∏v Xbm-
¬ k¥m-\-߃ F{X-X-c-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂p? dm-°q.
Ah GsX-√mw? .........................................................................................

99
 Poh-imkv{Xw

P\n-XI
- i
- m-k{v X-hg- n-bnse \mgn-I°
- √- p-Iƒ
{KnK¿ tPm¨ sa≥U¬ : sPmlm≥k≥ :
1866 P\n-XI \nb-a-߃ Bhn- 1909 sa≥U¬ hniZoIcn®
jvI-cn®p ]mc-º-c-y-L-S-I-߃°p
{^UdnIv anj¿ : \yq-¢nIv Po≥ F∂p t]cp \¬In.
1869
BknUv Is≠-Øn. sPmlm≥k≥
{^UdnIv anj¿
lyqtKm Un {hokv, FdnIv sj¿am¿°v, Bthcn : Ct±-l-Øns‚
1900 Imƒ tImd≥kv: sa≥Uens‚ \nb-a-߃ 1943 t\Xr-Xz-Øn-ep≈ Kth-j-
]p\cmhn-jvIcn-®p. I¿ DNA BWv P\nXI
hkvXp-sh∂p Is≠Øn.

Bthcn
Pbnwkv hmSvk¨, {^m≥knkv {In°v :
1953 DNA bpsS Np‰ptKmh- W n- amXrI
lyqtKm Un {hokv FdnIv sj¿am°v Imƒ tImd≥kv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.
hmƒ´¿ Fkv k´≥, XntbmU¿ t_mhdn:
1902 ]mc-ºc- y-LS- I
- ß
- ƒ t{Ima-tkm-ap-If
- nemWv
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v Is≠Øn.

Pbnwkv hmSvk¨ {^m≥knkv {In°v

1970 am¿j¬ \nc≥_¿Kv , l¿tKm- _ nµv

sJmcm\ : P\n-XI tImUv Is≠Øn.

hmƒ´¿ Fkv Xntbm-U¿

k´≥ t_mhdn
t_‰vk≥ : ]mc- º - c - y -
1905 sØbpw hy- X n- b m- \ - ß -
sfbpw ]‰n ]Tn- ° p∂
]pXnb imkv{X-im-Jbv°v
P\- ‰ nIv k v (Genetics)F∂ am¿j¬ l¿tKm-_nµv
t]cp \¬In. \nc≥_¿Kv sJmcm\
t_‰vk≥
kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ß-fpsS ]mc-ºc - y-t{]-jWw Nne LS-Iß - ƒ hgn-bm-sW∂ sa≥U-ens‚ k¶ev]w
bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂v ]n∂oSv sXfn-bn-°s - ∏-´p. GsXmcp Pohn-bp-sSbpw Hmtcm kz-`m-hk - hn-ti-j-
Xtbbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv Po\p-If - m-sW∂pw Po\p-Iƒ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) X∑m-{X-bpsS
`mK-ß-fm-sW∂pw hy‡-ambn. \yq¢n-tbm-ssS-Up-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ c≠n-g-Iƒ tN¿∂mWv DNA
X∑m{X cq]s∏-´n-´p-≈X - v. ]©-km-cbpw t^mkvt^‰pw tN¿∂p≈ s\Snb Cg-Ifpw ss\{S-P≥
t_kp-Iƒ tN¿∂ ]Sn-If - p-ap≈ Hcp Np‰ptKmhWn-bpsS BIr-Xn-bmWv DNA X∑m-{X-°p≈-Xv.
Cu LS\ hmSvk\pw {In°pw BWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xo-Ic - Ww (7.5) kqN-
I-ßf- psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ hni-Ie - \w sNbvXv DNA X∑m-{X-sb-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°q.
..........................................................................................................................................................

100
 Poh-imkv{Xw

kqN-Iß
- ƒ
tImiw
t{Imatkmw ¬ DNA apJy-ambpw Fhn-sS-bmWv ImW-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv?
a¿aw ¬ \yq- ¢ n- t bm- s sS- U p- I ƒ F∂m- s e¥v?
AXnse LS-I-߃ GsXms°?

¬ ]c- k v ] cw tPmUn- t N- c p∂ ss\{S- P ≥

t_kp-Iƒ FsX√mw?
D]m-]-Nb{]h¿Ø-\-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw
kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°p Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xpw
DNA kq£vaL
- S- \ DNA DNA bpsS \n›nX `mK-ßf - mWv. Cu `mK-߃
Po\p-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Fß-s\-bmWv
Po\p-Iƒ Ah-bpsS [¿aw \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv?
\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ hnh-c-Whpw Nn{XoIcWhpw
(7.6.) ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm°q.
.........................................................................................

Po\p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w
kz`m-h-k-hn-tj-X-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw
D]m-]N - b{]h¿Ø-\ß - sf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xpw
t{]m´o-\p-I-fm-Wv. GXp-Xcw t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ
\yq¢ntbmssSUv \n¿an-°W - s
- a∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv DNA bnse
t^mkvt^‰v
Po\p-If - m-Wv. DNA t\cn´v t{]m´o≥ \n¿an-°p-
∂n- √ . DNA kz¥w Cg- I - f n¬\n- ∂ v RNA
ss\{S-P≥ t_kv (ribonucleic acid) \n¿an- ° p- ∂ p. RNA
Uo HmIvko ssdt_mkv ]©-kmc ssdt_mtkmapIfnseØn Aant\m Bkn-
ss\{S-P≥ t_kp-Iƒ 4 Xcw Up-Iƒ Iq´nt®¿Øv t{]m´o≥ \n¿an-°p∂p.
Hmtcm Po\nepw \n›nX t{]m´o-\p-IfpsS
AU-n\n≥ (adenine - A) ssXao≥ (thymine - T) \n¿am-W-Øn-\p≈ hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-
°p∂p.

Kzm-\n≥(guanine-G) ssks‰m-kn≥ (cytosine-C)

a¿ΩkvXcw
DNA bnse \yq¢ntbmssSUp-Iƒ hnhn[ Aant\m
DNA
Bkn-Up-Iƒ
AUn-\n≥ \yq¢ntbmssSUv t{]m´o≥
RNA X
- ∑
- m-{X

ssks‰-mkn≥ \yq¢ntbmssSUv
DNA Cg-]ncn-™v RNA
\n¿an-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂p.
ssXan≥ \yq¢ntbmssSUv
ssdt_mtkmw

Kzm-\n≥ \yq¢ntbmssSUv
Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.6
Un Hm-Ivkn- ssd-t_mkv ]©-kmc t{]m´o≥ \- n¿amWw
Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.5

101
 Poh-imkv{Xw

kqN-Iß
- ƒ Im-c-amWv kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-
Xn-\m-h-iy-amb t{]m´o-\p-Iƒ \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-
¬ RNA \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-hn-sS-bmWv?
Xv. Cu Po\p-Iƒ A—-\n¬ \n∂pw AΩ-bn¬
¬ Cu RNA FØn-t®-cp-∂-sX-hn-sS-bmWv? \n∂pw BWv k¥m-\-߃°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv.
¬ t{]m´o≥ \n¿am- W - Ø n¬ RNA bpsS Aß- s \- b m- s W- ¶ n¬ AΩ- b p- s Stbm A—-
]s¶¥v? s‚tbm kz`mhkhn- t i- j - X - I ƒ am{X- a t√
RNA F∂ as‰mcp \yq¢nIv BknUv \n¿an- k¥-Xn-I-fn¬ D≠m-hm≥ ]mSp≈q? Nne-t∏mƒ
®mWv DNA AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-߃ \n¿h- A—-\n¬ \n∂pw AΩ-bn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-
ln-°p-∂Xv F∂v a\-€n-em-bn-t√. amb kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-߃ k¥-Xn-I-fn¬ {]I-
S-am-Im-dp-≠t- √m. CXns\ hyXn-bm\w (Variation)
NphsS tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{XoIcWw (7.7) F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. hyXn-bm-\-߃ Fß-s\-
\nco- £ n®v DNA bpw RNA bpw XΩn- e p≈ bm-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv? Du\-`w-K-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv
hyXym-k-߃ Is≠Øn ]´nI 7.2 ]qcn-∏n-°q. _oP-tIm-i-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂p \n߃
]Tn- ® n- ´ n- t √. amXm- h n¬ \n∂pw ]nXmh- n ¬
]©-km-c-sIm≠pw \n∂pw e`n® kacq]-t{Im-a-tkm-ap-Iƒ Du\-
t^mkvt^‰v X∑m{X
sIm≠pw \n¿an® `w-K-Øns‚ Hcp-L-´-Øn¬ tPmUn tNcp-Ibpw
Cg-Iƒ t{Imatkmw hkv X p- ° ƒ ssIam- d p- I bpw
sNøpw. \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw 7.1 hni-Ie - \w
ss\{S-P≥ t_kp-Iƒ
sNbvXv \nK-a-\-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°q.
Du\-`w-K-Ønse Po≥hn-\n-abw
DNA RNA (crossing over) ˛ hnhn[ L´-߃
t{Imatkmw tPmUn
RNA bnse \yq¢ntbmssSUp-Iƒ
amXm-hn¬\n-∂p≈ ]nXmhn¬\n-∂p≈
AUn-\n≥ \yq¢ntbmssSUv t{Imatkmw t{Imatkmw

ssks‰-mkn≥ \yq¢ntbmssSUv
Po≥hn-\n-abw Bcw`w
bpdm-kn¬ \yq¢ntbmssSUv

t^mkvt^‰v Kzm-\n≥ \yq¢ntbmssSUv

ssdt_m-kv ]©-kmc
Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.7 t{Imatkmw tPmUn-Iƒ Po\p-Iƒ ssIam-dn-bt- ∏mƒ

khn-ti-jX DNA RNA

Cg-bpsS FÆw
]©-km-cb
- psS C\w
ss\{S-P≥ t_kp-Iƒ Po\p-Iƒ ssIam-dnb ]p{XnIm t{Ima-tkm-ap-Iƒ
]´n-I˛7.2
tImi- ß - f n¬ \S- ° p∂ {]h¿Ø- \ -
߃s°√mw ImcWw \n›nX t{]m´o-\p-I-fm-
sW∂pw Ah \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv DNA bpsS
\n¿tZ-i-{]-Im-c-am-sW∂pw a\-€n-em-b-t√m. Nn{Xw ˛ 7.1 Po≥hn-\n-abw (t{Im-atkmw tPmUn-Iƒ
]mc-º-cy-L-S-I-ß-fmb Po\p-I-fpsS \n¿tZ-i-{]- Du\-`w-Kt- h-fb
- n¬ P\n-XI- h
- k
- vXp-°ƒ ssIam-
dp∂Xns‚ hnhn[L´-߃)

102
 Poh-imkv{Xw

Po≥hn-\n-a-bw k¥m-\-ß-fn¬ hyXn-bm-\-߃ BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬

D≠m-°p-∂p-sh∂v t_m[y-s∏-´t√m? amXm-]n- kn°nƒsk¬ A\o-anb
Xm-°-fn¬ Hfn-™n-cn°p∂ kz`mh-k-hn-ti-j- hym-]Iw
X-Iƒ IqSn k¥m-\-ß-fn-te°p hym-]-cn-°p-∂-
Xncp: P\n-XI-tcm-Ka
- mb kn°nƒsk¬
Xp-sIm-≠mWv k¥m-\-ß-fn¬ hy-Xn-bm-\-߃ A\o-anb BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ hym-
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]-I-sa∂v ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´v. Acp-W-c-‡m-
t{Ima-tkm-ap-Ifpw Ahbnse Po\p-Ifpw Hcp Wp-°ƒ Acn-hmƒ t]mse hf-bp-∂Xp
Pohn-bpsS kz-`mhkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp- aqew HmIvkn-P≥ kwh-l\ - t- ijn Ipd-
Øp- ∂ - X n¬ hln- ° p∂ ]¶n- s \- ∏ - ‰ n- b mWv bp-∂-XmWv Cu tcmK-Øns‚ {]tXy-
\Ωƒ CXp-hsc a\-€n-em-°n-bXv. F∂m¬ IX. Po\p-I-fpsS LS-\-bn-ep≈
]e- Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fpsS LS- Ip™v BtWm s]tÆm?
\-bntem FÆ-Øntem am‰-߃ D≠m-Imw.
B¨Ip- ´ nbpw s]¨Ip- ´ nbpw cq]- s ∏- S p- ∂ -
BI-kvan-I-ambn kw`-hn-°p∂ CØcw am‰-ß-
Xn\p≈ Imc-W-w F¥m-Wv? \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
fmWv D¬]-cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ (mutations). Ch
Nn{Xo-I-cWw (7.8) kqN-I-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
]mc-º-cy-ambn t{]jWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂p. D¬]-
Øn¬ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp \nK-a\w cq]o-I-
cn-h¿Ø-\-߃ A[n-Ihpw Pohn-Iƒ°p tZmj-
cn°q.
I-c-am-bn- `hn-°p-∂p≠v. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-
.........................................................................................
°p∂ Nn{X-ßfpw ]{X-hm¿Øbpw CØ-c-Øn-
ep≈ Nne DZm-l-c-W-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. amXmhv ]nXmhv
IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠-Øq.
kzcq]t{Im-a kzcq]t{Ima -
t- km-ap-Iƒ = 44 tkmapIƒ = 44
enwK\n¿Wb-- enwK\n¿Wb --
t{ImatkmapIƒ t{ImatkmapIƒ
= XX XX XY = XY
S¿W¿ kn≥t{Umw BsI = 46 BsI = 46
(Turner syndrome)

enwK-\n¿Wb t{Ima-
tkm- a p- I - f n¬ H∂p
Ipdhv (Hcp X t{Im
S¿W¿ kn≥t{Umw atkmw am{Xw), kv{Xo_n-P-߃ ]pw_o-P-߃
t{Ima-tkm-ap-Iƒ = 44 + X kv{Xoe-£W - w, h‘y-
X, s]m°-°p-d-hv.
Uu¨ kn≥t{Umw (Down syndrome)
kzcq] t{Ima- t km- a p- I -
fn¬ H∂p-Iq-Sp-X¬ (2-1˛mw
t{Imatkmw aqs∂-Æw.
BsI 47 t{Imatkmw).
_p≤n- a m- µ yw, h‘y- X ,
Ipd™ tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-
[tijn.-
Uu¨ kn≥t{Umw s]¨
Ip™v
t{Ima-tkm-ap-Iƒ = 45 + XX As√-¶n¬ 45 + XY
XX ................ ................ ................

Nn{Xo-I-cWw ˛ 7.8

103
 Poh-imkv{Xw

kqN-Iß
- ƒ kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw Gsd-°psd Xpey-am-bn-
cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-Whpw a\-€n-em-bn-t√.
¬ F{X- X - c - Ø n- e p≈ enwK- \ n¿W- b - t {Im- a -
tkm-ap-Ifp-≠v? P\n-XI imkv{XØns‚- kw`m-h-\-Iƒ am\h
]ptcm-K-Xn°p F{X-tØmfw apX¬°q-´mbn
¬ ]pcp-js‚bpw kv{Xobp-sSbpw t{Ima-tkm-
ap-If
- n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ kmayhy-Xy- m-kß
- ƒ F∂p ]d-bp-I Akm-≤yw. at‰-sXmcp imkv{X-
Fs¥√mw? im-J-tbbpw t]mse P\n-X-I-im-kv{Xhpw Nqj-
tWm-]m-[n-bm-°m-\p≈ km[-y-X-bn-t√? NphsS
¬ B¨Ip-´nbpw s]¨Ip-´nbpw cq]-s∏-Sm- \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ teJ\w ]cn-tim-[n®pw
\p≈ km[yX F{XtØmfw?
A[nI hnh- c - t i- J - c Ww \SØnbpw Hcp
]pcp-j-\nse enwKt{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fmWv enwK- kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°q.
\n¿W-b-Øn¬ apJy-]¶phln-°p-∂-sX∂pw

PohtemI-sØ- am-‰n-a-dn°p∂ imkv{X-imJ

{KnK¿ sa≥U¬ ]b-dp-sN-Sn-bn¬ Bcw-`n® P\n-XI hnπhw C∂v kaq-l-Øns‚ kakvX
Xe-ß-tfbpw kzm-[o-\n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ hnImkw {]m]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Po\p-I-sf-∏‰n \mw t\Snb
Adnhpw P\n- X I LS- \ - b n¬ am‰w hcp- Ø m- \ p≈ kmt¶- X nIhnZy- I fpw A\p- \ n- a njw
]ptcmKan°p-Ib - m-Wv. P\n-XI- L
- S- \
- b
- n¬ A`n-ej
- Wo-ba
- mb hy-Xn-bm-\ß
- ƒ hcp-Øp∂ kmt¶-
XnIhnZy-bmWv P\n-XI F©n\o-b-dnwKv AYh dotIm-ºn-\‚ v DNA sSIvt\m-fPn (Recombinant
DNA technology). k¶-ev]n-°m≥ t]mepw Ign-bmØ hn[w kq£-va-amb Po\p-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂
DNA sb apdn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv imkv{X-temIw 1970 IfpsS XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ t\Sn.
IrXy-amb ÿe-ß-fn¬ DNA sb apdn-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ F≥ssk-ap-Isf "tamfn-Iyq-em¿
I{XnI' (molecular scissors) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. "sdkv{SnIvj≥ F≥tUm\yq-¢n-tbkv' (restriction
endonuclease) Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ F≥sskw BWv. Po\p-Isf XΩn¬ tN¿°p∂
F≥sskw BWv entK-kv (ligase). CØcw F≥ssk-ap-Isf "tamfn-Iyp-em¿ ]i' (molecular glue)
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
P\-‰nIv F©n\o-bd - nwKv Im¿jnI taJ-eb- nepw sshZ-yi
- m-kv{X-ta-Je
- b
- nepw Ht´sd am‰-߃°p
Imc-W-am-bn. {]ta-l-tcm-K-Øn\v IpØn-h-bv°p∂ C≥kp-en≥ arK-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp-∂p tiJ-
cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CXp a\p-j-y-cn¬ Ae¿Pn t]mep≈ {]iv\-߃°p Imc-W-am-bn. F∂m¬ C∂v
P\n-XI F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kn-eqsS ]m¿iz^e-ß-fn-√mØ C≥kp-en≥ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-
\nse C≥kp-en≥ Po≥ th¿s]-SpØn _mIvSo-cn-b-bpsS DNA bpambn
tbmPn-∏n®v Cu _mIvSo-cn-bsb sIm≠mWv a\p-jyC≥kp-en≥ D¬]m-
Zn-∏n-°p∂Xv.
Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn¬ Ht´sd NqtS-dnb
N¿®-Iƒ°p Imc-W-amb Bt ]cp-Ønbpw
Bt hgp-X-\-ßbpw (Nn{Xw˛7.2., 7.3.) P\n-
XI F©n-\o-bd - nw-Kns‚ D¬]-∂ß - f - mWv.
(Bt- ]q¿W-cq]w Bacillus thuringiensis) Cu
Nn{Xw ˛ 7.2.
Bt ]cpØn
sNSn-If - n¬ ISØnhnSp-∂ Po≥ {]kvXpX
sNSn-I-fn¬ Hcp t{]m´o≥ D¬]m-Zn-∏n°-
s∏- S p- ∂ - X n\v Imc- W - a m- I p- ∂ p. Cu
Nn{Xw ˛ 7.3.
Bt hgp-X-\ß t{]m´o\v IoS-ßsf \in-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ign-

104
 Poh-imkv{Xw

hp-≈-Xn-\m¬ IoS-\m-in\n IqSmsX IoS-\n-b-{¥Ww km[-y-am-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-j-y-\n¬

CXns\s¥-¶nepw ]m¿iz-^-e-߃ D≠m-Iptam F∂-Xns\ kw_-‘n® ]T-\-߃ C\nbpw
]q¿Øn-bm-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
P\-‰nIv F©n-\o-b-dnw-Kns‚ as‰mcp krjvSn-bmWv kq∏¿ _Kp-Iƒ (super bugs). hy-X-y-kvX-
bn\w _mIvSo-cn-b-I-fpsS Po\p-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿Øv krjvSn® ]pXnb
C\w _mIvSo-cnbI-fm-Wn-Xv. Nne kq∏¿ _Kp-Iƒ s]t{Sm-fnbw D¬]-
∂-߃ Xn∂p\in-∏n-°p-∂p. FÆaqew D≠mIp∂ kap-{Z-a-en-\o-I-c-
W-Øn\v {]Xn-hn[nbmbpw FÆ-°p-g-ense XS-€-߃ \o°p-∂-Xn\pw
Cu _mIvSo-cn-bsb D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. C¥y≥ hwi-P-\mb B\-µvtam-
l≥ N{I-_¿Øn BWv Cu kq∏¿- _Kns\ BZy-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-
®Xv. Ir{Xn-a-ambn krjvSn-°p∂ D¬]-cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS KpW-ta-
∑-bp≈ ]e Im¿jnI C\-ßfpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-
´p≠v.
]nXr-Xzw kw_-‘n® X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ip‰-Ir-Xy-߃
sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ DNA ^nwK¿{]n‚nwKv (DNA tUm. B\µv taml≥
Finger printing) P\n-X-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ as‰mcp kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. N{I-_¿Øn

2003 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw a\p-j-y-\nse t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fn¬ Po\p-Iƒ {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-

s\-sb-∂-Xns‚ ]q¿W-amb Adnhv lyq-a≥ Pot\mw t{]mP-IvSn-eqsS (Human Genome project) \mw
t\Sn-°-gn™p. tcmK-Nn-In-’m-cw-KØp h≥ IpXn-®p-Nm-´-Øn\v Imc-W-amImhp∂ Hcp Is≠-
Ø-embn CXns\ IW-°m-°p-∂p. C\nbpw F{Xtbm t\´-߃°m-bp≈ ]Wn-∏p-c-bn-emWv
temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ P\n-XI-im-kv{X-⁄¿.
F∂m¬ Cu t\´-ß-sf√mw Nqj-W-Øn-\pw kzm¿Y-Xm-ev]-c-y-߃°pw th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-
°m-\p≈ kml-N-c-y-ßfpw X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√. Hcp acp-∂n\pw hg-ßmØ tcmKm-Wp-°sf
krjvSn®v ssPhm-bp-[-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ F¥m-bn-cn°pw am\-h-cm-in-bpsS `mhn? FÆ-a-en-
\o-I-cWw XS-bp-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ kq∏¿ _Kp-Isf FÆ-]m-S-ß-fn-te°p IS-Øn-
hn-´mtem? F∂pw a\p-j-ys‚ c£-I-\m-bn-´mWv imkv{Xw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ a\p-
jy≥ imkv{XsØ hn\m-i-Im-cn-bmbn Zpcp-]-tbmKw sNøp-∂p-ap≠v. imkv{Xt\´-ßsf∏‰n
A`n-am-\n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w am\-h-cm-in-°mIam\w {]tbm-P-\-s∏Spw hn[w Ahsb D]-tbm-Kn-
°m\pw \ap°v Ign-b-Ww.
Iq´mb a\p-jy-Nn-¥-bpsS D¬]-∂-amWv imkv{Xw. AXp a\p-jy-\-∑-bv°mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Øp-tºm-gmWv \ap°p \ΩpsS Nn¥m-ti-jn-tbmSp \oXn ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv. AØcsamcp
at\m-`m-h-tØmsS imkv-{XsØ kao-]n-°m≥ hy‡n°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw Ign-b-Ww.

105
 Poh-imkv{Xw

XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
1) ip≤-h¿K-ß-fmb Idp∏pw shfp∏pw apb-ep-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ c≠pXcw k¶-cWØns‚ ^e-
߃ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

sh≈ s]¨ap-b¬ IdpØ B¨ap-b¬ IdpØ s]¨ap-b¬ sh≈ B¨ap-b¬

C D

a) GXp \nd-amWv {]I-S-KpWw?

b) tcma-Øns‚ \ndw enwK-_-‘n-bmtWm?
c) C sbbpw D sbbpwXΩn¬ CW-tN¿Øm¬ e`n-°p∂ k¥-Xn-I-fn¬ tcma-Øns‚ \ndw
GXp hn[-Øn-emWv {]I-S-am-hpI?
2) s]¨Ip-™p-ßsf am{Xw {]k-hn-®-Xn\v Xs‚ `mcysb IpSpw-_-°m-tcm-sSm∏w `¿Ømhpw
ÿnc-ambn Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. Cu \ne-]m-Sn-t\mSv Hcp imkv{X-hn-Zym¿Yn F∂-
\ne-bn¬ \nßfpsS {]Xn-I-cWw F¥msW∂v Imcy-Im-cW klnXw hy‡-am-°pI.

106